Ex.

No:8a

CHANNEL EQUALIZATION USING

DATE:

LMS ALGORITHM

AIM
To perform the Channel Equalization using LMS Algorithm.
SOFTWARE TOOL REQUIRED

MATLAB Version 7.1

THEORY
Equalization is the process of adjusting the balance between frequency components
within an electronic signal. The most well known use of equalization is in sound recording and
reproduction but there are many other applications in electronics and telecommunications. The
circuit or equipment used to achieve equalization is called an equalizer. These devices strengthen
or weaken the energy of specific frequency bands.
In telecommunications, equalizers are used to render the frequency responsefor
instance of a telephone lineflat from end-to-end. When a channel has been "equalized" the
frequency domain attributes of the signal at the input are faithfully reproduced at the output.
Telephones, DSL lines and television cables use equalizers to prepare data signals for
transmission.
Equalizers are critical to the successful operation of electronic systems such as analog
broadcast television. In this application the actual waveform of the transmitted signal must be
preserved, not just its frequency content. Equalizing filters must cancel out any group delay and
phase delay between different frequency components.
Least mean squares (LMS) algorithms are a class of adaptive filter used to mimic a
desired filter by finding the filter coefficients that relate to producing the least mean squares of
the error signal (difference between the desired and the actual signal). It is a stochastic gradient
descent method in that the filter is only adapted based on the error at the current time.
The basic idea behind LMS filter is to approach the optimum filter weights

, by

updating the filter weights in a manner to converge to the optimum filter weight. The algorithm

starts by assuming a small weights (zero in most cases), and at each step, by finding the gradient
of the mean square error, the weights are updated. That is, if the MSE-gradient is positive, it
implies, the error would keep increasing positively, if the same weight is used for further
iterations, which means we need to reduce the weights. In the same way, if the gradient is
negative, we need to increase the weights. So, the basic weight update equation is :
,
where represents the mean-square error. The negative sign indicates that, we need to change the
weights in a direction opposite to that of the gradient slope.
The mean-square error, as a function of filter weights is a quadratic function which means
it has only one extrema,that minimises the mean-square error, which is the optimal weight. The
LMS thus, approaches towards this optimal weights by ascending/descending down the meansquare-error vs filter weight curve.
BLOCK DIAGRAM

CODING
clc;
close all;
clear all;
x=randn(1,500);
b=fir1(31,0.5);
n=0.1*randn(1,500);
d=filter(b,1,x)+n;
mu=0.01;
ha=adaptfilt.lms(32,mu);
[y,e]=filter(ha,x,d);
subplot(2,1,1);plot(1:500,[d;y;e]);
title('System identification of an FIR Filter')
legend('Desired','Output','Error');
xlabel('Time');ylabel('Signal Value');
subplot(2,1,2);stem([b.',ha.coefficient.']);
legend('Actual','Estimated');
xlabel('Coefficient#');ylabel('Coefficient Value');
grid on;

OUTPUT

RESULT
Thus the Channel Equalization is obtained using LMS Algorithm and the output are
simulated and verified successfully.