Durabilit e Des B Etons Autopla Cants

UNIVERSIT DEVRY-VAL DESSONNE
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COLE DOCTORALE
SCIENCES ET INGEGNIERIE
N attribu par la bibliothque
Anne 2010
Caractrisation de la microstructure et comportement

court et long terme dun Bton de Poudre Ractive
Extrudable
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THSE DE DOCTORAT
Discipline : Physico-chimie
Soutenue publiquement par
Khalid CHERKAOUI
Le 15 Octobre 2010, devant le jury ci-dessous
Rapporteurs : Mme. BAROGHEL-BOUNY Vronique
Mme. CARCASSES Myriam
Examinateurs : Mr. LEVITZ Pierre
Mr. AUVRAY Loc
Mme. COURTIAL Mireille
:
Mme
DE NOIRFONTAINE Marie-Nolle
Mr. MOUNANGA Pierre
Mr. KHELIDJ Abdelhafid
Membre invit : Mme. MORANVILLE Micheline
HDR, L.C.P.C. Paris

Professeur, luniversit de Toulouse 3.
Professeur, Ecole Polytechnique Paris
Professeur, Universit dEvry
Matre de confrences, Bthune
Chercheur CNRS, Polytechnique Paris
HDR, Universit de Nantes
Professeur, Universit de Nantes
Professeur honoraire
Directeur de thse : M. Loc AUVRAY, Professeur, Universit dEvry

Co-encadrants : Mmes Mireille COURTIAL et Marie-Nolle de NOIRFONTAINE,et MM Frdric DUNSTETTER, Abdelhafid
KHELIDJ et Pierrre MOUNANGA
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Les Btons de Poudre Ractive (BPR) sont connus pour leur rsistance trs leve et leur
bonne durabilit, mais aussi pour leur prix lev. Lobjectif de cette tude concerne la mise
au point dune formulation de BPR extrudable (BPR).
Des essais prliminaires dcoulement au mini cne dAbrams ont t raliss avec des
teneurs varies en superplastifiant et en substituant partiellement la fume de silice par du
quartz broy. Cinq mlanges ont t retenus et caractriss de faon systmatique au
microscope lectronique balayage et en diffraction des Rayons X. Une tude complte
de retrait au jeune ge, de rsistance mcanique et de durabilit face lazote et aux ions
chlorure a t mene. Un montage exprimental dextrusion a t mis au point.
Un mlange incorporant du quartz broy en remplacement dune fraction de la fume de
silice et une composition optimise en superplastifiant montre des proprits
intressantes : extrudabilit, trs bonne durabilit, performances mcaniques amliores
et retrait diminu. Sur cette composition, ltude microstructurale met en vidence le rle
que joue le superplastifiant sur la chimie dhydratation avec une forte consommation en
blite. Ce mlange permet ainsi de diminuer le cot de fabrication pour un BPR en
permettant dconomiser la fume de silice coteuse et en ne ncessitant aucun
traitement thermique.
Mots cls : BPR, extrusion, retrait, durabilit, microstructure, quartz broy, blite
$EVWUDFW
Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) is well known for ultra-high mechanical performances
and very good durability as well as for a high cost. The aim of this study is to find an
extrudable RPC.
Abrams cone preliminary tests were made with various contents of superplasticizer and a
partial substitution of silica fume by crushed quartz. Then, fives concrete samples were
chosen and systematically characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray
diffraction. Then, a complete study was made including early-age shrinkage, mechanical
strength, gas permeability and chloride diffusion measurements. An experimental extruder
was build.
Among the five compositions, one of them, where crushed quartz replaces a part of silica
fume, exhibits very good properties: good extrudability, very good durability, and better
mechanical strength with an improvement of shrinkage. The microstructural study of this
composition highlights the effect of the superplasticizer on hydration, with high belite
consumption. This composition allows a lower cost of RPC with a decreasing of silica fume
content, without thermal treatment.
Keywords: RPC, extrusion, shrinkage, durability, microstructure, crushed quartz, blite
REMERCIEMENTS
Un grand nombre de personnes se sont trouves impliques dans ce travail et

cest loccasion pour moi de remercier tous ceux qui mont apport aide, conseils
et encouragements pour llaboration de ma thse.
Je remercie Mme Martine Soyer, directrice du LSI, qui ma accueilli dans son
laboratoire et son quipe Mme Isabelle Taquin et Mme Christine Houy qui ont su
rgler tous les problmes administratifs.
M. Abdelhafid Khelidj, directeur adjoint du GEM et responsable de lquipe IEG,
ma accueilli dans son laboratoire et a mis ma disposition tous les dispositifs
exprimentaux qui mont aid mener bien ce travail. Je le remercie vivement
davoir particip lencadrement de cette thse avec beaucoup dattention et de
bonne humeur.
Je tiens remercier Mme Myriam Carcasses et Mme Vronique Baroghel-Bouny
davoir accept de rapporter ce travail, malgr un emploi du temps charg.
Je remercie galement Mme Micheline Moranville et M. Pierre Levitz de mavoir
fait lhonneur de participer ce jury de thse.
Mes remerciements les plus sincres vont M. Loc Auvray, mon directeur de
thse, qui ma toujours soutenu. Ses qualits humaines et sa confiance en moi
mont toujours pouss vers lavant. Je lui suis trs reconnaissant de lopportunit
quil ma donne de mener bien cette thse. Sans lui je nen serai pas l.
Je voudrais aussi marquer ma profonde reconnaissance envers M. Frdric
Dunstetter qui ma permis dintgrer son groupe de recherche. Sa collaboration
aussi bien efficace quamicale a t un facteur important et indispensable pour
laboutissement de ce travail. Je le remercie pour son investissement, ses
encouragements et son soutien sans cesse jusquau dernier jour.
Je veux maintenant tout particulirement exprimer ma reconnaissance mes
deux encadrantes au LSI, Mme Mireille Courtial et Mme Marie-Nolle De
Noirfontaine, qui mont prodigu dinnombrables conseils. Je les remercie pour
leur constante disponibilit et pour avoir suivi de trs prs lensemble de ce
travail, avec beaucoup de patience et dinvestissement. Merci de mavoir
support.
Je tiens galement exprimer ma plus vive gratitude M. Pierre Mounanga, pour
la constante disponibilit dont il a fait preuve en assurant galement
lencadrement de cette thse au GEM. Quil en soit ici pleinement remerci.
!"
Mes remerciements sadressent aussi Mme Marie Claude Clochard (responsable

du MEB au LSI) et M. Fouad Maroun (PMC) qui a accouru pour nous dbloquer
chaque panne de MEB, sans oublier M. Bernard Allali pour toute son aide
technique.
Pour les expriences de diffraction de rayons X, je remercie Mme Sandrine
Tusseau-Nenez et M. Marcel Signe Frehel pour leur aide et leurs conseils.
Ce travail a t effectu avec laide de nombreux membres du CTG Guerville.
Je remercie M. Claude Haehnel, Mme Marie-Christine Lejay, responsable du
service documentation, M. Fouad Amin pour ses bons conseils en techniques de
prparation dchantillons en microscopie et plus particulirement M. Ratana
Soth pour sa disponibilit, son assistance technique et son soutien amical.
Mes sincres remerciements tous mes collgues du laboratoire et du
dpartement de Gnie Civil de lIUT de Saint Nazaire et de Polytech Nantes, qui
ont particip de prs ou de loin au bon droulement de ce travail. Ils ont tous
contribu, directement ou indirectement, mon travail en apportant aide et
conseils. Un grand merci aux techniciens de lIUT, M. Roger Coue pour son
assistance technique sur les dispositifs exprimentaux, M. Adnane Boukhouna
pour son aide et sa bonne humeur, M. Denis Fournol (dauphin pronostics), M.
Ren Richard, et M.Fabrice Gervot (dernier du classement pronostics) pour leurs
interventions.
Je remercie galement Mme Maryse Radin et Mme Mirianne Lautier (miss speedy
lIUT), pour les dmarches administratives et Michle Chatelet (Mme Sarfati)
pour sa bonne humeur.
Je remercie aussi M. Arnaud Pertu pour sa prsence et son aide apporte, sans
oublier M. Philippe Poullain et M. Fateh Bendahmane pour leurs interventions.
Je ne veux pas oublier les doctorants et les post-doctorants: Hai,Yacine, Aurlie,
Ahmed, Marianne, Franck et en particulier le montagnard Pierre Louis pour sa
grande consommation dthanol (en fait plutt pour la vidange du granulomtre
Laser).
Une pense mes amis Simo, Aziz, Anas et Emmanuel pour leur soutien moral
permanent.
Jexprime toute ma gratitude mes parents, ma petite sur Salma et mon cher
ami et frre Amor Ben Fraj pour laccueil, le temps et lnergie quil ma consacr
tout au long de cette thse.
Pour finir, je ddie ce travail ma chre Nada qui na jamais cess de me
soutenir et de mencourager pendant les moments difficiles. Quelle trouve ici
toute ma reconnaissance et mon amour.
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I-A-1"
Fabrication du ciment ........................................................................................................ 20"
I-A-2"
Composition du ciment ...................................................................................................... 23"
I-A-3"
Hydratation des phases cimentaires ................................................................................. 24"
I-A-3-a" Hydratation des silicates de calcium ............................................................................. 25"
I-A-3-b" Hydratation du gypse..................................................................................................... 25"
I-A-3-c" Hydratation de laluminate tricalcique C3A .................................................................... 26"
I-A-3-d" Hydratation de lalumino-ferrite C4AF ............................................................................ 27"
I-A-3-e" Raction pouzzolanique ................................................................................................ 28"
I-A-3-f" Hydratation du ciment.................................................................................................... 28"
I-A-3-g" Constitution dun rseau poreux.................................................................................... 33"
I-A-3-h" Paramtres influant sur la porosit................................................................................ 36"
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I-A-4"
Structure cristallographique des composs cimentaires................................................... 38"
I-A-4-a" Les produits anhydres ................................................................................................... 39"
I-A-4-b" Produits cristalliss de lhydratation .............................................................................. 41"
I-A-4-c" CSH ............................................................................................................................... 42"
I-A-5"
L'tat de l'eau dans la pte de ciment durcie .................................................................... 43"
I-A-5-a" Leau de constitution...................................................................................................... 43"
I-A-5-b" Leau adsorbe .............................................................................................................. 44"
I-A-5-c" Leau libre ...................................................................................................................... 44"
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I-A-5-d" Leau de ressuage ......................................................................................................... 44"

I-A-6"
Dformations endognes de la pte de ciment................................................................. 44"
I-A-6-a" Mcanismes des dformations endognes isothermes ................................................ 45"
I-A-6-b" Contraction Le Chatelier................................................................................................ 45"
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I-A-6-c" Autodessiccation............................................................................................................ 47"
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I-A-6-d" Paramtres influenant le retrait.................................................................................... 49"
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I-A-7"
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 50"
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I-B-1"
Proprits requises pour un bon bton ............................................................................. 51"
I-B-1-a" Rsistance mcanique .................................................................................................. 51"
I-B-1-b" Durabilit........................................................................................................................ 53"
I-B-1-c" Ouvrabilit...................................................................................................................... 54"
I-B-2"
Du bton ordinaire aux btons ultra hautes performances (BUHP)............................... 55"
I-B-2-a" Bton ordinaire (BO)...................................................................................................... 55"
I-B-2-b" Btons hautes performances (BHP)........................................................................... 55"
I-B-2-c" Btons trs hautes performances (BTHP) ................................................................. 57"
I-B-2-d" Au-del du BTHP........................................................................................................... 58"
I-B-2-e" Btons autoplaants (BAP) ........................................................................................... 59"
I-B-2-f" Btons de poudre ractive (BPR).................................................................................. 60"
I-B-3"
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 63"
S-!&"#"!'&!%V#+"!(1+!%&(!$D+-------------------------------------------------------------------------- C8"
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D<OB9ORF:@<J!RU@F:AYP<J----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C2"
I-E-1"
Rsistance en compression et module dlasticit :.......................................................... 69"
I-E-2"
Rsistance en traction ....................................................................................................... 73"
I-E-2-a" Traction directe .............................................................................................................. 73"
I-E-2-b" Traction par flexion ........................................................................................................ 74"
I-E-2-c" Traction par fendage ..................................................................................................... 75"
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I-F-1"
Porosit.............................................................................................................................. 75"
I-F-2"
Proprits de transfert ....................................................................................................... 78"
I-F-2-a" Permabilit au gaz....................................................................................................... 78"
I-F-2-b" Permabilit leau ....................................................................................................... 78"
I-F-2-c" Diffusion des ions chlore ............................................................................................... 79"
I-F-3"
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 80"
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II-B-1"
Diffraction des rayons X (DRX) ......................................................................................... 84"
II-B-1-a" Elaboration des chantillons.......................................................................................... 84"
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II-B-1-b" Appareillage et traitement de donnes.......................................................................... 85"

II-B-2"
Microscopie lectronique balayage (MEB)..................................................................... 86"
II-B-2-a" Elaboration des chantillons.......................................................................................... 86"
II-B-2-b" Appareillage................................................................................................................... 86"
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II-D-1"
Retrait volumique............................................................................................................... 88"
II-D-2"
Retrait chimique................................................................................................................. 90"
II-D-3"
Retrait linique................................................................................................................... 91"
II-D-4"
Retrait empch ................................................................................................................ 93"
**Q&" &JJFAJ!RU@F:AYP<J ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2Z"
II-E-1"
Rsistance en compression .............................................................................................. 94"
II-E-2"
Rsistance en traction ....................................................................................................... 95"
II-E-2-a" Flexion 3 points.............................................................................................................. 95"
II-E-2-b" Essai brsilien................................................................................................................ 96"
II-E-3"
Module dlasticit ............................................................................................................. 97"
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II-F-1"
Prparation des chantillons ............................................................................................. 99"
II-F-2"
Porosimtrie leau......................................................................................................... 100"
II-F-3"
Porosimtrie au mercure ................................................................................................. 101"
II-F-4"
Permabilit lazote (permamtre Cembureau) ......................................................... 102"
II-F-4-a" Schage des chantillons............................................................................................ 102"
II-F-4-b" Protocole exprimental................................................................................................ 102"
II-F-5"
Diffusion des ions chlore en milieu satur....................................................................... 104"
II-F-5-a" Prparation des chantillons ....................................................................................... 104"
II-F-5-b" Dispositif exprimental ................................................................................................ 104"
II-F-5-c" Protocole de mesure ................................................................................................... 105"
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III-A-1" Ciment ............................................................................................................................. 110"
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III-A-2" Inclusions granulaires...................................................................................................... 114"
III-A-2-a" Fume de silice............................................................................................................ 114"
III-A-2-b" Quartz broy ................................................................................................................ 115"
III-A-2-c" Sable............................................................................................................................ 116"
III-A-3" Superplastifiant ................................................................................................................ 117"
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III-B-1" Stratgie de composition des formulations ..................................................................... 118"
III-B-2" Effet du temps de malaxage............................................................................................ 119"
III-B-3" Composition des BPR retenus ........................................................................................ 121"
III-B-4" Protocole de prparation et de conservation des BPR ................................................... 121"
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IV-A-1" Montage exprimental ..................................................................................................... 126"
IV-A-2" Protocole exprimental.................................................................................................... 128"
IV-A-3" Etude paramtrique ......................................................................................................... 129"
IV-A-4" Rptabilit...................................................................................................................... 133"
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IV-B-1" Chaleurs dhydratation..................................................................................................... 133"
IV-B-1-a" Effet du dosage en superplastifiant ............................................................................. 134"
IV-B-1-b" Effet de lajout du quartz broy.................................................................................... 134"
IV-B-1-c" Influence de lextrusion................................................................................................ 136"
IV-B-2" Retrait et fissuration au jeune ge................................................................................... 136"
IV-B-2-a" Retrait chimique et volumique ..................................................................................... 136"
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IV-B-2-b" Retrait linique............................................................................................................. 143"
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IV-B-2-c" Retrait empch .......................................................................................................... 147"
IV-B-2-d" 2.3 Analyse croise ..................................................................................................... 149"
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IV-C-1" Proprits mcaniques.................................................................................................... 151"
IV-C-1-a" Rsistance ................................................................................................................... 151"
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IV-C-1-b" Module dYoung........................................................................................................... 157"
IV-C-2" 3.2. Durabilit................................................................................................................... 158"
IV-C-2-a" Porosit........................................................................................................................ 158"
%&" V*+*8%,F"W"395(4:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: !EK"
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IV-C-2-b" Paramtres de transfert............................................................................................... 165"
%&" V5+CF(D%3%,F"W"39(T*,5 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: !;E"
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V-A-1"
Des btons comportant encore une grande fraction de ciment anhydre ........................ 176"
V-A-2"
Identification des phases anhydres et hydrates ............................................................ 176"
V-A-3"
Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 180"
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V-B-1"
BPR sans ajout de quartz broy...................................................................................... 181"
V-B-2"
BPR avec ajout de quartz broy...................................................................................... 184"
V-B-2-a" 2.2.1. Localisation du quartz broy.............................................................................. 185"
V-B-2-b" 2.2.2. Teneur en blite................................................................................................. 186"
V-B-2-c" 2.2.3. Microstructure des CSH .................................................................................... 186"
V-B-3"
Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 187"
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Figure I-A-1 : Fabrication du ciment .......................................................................................21
Figure I-A-2: Photo au microscope optique en lumire polarise ..........................................24
Figure I-A-3 : Hydratation du ciment, volution temporelle ....................................................31
Figure I-A-4 : Hydratation du ciment, topologie [Locher_1976]..............................................32
Figure I-A-5 : Action dun adjuvant retardateur de prise [Cours Master Matriaux cimentaires
Evry_2005] .............................................................................................................................33
Figure I-A-6 : Imagerie en microscopie lectronique balayage de diverses espces
chimiques prsentes dans le rseau poreux du ciment hydrat ............................................34
Figure I-A-7 : Distribution bimodale [Verbeck_1968]..............................................................35
Figure I-A-8 : Porosit aux diverses chelles [Metha_1986]..................................................35
Figure I-A-9 : Influence du dosage en eau .............................................................................37
Figure I-A-10 : Composition volumique dune pte de ciment hydrate avec et sans apport
deau externe (extrait du livre [Baron_1992]) .........................................................................38
Figure I-A-11 : Volumes apparent et absolu [Garcia- Boivin_1999] .......................................46
Figure I-A-12 : Reprsentation phnomnologique de lvolution des dformations
endognes dune matrice cimentaire au jeune et trs jeune ge. Extrait de [Charron_2001].
...............................................................................................................................................46
Figure I-A-13 : Diffrence entre le retrait chimique et le retrait endogne (Inspire de
[Bouasker_2007] et [Jensen_2001]........................................................................................48
Figure I-B-1 : Empilement apollonien [Taberlet_2005]...........................................................51
Figure I-B-2 : Dispersion par rpulsion lectrostatique (a) et par rpulsion strique (b)
[Thse_Bonneau_1997] .........................................................................................................56
Figure I-B-3 : Evolution des btons depuis les annes 1960. On observe dabord un progrs
constant des performances dans une mme direction, puis une spcialisation entre deux
types de btons ayant des objectifs distincts .........................................................................58
Figure I-B-4 : Contraintes et htrognit du matriau ........................................................60
Figure I-D-1 : Evolution du retrait endogne et de lhumidit relative dun BPR. [Loukili_1999]
...............................................................................................................................................68
Figure I-D-2 : Dformation endogne linique en fonction du rapport E/C et de la teneur en
fume de silice. [Schachinger_2002] .....................................................................................69
Figure I-E-1 : Enveloppe de meilleures rsistances obtenues pour diffrentes densits
relatives [Richard_1995].........................................................................................................70
Figure I-E-2 : Courbe contrainte dformation du BPR200 en compression [Dugat_1996] ....71
Figure I-E-3 : Courbe contrainte dformation du BPR800 en compression [Dugat_1996] ....71
Figure I-E-4 : Dveloppement des proprits mcaniques de ciment Portland (a) et du
ciment base de laitier (b)
[Schachinger_2002] .............................................................72
Figure I-E-5 : Influence du dosage en fume de silice sur la rsistance en compression
[Yazici_2008]..........................................................................................................................73
Figure I-E-6 : Comportement du BPR en traction directe [Adeline_1999]..............................73
Figure I-E-7 : (a) Champ de dformation longitudinal 45s. (b) Image de lprouvette au
mme instant. (c) Champ de dformation longitudinale 75s. (d) Champ de dformation
longitudinale 180s [Huon_2001]..........................................................................................74
Figure I-E-8 : Rsistance en traction en fonction du rapport E/C et du dosage en fume de
silice [Schachinger_2002] ......................................................................................................75
Figure I-F-1 : Distribution poreuse dun bton ultra haute performance [Loukili_1999] .........76
Figure I-F-2 : Comparaison des porosits au mercure [Lafarge_2003] .................................77
Figure I-F-3 : Distribution poreuse dun bton avec et sans traitement thermique
[Cwirzen_2008] ......................................................................................................................77
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Figure II-B-1 : Diffractomtre de poudres ( / ) .....................................................................85

Figure II-B-2 : Microscope lectronique balayage (MEB-FEG) ...........................................87
Figure II-C-1 : Microcalorimtre 8 puits ...............................................................................87
Figure II-D-1 : Dispositif de mesure du retrait volumique [Mitani_2003] ................................89
Figure II-D-2 : Dispositif de mesure du retrait chimique [Bouasker_2007].............................90
Figure II-D-3 : Retrait linique horizontal (a) dispositif de mesure (b) prouvettes aprs essai
[Bouasker_2007] ....................................................................................................................92
Figure II-D-4 : Dispositif de mesure du retrait empch (a) schma [Bouasker_2007] (b)
photo du montage ..................................................................................................................94
Figure II-E-1 : Essai de flexion 3 points (a), essai de compression (b) ..................................95
Figure II-E-2 : Essai de flexion 3 points (a) Schma de principe (b) Diagramme des
contraintes dans la section de lprouvette ............................................................................95
Figure II-E-3 : Essai de fendage (a) Schma de principe (b) Diagramme des contraintes dans
la section de lprouvette........................................................................................................97
Figure II-E-4 : Essai de fendage sur prouvette 11 x 22........................................................97
Figure II-E-5 : Excitation des prouvettes en utilisant le Grindosonic [Bouasker_2007]........98
Figure II-F-1 : Dcoupe des disques ......................................................................................99
Figure II-F-2 : (a) Saturation de lchantillon (b) Pese hydrostatique.................................100
Figure II-F-3 : Porosimtrie mercure (a) schma du pycnomtre (b) photographie du
porosimtre. .........................................................................................................................101
Figure II-F-4 : Schma du dispositif exprimental de permabilit charge constante
[Ben Fraj_2009]....................................................................................................................102
Figure II-F-5 : Vue en coupe dune cellule de permabilit..................................................104
Figure II-F-6 : Essai de durabilit aux ions chlore. Schma de la cellule de migration ........105
Figure II-F-7 : Essai de durabilit aux ions chlore. Photo du titrimtre.................................106
Figure III-A-1 : Analyse granulomtrique du ciment .............................................................110
Figure III-A-2 : Diffractogramme du ciment, avec identification des phases en prsence : alite
(a), blite (b), C3A, C4AF, gypse (g), calcite (c) et portlandite (p). Les fentres angulaires
caractristiques pour lidentification de la structure de lalite sont notes W1-W5...............113
Figure III-A-3 : Ajustement par la mthode de Rietveld du diffractogramme de ciment. Les
diffractogrammes observ et calcul sont respectivement reprsents en traits bleu et rouge.
La courbe grise est la courbe diffrence entre le diffractogramme observ et calcul. Les
contributions des diverses rflexions de Bragg sont de haut en bas : lalite M1, la blite , le
C3A, le C4AF, la calcite, le gypse, et la portlandite...............................................................114
Figure III-A-4 : (a) Analyse granulomtrique de la fume de silice (b) Microstructure des
fumes de silice. Image MEB en lectrons secondaires......................................................115
Figure III-A-5 : Diffractogramme de la fume de silice. La plupart de lchantillon contient de
la silice amorphe. Les pics fins observs sont dus la prsence dune phase minoritaire
cristallise de ZrO2. ..............................................................................................................115
Figure III-A-6 : Analyse granulomtrique du quartz broy....................................................116
Figure III-A-7 : Diffractogramme du quartz broy. La quasi-totalit des pics sexplique par la
prsence de la forme du quartz (q). La raie de trs faible intensit 2 = 32,1 est une
rflexion de la microcline (m). ..............................................................................................116
Figure III-A-8 : Analyse granulomtrique du sable ...............................................................117
Figure III-A-9 : Formule type dun carboxylate .....................................................................117
Figure III-B-1 : Cas de mauvaises formulations (a) mlange trop sec (b) formation de
grumeaux .............................................................................................................................119
Figure III-B-2 : Cas de formulations optimises : tats successifs lors du malaxage ..........120
Figure III-B-3 : Essai dtalement au cne dAbrams ...........................................................120
Figure III-B-4 : Composition des cinq formulations de BPR (cf Tableau III-B-2) ..................121
Figure III-B-5 : Protocole de malaxage des BPR .................................................................122
Figure III-B-6 : Conservation humide des prouvettes.........................................................122
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Figure IV-A-1 : Schma dune extrudeuse vis...................................................................127

Figure IV-A-2 : Extrudeuse piston .....................................................................................127
Figure IV-A-3 : Echantillon sous vide ...................................................................................128
Figure IV-A-4 : Rservoir rempli du matriau tass .............................................................129
Figure IV-A-5 : Essai dextrusion sur BPR extrudable : boudin homogne et sans fissure.130
Figure IV-A-6 : Extrudat dune formulation non extrudable (BPR3) : boudin inhomogne...130
Figure IV-A-7 : Force dextrusion en fonction du dplacement et de la vitesse du piston pour
les BPR extrudables.............................................................................................................131
Figure IV-A-8 : Essai de rptabilit sur le BPR4 ................................................................133
Figure IV-B-1 : Flux de chaleur dhydratation. (a) 0 144 h ; (b) : zoom entre 36 et 72 h ...134
Figure IV-B-2 : Influence de lextrusion sur le flux de chaleur dhydratation du BPR1 ........136
Figure IV-B-3 : Diffrence entre retrait chimique et retrait volumique (BPR2) ....................137
Figure IV-B-4 : Retrait chimique des diffrents BPR ............................................................137
Figure IV-B-5 : Influence de ladjuvant sur le retrait chimique (BPR1, BPR2 et BPR3) .......138
Figure IV-B-6 : Influence de ladjuvant sur le retrait chimique (BPR4 et BPR5)...................139
Figure IV-B-7 : Evolution du retrait chimique en fonction du taux dadjuvant.......................139
Figure IV-B-8 : Effet du quartz broy sur le retrait chimique ................................................140
Figure IV-B-9 : Retrait volumique des diffrents BPR ..........................................................141
Figure IV-B-10 : Influence de ladjuvant sur le retrait volumique (BPR1, BPR2 et BPR3) ...142
Figure IV-B-11 : Influence de ladjuvant sur le retrait volumique (BPR4 et BPR5)...............142
Figure IV-B-12 : Influence du quartz broy sur le retrait volumique .....................................143
Figure IV-B-13 : Dformation linique horizontale (m/m) 20C pour les diffrents BPR .144
Figure IV-B-14 : Influence de ladjuvant sur le retrait linique horizontal (BPR1, BPR2 et
BPR3)...................................................................................................................................144
Figure IV-B-15 : Influence de ladjuvant sur le retrait linique horizontal (BPR4 et BPR5) ..145
Figure IV-B-16 : Influence du quartz broy sur le retrait linique horizontal ........................145
Figure IV-B-17 : Dformation linique verticale (m/m) 20C pour les diffrents BPR .....146
Figure IV-B-18 : Evolution du retrait endogne linique (m/m) en fonction du taux dadjuvant
(%)........................................................................................................................................147
Figure IV-B-19 : Dformation lanneau (m/m) et contrainte maximale (MPa) des diffrents
BPR ......................................................................................................................................148
Figure IV-B-20 : Cintiques des dformations et de flux de chaleur dhydratation du BPR1
.............................................................................................................................................149
.............................................................................................................................................150
Figure IV-C-1 : Evolution de la rsistance en compression des BPR1, BPR2 et BPR3 ......151
Figure IV-C-2 : Evolution de la rsistance en compression des BPR4 et BPR5 ..................152
Figure IV-C-3 : Evolution de la rsistance en compression des BPR ..................................152
Figure IV-C-4 : Moule (a) et prouvettes (b) pour essai de compression aprs extrusion ...153
Figure IV-C-5 : Evolution de la rsistance en compression avant et aprs extrusion des BPR
.............................................................................................................................................154
Figure IV-C-6 : Evolution de la rsistance en traction des BPR...........................................155
Figure IV-C-7 : Rsistance en traction par fendage des BPR 28 jours .............................156
Figure IV-C-8 : Comparaison de la rsistance en traction obtenue par fendage (plein) et par
flexion (pointill) des BPR 28 jours ...................................................................................156
Figure IV-C-9 : Evolution du module dYoung en fonction du temps....................................157
Figure IV-C-10: Porosit leau des BO, BHP [Djerbi_2007], BUHP [Respledino_2003] et
des BPR de cette tude .......................................................................................................160
Figure IV-C-11 : Intrusion du mercure..................................................................................161
Figure IV-C-12 : Distribution des pores des diffrents BPR .................................................163
Figure IV-C-13 : Distribution de la taille des pores dun BO, un BHP [Djerbi_2007] et des
BPR de cette tude. .............................................................................................................164
Figure IV-C-14 : Permabilit apparente en fonction de linverse de la pression moyenne. 166
Figure IV-C-15 : Permabilit intrinsque au gaz dun BO, BHP [Djerbi_2007] et des BPR de
cette tude............................................................................................................................167
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Figure IV-C-16 : Evolution de la concentration cumule des ions chlore en fonction du temps.
.............................................................................................................................................168
Figure IV-C-17 : Flux de chlorures traversant un BO, un BHP [Djerbi_2007] et le BPR4. ...170
Figure IV-C-18 : Coefficient de migration des ions chlore dun BO, un BHP [Djerbi_2007] et
des BPR de cette tude. ......................................................................................................171
Figure V-A-1 : Diffractogramme du BPR1 (rouge) compar celui du ciment anhydre initial
(noir). Les raies fortes (rouges) non labellises sont celles du quartz. ................................176
Figure V-A-2 : Diffractogrammes des cinq BPR compars celui du ciment anhydre ........177
Figure V-A-3 : Diffractogrammes des BPR1, BPR4 et BPR5 aux bas angles .....................178
Figure V-A-4 : Diffractogrammes des cinq BPR dans la fentre 2 Co = 33,5 41. ............179
Figure V-A-5 : Ajustement par la mthode de Rietveld du diffractogramme du BPR4. Les
contributions des diverses rflexions de Bragg sont de haut en bas : lalite M1, la blite , le
C3A, le C4AF, portlandite, quartz et ettringite. ......................................................................180
Figure V-B-1 : Micrographies (lectrons secondaires) faible grossissement du BPR1
(section polie) grains de sable, pte et bulles dair ..............................................................182
Figure V-B-2 : Micrographies (lectrons rtrodiffuss) de la pte de BPR1 (section polie) :
.............................................................................................................................................183
Figure V-B-3 : Micrographie (lectrons secondaires) dune pte de BPR3 ge de 2 mois
(fracture) : (a) grain dalite M1 et fumes de silice (FS) trs peu hydrats ; (b) grain de
microcline .............................................................................................................................183
Figure V-B-4 : Micrographies (lectrons secondaires) dune pte de BPR3 ge de 2 mois
(fracture) : Fumes de silice peu hydrates .........................................................................184
Figure V-B-5 : Micrographies (lectrons secondaires) des BPR4 et BPR5 (sections polies) :
(a-b) BPR4 : quartz broy rparti de faon homogne, (c-d) BPR5 : quartz broy accroch
aux grains de sable ..............................................................................................................185
Figure V-B-6 : Micrographies (lectrons rtrodiffuss) des BPR4 et BPR5 (sections polies) :
(a) BPR4 : clinker rsiduel contenant encore de la blite, (b) BPR5 : clinker rsiduel ne
contenant plus beaucoup de blite.......................................................................................186
Figure V-B-7 : Micrographies sur BPR4 des CSH (a) lectrons secondaires (contraste
topographique) (b) lectrons rtrodiffuss (contraste chimique)..........................................187
Figure V-B-8 : Micrographie (lectrons secondaires) dune pte de BPR2 (section polie) :
fractures qui contournent les grains anhydres .....................................................................187
Figure V-C-1 : Diffractogrammes des BPR4 et BPR5, extruds et non extruds ................189
Figure A-1- 1 : Fiche technique
Figure A-2- 1 :.Retrait linique : coupe longitudinale de la manchette en PVC
Figure A-2- 2 : Retrait linique horizontal : vue de gauche et de dessus du dispositif
Figure A-2- 3 : Retrait linique vertical : vue de gauche et de face du dispositif
Figure A-2- 4 :Principe de fonctionnement dun capteur courant de Foucault.
Figure A-2- 5 : Illustration dun capteur courant de Foucault mesure
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Tableau I-A-1 : Les quatre phases principales du ciment ......................................................23
Tableau I-A-2 : Les notations de la chimie des oxydes..........................................................23
Tableau I-A-3 : Relation entre E/C et le temps de segmentation ...........................................37
Tableau I-A-4 : Structure cristallographique et polymorphisme des composs
anhydres.(systme : R=Trigonal, M=Monoclinique, T=Triclinique, O=Orthorhombique,
C=Cubique). Pour le C3S : pOH = pseudo Orthorhombique et pM = pseudo Monoclinique
correspondent des mailles multiples. Lvolution des mailles pOH montre la distorsion de la
maille de C3S et les surstructures. La maille multiple(pM) permet de relier la maille Pc du
polymorphe T1 la maille du polymorphe M1, ce qui nest pas possible avec la maille P-1de
Golovastikov...........................................................................................................................40
Tableau I-A-5 : Structure cristallographique et polymorphisme des produits dhydratation. La
tobermorite, argile non prsente dans les produits dhydratation du ciment sert de prototype
ordonn la structure mal ordonne des CSH ......................................................................41
Tableau I-B-1 : Loi de Fret : effet des paramtres E/C et V/C .............................................52
Tableau I-C-1 : Influence de la cure et du traitement thermique sur lhydratation des BPR
[Zanni_1996]. .........................................................................................................................67
Tableau I-C-2 : Rcapitulatif des pics de chaleur et des degrs dhydratation. .....................67
Tableau I-E-1 : Caractristiques mcaniques des BPR 200 et BPR 800 [Richard_1995] .....70
Tableau I-E-2 : Caractristiques mcaniques en compression uniaxiale du BPR
[Dugat_1996]..........................................................................................................................70
Tableau I-E-3 : Rsistances maximales en compression en fonction du traitement et du
dosage en substitution minrale optimaux .............................................................................72
Tableau I-F-1 : Rcapitulatif des diffrents indicateurs de durabilit des BPR depuis leur
apparition................................................................................................................................81
Tableau III-A-1 : Caractristiques des matires premires (daprs les fiches techniques des
fournisseurs).........................................................................................................................110
Tableau III-A-2 : Mesures granulomtriques laser des matires premires.........................110
Tableau III-A-3 : Proportions des phases (en pourcentage massique) du ciment dtermines
daprs la mthode approximative de Bogue (cf. fiche technique) ou selon la mthode de
Rietveld par diffraction des rayons X....................................................................................111
Tableau III-A-4 : Structures cristallographiques des phases prsentes dans le ciment utilis
.............................................................................................................................................113
Tableau III-B-1 : Optimisation des formulations en fonction de leur extrudabilit ................118
Tableau III-B-2 :. Composition des cinq formulations de BPR (cf Figure III-B-4) .................123
Tableau IV-A-1 : Rcapitulatif des forces correspondant au palier dextrusion en fonction de
la vitesse du piston pour les diffrents BPR extrudables .....................................................132
Tableau IV-B-1 : Rcapitulatif des pics de chaleur ..............................................................135
Tableau IV-B-2 : Dformation endogne horizontale et verticale (m/m) 20C pour les
diffrents BPR aprs 100 heures .........................................................................................147
Tableau IV-C-1 : Rsistance en traction (MPa) des diffrents BPR 28 jours....................155
Tableau IV-C-2 : Rcapitulatif des proprits mcaniques des diffrents BPR ...................158
Tableau IV-C-3 : Porosit accessible leau de diffrents BPR ..........................................159
Tableau IV-C-4 : Porosit au mercure des BPR ..................................................................162
Tableau IV-C-5 : Permabilit au gaz des BPR ...................................................................166
Tableau IV-C-6 : Coefficients de migration des diffrents BPR ...........................................169
Tableau IV-C-7 : Proprits long terme des BPR tudis.................................................172
Tableau A-1- 1 : Analyse chimique par fluorescence X du quartz broy
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Figure I-A-1 : Fabrication du ciment
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Tableau I-A-1 : Les quatre phases principales du ciment

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Tableau I-A-2 : Les notations de la chimie des oxydes
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Figure I-A-2: Photo au microscope optique en lumire polarise

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Les diverses microscopiesa" optique" *4" lectroniquea" )5+C5,,51," 415" *D85+B(,%*1" 74"
C(,F+%(4"W",*4,58"358"F6?53358a"74"=+(%1"(4"N*%1,"75"=+(%1"5,"(4U"6*46?58"(,*C%G458:"X5"
1*CD+54U" (4,+58" )(+(C^,+58" )?Q8%6*R6?%C%G458" )54B51," k,+5" (,,5%1,8" 51" 4,%3%8(1," 358"
)+*)+%F,F8" 75" +F2+%1=5165" 51" C%6+*86*)%5" *),%G45" *4" 358" (1(3Q858" F3FC51,(%+58" 51"
C%6+*86*)%5" F356,+*1%G45:" Z1" *D,%51," (%18%" 758" cartographies" 758" 7%B5+858" )+*)+%F,F8"
(4U"7%B5+858"F6?53358"(66588%D358:"V(+"(%3354+8a"758"%12*+C(,%*18"84+"3("C%6+*CF6(1%G45"
758"6*C)*8F8"8*1,"*D,51458")(+"415"C584+5"75"1(1*"%1751,(,%*1:"
"
Les rayons X" 8*1," ,+^8" 4,%3%8F8" )*4+" 7F,5+C%15+" 3(" 6*C)*8%,%*1" F3FC51,(%+5" )(+"
fluorescence:" H(" diffraction" 758" +(Q*18" i" Y*4" 758" 154,+*18&" )5+C5," )(+" (%3354+8" 75"
7F,5+C%15+" 358" 8,+46,4+58" 6+%8,(33%158" 5,a" )(+" 3Wa" 79(1(3Q85+" G4(1,%,(,%B5C51," 3("
6*C)*8%,%*1"C%1F+(3*=%G45a"C(%8"656%"85435C51,"3*+8G45"358"6*C)*8F8"8*1,"6+%8,(33%8F8a"
G4941" C*7^35" 8,+46,4+(3" 58," 6*114" 5," G45" 35" CF3(1=5" 1958," )(8" ,+*)" 6*C)35U5:" H5"
m"-/["n" 6*4+(1," +F41%," +(+5C51," 395185CD35" 75" 658" 6*17%,%*18a" 5," 3(" 7%22+(6,%*1" +58,5"
8*4B51,")54"())3%6(D35")*4+"8("6(+(6,F+%8(,%*1:"
"
Les mesures acoustiques" +5)*851," 84+" 394,%3%8(,%*1" 758" 43,+(8*18:" <3358" )5+C5,,51," 75"
84%B+5"35"7FB53*))5C51,"CF6(1%G45"74"C(,F+%(4"51"6*4+8"79FB*34,%*1:"
"
Les mesures dimensionnelles" 6*18,%,451," 415" )(+," %C)*+,(1,5" 75" 65" ,+(B(%3" 5," 85+*1,"
7%864,F58" 51" 7F,(%3" )348" 3*%1:" H(" C584+5" 74" +5,+(%," C(6+*86*)%G45" 58," 415" 6*C)*8(1,5"
%C)*+,(1,5"758"F,4758"75"'zX"84+"358"1*4B5(4U"C(,F+%(4U:"
"
Les simulationsa" =F1F+(35C51," 6*4)3F58" (4U" CF,?*758" 5U)F+%C51,(358a" )5+C5,,51," 75"
C*7F3%85+" 358" )+*658848" +F(6,%*11538" 5," 7%2248%28" 5,a" 51" 6*18,+4%8(1," 14CF+%G45C51," 35"
8Q8,^C5")*+54U"2%1(3a"75"6*C)+517+5"35"3%51"51,+5"6?%C%5"5,",*)*3*=%5:"<1"C*7F3%8(1,"75"
)348" 358" )?F1*C^158" %1,5+B51(1," 7(18" 358" 7%B5+858" CF,?*758" 75" C584+58a" *1" )54,"
F=(35C51," (CF3%*+5+" 39%1,5+)+F,(,%*1" 758" C584+58" 52256,4F58" 51" 358" 6*++F3(1," W" 758"
)(+(C^,+58" 6%1F,%G458" *4" ,*)*3*=%G458" %1(66588%D358" (4,+5C51," 7(18" 358" 8Q8,^C58"
6*C)35U58"G45"6*18,%,451,"358"C(,F+%(4U"6%C51,(%+58:"
"
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
!
"V*4+"758"+(%8*18"B*%8%158a"3%F58"(4U"%1,5+(6,%*18"5,"(4U"8,+46,4+58"1463F(%+58a"358"%8*,*)58",+^8"(D8*+D(1,8"(4U"
154,+*18"8*1,"(488%"654U"G4%"+F8*1151,"51"'\A:"H("7%2248%*1"75"154,+*18"1F6588%,5"75"+5C)3(65+"395(4")(+"75"
395(4"3*4+75"X#Z"5,"3("'\A"1F6588%,5"41"51+%6?%885C51,"%8*,*)%G45")*4+"2(%+5"+F8*115+"35"8%3%6%4Ca"35"6(36%4C"*4"
35")?*8)?*+5:"V(+"6*1,+5"3("'\A"74")+*,*1"58,"7%+56,5C51,"4,%3%8(D35"(B56"395(4"1(,4+5335:""
#M"
"
H9?Q7+(,(,%*1"74"6%C51,"58,"3("84)5+)*8%,%*1"758"+F(6,%*18"79?Q7+(,(,%*1"%17F)517(1,5"
758" 6*C)*8F8" 74" 63%1b5+" 5," 74" =Q)85" G4%" *1," F,F" 7F6+%,58" )+F6F75CC51,:" L3" 89(=%," 7941"
)?F1*C^15" 6*C)35U5" G4%a" W" 39?54+5" (6,45335a" 19(" )(8" 516*+5" F,F" 6*C)3^,5C51," F346%7F:" <1"
!KKIa"H5"-?(,53%5+"(")+*)*8F"41"CF6(1%8C5")*4+"%1,5+)+F,5+"358"+F(6,%*18"6?%C%G458"853*1"41"
)+*658848" 75" 7%88*34,%*1" )+F6%)%,(,%*1"0" (4" 6*1,(6," (B56" 395(4a" 358" )+*74%,8" (1?Q7+58" 85"
7%88*3B51," )+*=+588%B5C51,a" ,(17%8" G4941" )+5C%5+" ,Q)5" 79?Q7+(,58" )+F6%)%,5:" H58" )+*74%,8"
(1?Q7+58a" )348" 8*34D358" G45" 358" ?Q7+(,58a" 8(,4+51," (3*+8" 3(" 8*34,%*1a" 51" )+*B*G4(1," 3("
)+F6%)%,(,%*1" 79(4,+58" ?Q7+(,58:" L3" 51" +F843,5" 415" 7%C%14,%*1" 758" 58)^658" 51" 8*34,%*1a" 65" G4%"
)5+C5,"41"1*4B5(4")(88(=5"758"6*18,%,4(1,8"(1?Q7+58"51"8*34,%*1:"
H(")>,5"75"6%C51,"(%18%"2*+CF5"85")+F851,5"(3*+8"6*CC5"41"8Q8,^C5"7%8)5+8Fa"*e"358"=+(%18"75"
6%C51," (1?Q7+5" %1%,%(4U" 85" 7%88*3B51," 51" C5,,(1," 51" 8*34,%*1" 758" %*18" G4%" 6+%8,(33%851,a" 51"
%16*+)*+(1,"758"C*3F64358"795(4"7(18"354+"8,+46,4+5:"
"
H9?Q7+(,(,%*1"74"6%C51,")(885")(+"358"E"F,()58"84%B(1,58"0"
Priode I"0"VF+%*75"75")+F"%1746,%*1"
-958,"3(")?(85"%1%,%(35"G4%"84+B%51,"(4"C*C51,"74"=>6?(=5"5,"15"74+5"G453G458"C%14,58:"
O4" 6*1,(6," 75" 395(4a" 358" =+(%18" 75" 6%C51," 6*CC51651," W" +F(=%+" %CCF7%(,5C51,:" H("
7%88*34,%*1" %1%,%(35" 74" 6%C51," (1?Q7+5" 58," C(+G4F5" )(+" 41" 7F=(=5C51," %C)*+,(1," 75"
6?(354+a" 745" )+%16%)(35C51," W" 3(" 7%88*34,%*1" 758" )?(858" (34C%1(,58" 5," 75" 39(3%,5:" -56%"
5U)3%G45" 35" )+5C%5+" )%6" ,?5+C%G45" *D85+BF:" X^8" 358" )+5C%^+58" C%14,58a" %3" 85" 2*+C5" 74"
8%3%6(,5" 75" 6(36%4C" ?Q7+(,F" YCSH&" 5," 75" 3l5,,+%1=%,5" Y]/O&:" X4+(1," 65,,5" )F+%*75a" 3("
)*+,3(17%,5"Y-[-(YZ[&#&"15"85"2*+C5")(8"516*+5"5,"358")?(858"-$/"5,"-$O"8*1,"358")348"
(6,%B58:"
Priode II"0"VF+%*75"7*+C(1,5"*4")F+%*75"7l%1746,%*1"
-5,,5" )F+%*75" 58," C(+G4F5" )(+" 3(" 7%C%14,%*1" 74" 234U" ,?5+C%G45" 3%F5" W" 3(" 6?4,5" 75" 3("
B%,5885" 75" 7%88*34,%*1" 758" )?(858" (1?Q7+58:" H9F3FB(,%*1" +()%75" 74" )[" 745" W"
3l(4=C51,(,%*1" 75" 3(" 6*1651,+(,%*1" 758" %*18" ?Q7+*UQ358" YZ[R&" 5," W" 3l(664C43(,%*1" 758"
%*18"6(36%4C8"-(#w"7(18"3("8*34,%*1"+(351,%,"65,,5"7%88*34,%*1:"-5,,5")?(85"74+5"G453G458"
?54+58" 5," 7F)517" 75" 3(" 6*C)*8%,%*1:" H(" )?(85" (G45485" 85" 84+8(,4+5" 51" )*+,3(17%,5a" G4%"
6*CC5165"W"6+%8,(33%85+:"
"
$S"
"
"
"
! (a)
"
Calorimtrie :
Puissance
dissipe lors de
lhydratation
dun ciment
Portland
"
! (b)
"
"
Ultrasons :
Modules et
puissance
dissipe
"
"
1 heure dhydratation
5 heures dhydratation
! (c)
"
E"{C
E"{C
24 heures dhydratation
Microstructure :
volution au
cours de
lhydratation.
Simulation
[Vernet_1992]
XFD4,"75")+%85
1 mois dhydratation
"
E"{C
E"{C
"
Figure I-A-3 : Hydratation du ciment, volution temporelle"

"
$!"
Priode III"0"VF+%*75"7l(66F3F+(,%*1"*4")F+%*75"75")+%85:"
H("84+8(,4+(,%*1"75"3(")?(85"(G45485"51"%*18"-(#w"5,"Z[R"51,+(p15"3(")+F6%)%,(,%*1"75"3("
)*+,3(17%,5" -(YZ[&#:" -5,,5" )+F6%)%,(,%*1" 75" )*+,3(17%,5" B(" 6*18*CC5+" 358" %*18" -(#w" 5,"
Z[R" " 5," (66F3F+5+" 75" 1*4B5(4" 3(" 7%88*34,%*1" 758" 6*18,%,4(1,8" 74" 6%C51," (1?Q7+5:" -5,,5"
)F+%*75" 79(66F3F+(,%*1" 85" ,+(74%," )(+" 415" (4=C51,(,%*1" 74" 234U" ,?5+C%G45" Yd%=4+5" LR
OR$(&:" H58" -/[" G4%" 85" 2*+C51," 51" )F+%)?F+%5" 758" =+(%18" (1?Q7+58" 6+*%8851," 5,"
89%1,5+)F1^,+51,",*4,"51"+%=%7%2%(1,"358"6*1,(6,8"51,+5"358"=+(%18"75"6%C51,"tA*1(,u!MMIv:"
X4")*%1,"75"B45"C(6+*86*)%G45a"*1"*D85+B5"415"(4=C51,(,%*1"+()%75"75"B%86*8%,F"5,"*1"
)(885"79415"6*18%8,(165"B%8G45485"W"415"6*18%8,(165"+%=%75:"H("+F8%8,(165"CF6(1%G45"74"
C(,F+%(4"6*CC5165"W"85"7FB53*))5+:"
Priode IV"0"VF+%*75"75"+(351,%885C51,"*4"75"74+6%885C51,"
H58" 6*46?58" 79?Q7+(,58" W" 3(" 84+2(65" 758" =+(%18" (1?Q7+58" 75B%51151," 75" )348" 51" )348"
F)(%8858a"65"G4%"+(351,%,"3("7%2248%*1"75"395(4"B5+8"3("84+2(65"758"=+(%18:"-56%"85",+(74%,"
)(+"415"D(%885"75"3l(6,%B%,F"6?%C%G45"74"C%3%54a"5,"7*16"74"234U",?5+C%G45"6*CC5"1*48"
)*4B*18"35"B*%+"84+"3("d%=4+5"LROR$:"H(")+*)*+,%*1"758")+*74%,8"79?Q7+(,(,%*1"(4=C51,5"
5," +5C)3%," 3(" )*+*8%,F:" H9%CD+%6(,%*1" 758" C43,%)358" 58)^658" )+*74%,58" 6*1,+%D45" (4"
7FB53*))5C51," 758" )+*)+%F,F8" C(6+*86*)%G458" Y8,(D%3%,F" B*34C%G45a" +F8%8,(165"
CF6(1%G45&"74"C(,F+%(4:"H58"+F(6,%*18"79?Q7+(,(,%*1"85")*4+84%B51,a"84+"758"C*%8"*4"758"
(11F58",(1,"G4l%3"+58,5"74"6%C51,"(1?Q7+5"(66588%D35"5,"75"3l5(4"7%8)*1%D35a"C(%8"(B56"415"
6%1F,%G45")348"351,5:"
"
"
H9(1(3Q85"75"3("C%6+*8,+46,4+5"74"6%C51,"(4"6*4+8"75"3(")?(85"79?Q7+(,(,%*1")5+C5,"75"
C%54U" 6*C)+517+5" 858" )+*)+%F,F8" CF6(1%G458:" H(" 2*+C(,%*1" 75" 65,,5" C%6+*8,+46,4+5"
(66*C)(=15" 3(" =5+C%1(,%*1" 758" ?Q7+(,58" Yd%=4+5" LROR$6&" 5," *1" *D85+B5" 39())(+%,%*1" 7941"
+F85(4")*+54U:""
"
H("d%=4+5"LROR@"86?FC(,%85",*4,58"658"F,()58:"
"
Figure I-A-4 0"Hydratation du ciment, topologie [Locher_1976]"

$#"
"
"
"
H5"CF6(1%8C5"5,"3("6%1F,%G45"79?Q7+(,(,%*1"8*1,"%1234516F8")(+"75"1*CD+54U")(+(C^,+58:"
<1" )(+,%643%5+a" 3(" 6%1F,%G45" 79?Q7+(,(,%*1" )54," k,+5" C*7%2%F5" )(+" 39(N*4," 79(7N4B(1,8:" -58"
(7N4B(1,8" )54B51," k,+5" 758" )+*74%,8" 8%C)358" *4" 6*C)*8F8a" *+=(1%G458" *4" %1*+=(1%G458:" L38"
)5+C5,,51," 75" +F74%+5" *4" 79(4=C51,5+" 35" ,5C)8" 75" )+%85" 51" (=%88(1," 84+" 3(" B%,5885" 75" 3("
+F(6,%*1"79?Q7+(,(,%*1"0"*1"358"())5335"358"+5,(+7(,54+8"*4"(66F3F+(,54+8"75")+%85:"H5")+*74%,"35"
)348"6*114a"6*CC5"(66F3F+(,54+"75")+%85"58,"35"-?3*+4+5"75"6(36%4C"Y-(-3#&:"H58"(66F3F+(,54+8"
75")+%85"8*1,"=F1F+(35C51,"4,%3%8F8"51")+F2(D+%6(,%*1"5,")(+",5C)8"2+*%7:"V(+C%"358"+5,(+7(,54+8"
75")+%85a"*1"6%,5"0"358"3%=1*8432*1(,58a"358"(6%758"6(+D*UQ3%G458"5,"354+8"8538a"358"(C%158f"L38"
8*1," 4,%3%8F8" )(+" ,5C)8" 6?(47:" H("d%=4+5"LRORE"6%R7588*48"86?FC(,%85"39(6,%*1"7941"(7N4B(1,"
+5,(+7(,54+"75")+%85a"()+^8"8*1"%1,+*746,%*1"7(18"35"CF3(1=5""2%=4+5"Y(&"0"
O78*+),%*1"75"3l(7N4B(1,"84+"3("84+2(65"74"=+(%1"(1?Q7+5:"-5"75+1%5+"75B%51,")+*,F=F"75"
3l(,,(G45")(+"3l5(4"2%=4+5"YD&:"
Hl(7N4B(1,"+F(=%,"(B56"35"=+(%1"75"6%C51,"5,"2*+C5"415"6*46?5")+*,56,+%65"(4,*4+"74"
=+(%1"Y2%=4+5"Y6&:"
"Hl(7N4B(1,"5C)k6?5"3("2*+C(,%*1"758")+*74%,8"7l?Q7+(,(,%*1"51"2*+C(1,"758"6*C)35U58"
(B56"358")?(858"?Q7+(,F58"2%=4+5"Y7&:"
"
Y(&"
YD&"
Y6&"
Y7&"
d%=4+5"LRORE"0" Action dun adjuvant retardateur de prise [Cours Master Matriaux

cimentaires Evry_2005]"
"
"
X(18" 65" G4%" 84%,a" 1*48" (33*18" %1,+*74%+5" 358" 7%22F+51,8" )+*74%,8" 79?Q7+(,(,%*1" 5," 354+"
8,+46,4+5"6+%8,(33%15:"A*48"(33*18"5184%,5"7F6+%+5"35"+F85(4")*+54U"5,"39%12345165"758"7%22F+51,8"
)(+(C^,+58"Y+())*+,"<.-"5,"(N*4,8"C%1F+(4U&"84+"8(",*)*3*=%5:"
"
*Q#Q.Qb!!
"
"
79:J;A;P;A9:!GVP:!OUJ<FP!^9O<P=!
H(" 2*+C(,%*1" 758" C43,%)358" 58)^658" 6?%C%G458" 7F6+%,58" 7(18" ,*4," 65" G4%" )+F6^75"
6*174%," W" 39516?5Bk,+5C51," 758" C43,%)358" 6+%8,(4U" (%18%" 2*+CF8a" 6*18,%,4(1," 41" 8Q8,^C5"
)*+54U:"
$$"
"
H(" d%=4+5" LROR;" C*1,+5" 758" 5U5C)358:" Z1" B*%," 84+" 3(" 2%=4+5" d%=4+5" LRORE(" 75" =+*8"
6+%8,(4U"75")*+,3(17%,5"51"2*+C5"75")3(G45,,58a"84+"3("d%=4+5"LROR;6"41")*+5"51,*4+F"75"-/["5,"
7941"=+*8"6+%8,(3"75")*+,3(17%,5"-[a"5,"84+"358"d%=4+5"LROR;D"5,"7"758"(%=4%3358"795,,+%1=%,5")348"
*4"C*%18"516?5Bk,+F58"5,"74"-/[:"
"
(a) Plaquette de portlandite daprs

[Stutzman_2001]
(b) Aiguilles dettringite enchevtres

daprs [Merlini_2008]"
3 m
"
(c) Pte de silicate tricalcique (E/C = 0,5) ge de
28 jours : CSH, portlandite et pores capillaires
daprs [Regourd_1977]
(d) CSH et aiguilles dettringite (aluminate)

daprs [Stutzman_2001]
"
Figure I-A-6 : Imagerie en microscopie lectronique balayage de diverses espces

chimiques prsentes dans le rseau poreux du ciment hydrat
"
"
H58"7%(C^,+58"758")*+58"89F,(351,"75"39F6?5335"1(1*CF,+%G45"W"39F6?5335"651,%CF,+%G45:"
Z1"7%8,%1=45"51"=F1F+(3"754U",Q)58"75")*+58"Yd%=4+5"LRORI&"0""
Les pores capillaires :"%3"89(=%,"758"58)(658"%1,5+"=+(143(%+58"%1%,%(35C51,"*664)F8")(+"
3l5(4" 75" =>6?(=5" 5," G4%" 1l*1," )(8" F,F" 6*CD3F8" )(+" 358" ?Q7+(,58:" L38" )54B51," k,+5"
+F)(+,%8"51"CF8*)*+58"Y75"#a;"W"ES"1C&"5,"C(6+*)*+58"Y75",(%335"84)F+%54+5"W"ES"1C&:"H5"
$@"
"
+F85(4"6()%33(%+5a"%1%,%(35C51,"6*1156,Fa"58,"+5C)3%")+*=+588%B5C51,")(+"358")+*74%,8"75"
3l?Q7+(,(,%*1" 5," )5+7" 8(" 6*1156,%B%,Fa" W" 3l5U65),%*1" 758" C(,F+%(4U" (Q(1," 41" +())*+,"
5(4.6%C51,"F35BF"Y<.-`"S:;&a"7*1,"35"+F85(4")*+54U"6()%33(%+5"+58,5+(%,"6*1,%14:""
"
Les pores des hydrates ou pores du gel : 65,,5")*+*8%,F"58,"%1,+%18^G45"(4U"?Q7+(,58"
5," %17F)517(1,5" 75" 3(" 2*+C43(,%*1" 75" 3(" )>,5" 75" 6%C51,:" -58" 58)(658" %1,5+2*3%(%+58"
8*1,"1*CCF8"|1(1*)*+58|"5,"354+"+(Q*1"6(+(6,F+%8,%G45"58,"75"39*+7+5"75"!aE"W"#"1C:"L38"
+5)+F851,51,"(4"C%1%C4C"#;"W"#Kq"51"B*34C5")*4+"415")>,5"*+7%1(%+5"Yd%=4+5"LRORI&:""
"
"
Figure I-A-7 : Distribution bimodale"[Verbeck_1968]

"
H("d%=4+5"LRORK"%3348,+5"3("+F)(+,%,%*1"75"3(")*+*8%,F"853*1"35"7%(C^,+5"758")*+58:""
"
"
Figure I-A-8"0"Porosit aux diverses chelles [Metha_1986]
$E"
"
"
OQ(1,"7F6+%,"358"(8)56,8",*)*3*=%G458"3%F8"W"3(")*+*8%,Fa"1*48"(33*18"C(%1,51(1,"7%864,5+"
358")(+(C^,+58"(Q(1,"415"%12345165"84+"5335:"
"
*Q#Q.QH!!
"
"
DFOFRI;O<J!A:BEPF:;!JPO!EF!^9O9JA;U!
L3" 5U%8,5" 754U" )(+(C^,+58" 75" 6*C)*8%,%*1" ,+^8" %C)*+,(1,8a" 358" +())*+,8" <.-"
Y5(4"."6%C51,&"5,"-./"Y6(36%4C"."8%3%6%4C&"G4%"6*17%,%*1151,"3("6%1F,%G45"79?Q7+(,(,%*1"5,")(+"3W"
3(",*)*3*=%5"74"8Q8,^C5")*+54U"(4"6*4+8"74",5C)8:"
"
%& Rapport C/S : influence de la teneur du cru dans lusine

"
"
H5"+())*+,"-./"58,"7F2%1%"6*CC5"+())*+,"758"C(8858"79(,*C58"75"6(36%4C"5,"79(,*C58"
75"8%3%6%4C:"
"
O" 39%8845" 758" C43,%)358" +F(6,%*18" 6?%C%G458" 7F6+%,58" )348" ?(4,a" 3(" 6*C)*8%,%*1" 74"
CF3(1=5"2%1(3"Y35"6+4"7F2%1%"(4")(+(=+()?5"LR!&"7F)517"75"3("D(3(165"758",+*%8"(,*C58"-(a"/%a"
O3a"%1,+*74%,8"7(18"39(+=%35"5,"35"6(36(%+5"%1%,%(3a"5,"7F6+%,8"75"2(c*1")348"*4"C*%18")+F6%85")(+"3("
+53(,%*1"75"P*=45"5,"858"(CF3%*+(,%*18"43,F+%54+58:"
"
O"39F6?5335"84DR1(1*CF,+%G45a"3("6*1156,%B%,F"758"8%3%6(,58a"7(18"358"-/["7F)517"75"3("
G4(1,%,F" 7%8)*1%D35" 75" 8%3%6%4C:" H58" C584+58" 75" '\A" )5+C5,,51," 65" ,Q)5" 79F,475" 51"
7F,5+C%1(1,"3("6*1156,%B%,F"758"=+*4)5C51,8"8%3%6(,58"/%Z@"Y358"}1&:"H("3*1=454+"758"6?(p158"
6*1156,F58" Y#" W" $" =+*4)5C51,8" 8%3%6(,58&" 7%C%145" 3*+8G45" 35" +())*+," -./" (4=C51,5" 6(+" 41"
1*CD+5" 6+*%88(1," 79%*18" -(#w" 8*1," 7%8)*1%D358" )*4+" 51,*4+5+" 6?(G45" =+*4)5C51," 8%3%6(,5"
t~34+u!MM;va"tV*+,5154B5u#SS#v:"
"
%%& Rapport E/C : influence du dosage en eau lors du gchage

"
"
H5"+())*+,"<.-"58,"7F2%1%"6*CC5"+())*+,"758"C(8858"51"5(4"5,"51"6%C51,"74"CF3(1=5"
%1%,%(3:"H5"7*8(=5"51"5(4a"(%18%"G4(1,%2%Fa"58,"41")(+(C^,+5"79415"5U,+kC5"%C)*+,(165"7(18"35"
)+*658848" 79?Q7+(,(,%*1" 74" 6%C51,a" 51" 656%" G49%3" 6*17%,%*115" 2*+,5C51," 3(" 6%1F,%G45"
79?Q7+(,(,%*1"5,"3(",*)*3*=%5"75"3(")*+*8%,F"6()%33(%+5:""
A*48"8(B*18"79()+^8"65"G4%")+F6^75"G49(4"6*1,(6,"75"395(4a"758"?Q7+(,58"85"2*+C51,"(4,*4+"758"
)?(858"(1?Q7+58"N48G49W"85=C51,5+"35"+F85(4"6()%33(%+5:"
-56%" 1958," )(8" ,*4N*4+8" B+(%a" )4%8G49(4" 753W" 7941" 65+,(%1" +())*+," <.-a" 7%," m")+5C%5+" +())*+,"
6+%,%G45"na"35"+F85(4"6()%33(%+5"+58,5",*4N*4+8"%1,5+6*1156,Fa"65"G4%"2(B*+%85"358")?F1*C^158"75"
$;"
"
,+(18)*+," W" ,+(B5+8" 35" C(,F+%(4" Y2*+,58" )5+CF(D%3%,F" 5," 7%2248%B%,F&:" -5" 854%3" B(+%5" 853*1" 3("
6*18,%,4,%*1"6?%C%G45"74"6%C51,a"5,"%3"(B*%8%15"S:IS")*4+"35"6%C51,"V*+,3(17:"
H5" ,5C)8" 1F6588(%+5" )*4+" 3(" 85=C51,(,%*1" 74" +F85(4" 6()%33(%+5" )(+" 358" ?Q7+(,58" (4=C51,5"
2*+,5C51,"(B56"35"+())*+,"<.-a"6*CC5"35"C*1,+5"35",(D35(4"84%B(1,"tV*s5+8u!MEMv"0"
Rapport E/C
Sa@S"
Sa@E"
SaES"
S"a;S"
SaIS"
SaIS"
temps de segmentation
du rseau capillaire
$"N*4+8"
I"N*4+8"
!@"N*4+8"
;"C*%8"
!"(1"
%C)*88%D35"
"
Tableau I-A-3 : Relation entre E/C et le temps de segmentation
du rseau capillaire [Powers_1959]
"
H(")*+*8%,F"6()%33(%+5"%1,5+6*1156,F5",517"5335"(488%"W"(4=C51,5+"(B56"35"7*8(=5"51"5(4"Yd%=4+5"
LRORM(&:"Z1")*4++(%,"(3*+8")5185+"G45"35"C5%3354+"C*Q51"75"C%1%C%85+"65,,5")*+*8%,F"85+(%,"75"
+F74%+5"35"7*8(=5"51"5(4:""
\(%8" 395U(C51" 75" 3(" d%=4+5" LRORMD" C*1,+5" G45" 35" 6*522%6%51," 75" )5+CF(D%3%,F" 58," 7FNW" ,+^8"
)+*6?5" 75" 8(" B(354+" C%1%C(35" 7^8" G45" 35" +())*+," <.-" 89())+*6?5" 75" Sa@:" -5,,5" +F=%*1" 74"
7%(=+(CC5"58,"51"2(%,"3%F5"W"3(",*)*3*=%5a"6*CC5"*1"B("35"B*%+"%CCF7%(,5C51,:"-958,")*4+G4*%"
*1"6?*%8%+("35"854%3"7*11F")(+"3(",*)*3*=%5"YSa@#"C*7%2%F")348"+F65CC51,"51"S:$K"5,"S:$M&:"
"
"
(a) : Influence du rapport E/C sur le degr
dhydratation ncessaire linterruption de la
continuit capillaire [Powers_1959]
"
(b) : Influence du rapport E/C sur le coefficient de
permabilit leau des ptes de ciment
totalement hydrates [Powers_1954]
Figure I-A-9 :"Influence du dosage en eau
"
Z1" *D85+B5" Yd%=4+5" LROR!S&" G45" )*4+" 358" 2(%D358" 7*8(=58" 51" 5(4a" 35" 6%C51," 1958," )(8"
,*,(35C51,"?Q7+(,F"5,"%3"84D8%8,5"415")*+*8%,F"6()%33(%+5"6*18,%,4F5"41%G45C51,"75"B%758"=(T54U"
$I"
+F843,(1,"75"3("6*1,+(6,%*1"H5"-?(,53%5+a"G4%"85+("7%864,F5"51"7F,(%3"7(18"41"6?()%,+5"43,F+%54+:"
Z1" 6*18,(,5" G45" 35" +())*+," <.-" *),%C(3" 85" 8%,45" (4" B*%8%1(=5" 74" 854%3" E/C=0.42" )*4+" 358"
8Q8,^C58" 25+CF8:" -5" 854%3a" ())53F" m"754U%^C5" +())*+," 6+%,%G45"na" 2(B*+%85" 39?Q7+(,(,%*1"
6*C)3^,5"74"6%C51,"5,"3("7%8)(+%,%*1"758"6()%33(%+58"()+^8"41",5C)8"(885T"3*1="Y84)F+%54+"W"$"
N*4+8&:" O4R753W" 75" 65" 854%3a" 39?Q7+(,(,%*1" 58," 65+,58" 6*C)3^,5" C(%8" 35" B*34C5" 758" 6()%33(%+58"
,517"W"(4=C51,5+:""
"
"
H5"](D35(4"LROR$"C*1,+5"G45"35",5C)8"75"85=C51,(,%*1"74"+F85(4"6()%33(%+5a"(88*6%F"W"
3("6?4,5"75"3(")5+CF(D%3%,Fa"B(+%5"D5(46*4)"Y2(6,54+"#&"7(18"3("T*15"Sa@S"W"Sa@E:"Z1"*),%C%85"
3("74+F5"51"85")3(c(1,"41")54"51"7588*48"74"854%3"S:@#:"X58"F,4758")348"+F651,58"*1,"7%C%14F"
35"854%3"F,(D3%")(+"V*s5+8"75"Sa@#"W"Sa$K"R"S:$M"tP+*4s5+8u#SS@v:"
"
"
"
(a) : sans apport deau externe
(b) : avec apport deau externe
Figure I-A-10"0" Composition volumique dune pte de ciment hydrate avec et sans apport
deau externe (extrait du livre [Baron_1992])
"
H58" *4B+(=58" 51" )35%1" (%+" 15" 8(,%82*1," )(8" (4U" ?Q)*,?^858" 6*174%8(1," W" 3(" d%=4+5" LR
OR!S(" 7*1," *1" B%51," 75" 7%864,5+:" L38" )54B51," +565B*%+" 758" ())*+,8" 5U,F+%54+8" 51" 5(4" G4%"
)5+C5,,51,"(3*+8"415")*4+84%,5"75"39?Q7+(,(,%*1:"H5"854%3")+F6F751,")(885"W" E/C=0.36"5,"%3"58,"
(3*+8"())53F"m",+*%8%^C5"+())*+,"6+%,%G45"n:"
"
*Q#QZ! (;OP@;PO<!@OAJ;FEE9bOF^HAYP<!G<J!@9R^9JUJ!@AR<:;FAO<J!
"
"
A*48"1*48"%1,F+588*18"58851,%5335C51,"(4U")+*74%,8"79?Q7+(,(,%*1"G49*1"7%864,5+("7(18"
358" 6?()%,+58" 43,F+%54+8" 51" ,(1," G45" 6*C)*8(1,58" 74" DF,*1:" -958," )*4+G4*%" 6958," 84+,*4," 54U"
G45"1*48"7F6+%+*18"%6%:"-5)517(1,"3948(=5"75"DF,*18"75")348"51")348"8568"6*174%,"W"Q",+*4B5+"
$K"
"
758" )+*)*+,%*18" C(88%B58" 79(1?Q7+58" 19(Q(1," )(8" +F(=%:" -958," )*4+G4*%" 1*48" 7F6+%+*18"
F=(35C51,"358")?(858"(1?Q7+58"5,"354+")*3QC*+)?%8C5:"
"
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%<J!Ô9GPA;J!F:HWGO<J!
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1*CD+54U" )*3QC*+)?58" *D85+BF8" 7(18" 358" 754U" 8%3%6(,58" -#/" 5," -$/" 5," 758" 754U" (34C%1(,58"
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"
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L3" 58," %C)*+,(1," 75" 1*,5+" G45" 3(" ,+5C)5" 74" 63%1b5+" 52256,4F5" 51" 8*+,%5" 75" 2*4+" 15"
8,(D%3%85" G45" G453G458" 418" 758" 1*CD+54U" )*3QC*+)?58" )*88%D358:" H(" 1(,4+5" 758" %C)4+5,F8"
)+F851,58" 7(18" 35" 63%1b5+a" G4953358" )+*B%51151," 758" C(,F+%(4U" 75" 3(" 6(++%^+5" *4" 758"
6*CD48,%D358"6*17%,%*115"35")*3QC*+)?5"8,(D%3%8F:"-958,",+^8"15,")*4+"35"-$O"7*1,"35"](D35(4"
LROR@" C*1,+5" 3(" 7F)517(165" B%8RWRB%8" 75" 39%C)4+5,F" A(:" H5" -@Od" 15" )+F851,5" )(8" 75"
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2*16,%*1" 75" 3(" 8,*56?%*CF,+%5"g" ,+*%8" 8,+46,4+58" +F8*3458" 8*1," 7*11F58" )(+" 35" ,(D35(4:" H("
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""
"
20C
3 formes tricliniques : T1, T2, T3
980C
1050C
2 formes
monocliniques :
M1, M2
2070C
Temprature (C)
1 forme rhombodrique : R
Fusion du
C 3S
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t-*3B%335u!MI#v"
Tableau I-A-4 : Structure cristallographique et polymorphisme des composs anhydres.(systme : R=Trigonal, M=Monoclinique, T=Triclinique,
O=Orthorhombique, C=Cubique). Pour le C3S : pOH = pseudo Orthorhombique et pM = pseudo Monoclinique correspondent des mailles multiples.
Lvolution des mailles pOH montre la distorsion de la maille de C3S et les surstructures. La maille multiple(pM) permet de relier la maille Pc du polymorphe
T1 la maille du polymorphe M1, ce qui nest pas possible avec la maille P-1de Golovastikov.
@S"
"
"
5,"415")?(85"C*1*63%1%G45"\$"G4%"19())(+(p,"G4951")+F85165"79%C)4+5,Fa"51,+5"358"2*+C58"\#"
5,"'"0""
"
"
Z1"15")54,"8,(D%3%85+")(+",+5C)5"(46415"758"2*+C58"?(4,5",5C)F+(,4+5"t'5=*4+7u!MK#v:"
H58" 75+1%5+8" ,+(B(4U" 75" 3(" 3%,,F+(,4+5" *1," )*+,F" 84+" 758" (1(3Q858" 75" 7*11F58" 8Q16?+*,+*1:"
V5,5+8*1"tV5,5+8*1u#SS@v"tV5,5+8*1u#SS@v"5,"75"H("]*++5"t75"H("]*++5u#SSKv"*1,")+*)*8F"758"
C*7^358" 8,+46,4+(4U" 7F+%BF8" 75" 3(" 8,+46,4+5" 75" J*3*B(8,%b*B" tJ*3*B(8,%b*Bu!MIEv" )*4+" 358"
,+*%8"(3%,58",+%63%1%G458:""
"
Q" )*4+" 3(" DF3%,5" tH5(u!MMKva" *1" 19*D85+B5" )(8" 358" CkC58" )?(858" (4" 6?(422(=5" Y(&" (4"
+52+*%7%885C51,"YD&"
"
(a)"
20"C"
1425""C
3 formes orthorhombiques : , L, H
(b)
20"C"
< 500"C"
1 forme
orthorhombique :
630-680C
1 forme
monoclinique :
2130C
1 forme hexagonale :
1425"C"
1160C
Fusion du
C2S
2130C
2 formes orthorhombique
orthorhombiques: : L, H" 1 forme hexagonale :
"
"
*Q#QZQ>!!
"
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Tableau I-A-5 : Structure cristallographique et polymorphisme des produits dhydratation.

La tobermorite, argile non prsente dans les produits dhydratation du ciment sert de
prototype ordonn la structure mal ordonne des CSH
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"
%& Notion du volume apparent et de volume absolu
"
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75"3("C(,%^+5"8*3%75"5,")(+"395(4"Yd%=4+5"LROR!!&"
"
@E
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"
Figure I-A-11 : Volumes apparent et absolu [Garcia- Boivin_1999]

"
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"
%%& Consquences de la contraction Le Chatelier

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G45"35"B*34C5"(D8*34",*,(3"Y5,"1*1"35"B*34C5"())(+51,&"758")+*74%,8"79?Q7+(,(,%*1"58,"%12F+%54+"
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"
"
Figure I-A-12 : Reprsentation phnomnologique de lvolution des dformations
endognes dune matrice cimentaire au jeune et trs jeune ge. Extrait de [Charron_2001]:"
@;"
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+F)5+64,5",*,(35C51,"3("7F2*+C(,%*1")+*B*G4F5")(+"3("6*1,+(6,%*1"H5"-?(,53%5+:"
"
V?(85"#"0"Hl516?5Bk,+5C51,"758")+*74%,8"7l?Q7+(,(,%*1"51,+5"358"=+(%18"75"6%C51,"(4=C51,5"3("
+F8%8,(165" CF6(1%G45" 75" 3(" )>,5:" H5" =(%1" 75" +%=%7%,F" 74" C(,F+%(4" (4" 24+" 5," W" C584+5" 75"
39?Q7+(,(,%*1"51,+(p15"79415"C(1%^+5"7%+56,5"415"*))*8%,%*1"(4U"7F2*+C(,%*18"517*=^158"75"3("
)>,5"
"
V?(85"$"0"O4"6*4+8"75"65,,5")?(85"39?Q7+(,(,%*1"85")*4+84%,a")+*74%8(1,"758"6(B%,F8"=(T54858"
7(18"3(")*+*8%,F"6()%33(%+5"5,"7*16"758"CF1%8G458"79%1,5+2(65"3%G4%75RB()54+:"H("6*CD%1(%8*1"
758"6(B%,F8"=(T54858"5,"74"7F)(+,"795(4a")+*B*G4F")(+"39?Q7+(,(,%*1a"51=517+5"415"7F)+588%*1"
6+*%88(1,5"tO6b5+u!MKKv"
*Q#QCQ@!!
"
#P;9G<JJA@@F;A9:!
H9(4,*7588%66(,%*1" 58," 3(" 7%C%14,%*1" 75" 3l5(4" 7(18" 3l58)(65" )*+54Ua" 656%" 51=517+5" 41"
7F)(+," 7l5(4" 85" ,+(74%8(1," )(+" 415" 7%C%14,%*1" 75" 3l?4C%7%,F" +53(,%B5" %1,5+15" 75" 3(" )>,5" 75"
6%C51," tP(+*=?53RP*41Qu!MM@v:" -5" )?F1*C^15" 51=517+5" 415" 7F2*+C(,%*1" ())53F5" +5,+(%,"
79(4,*7588%66(,%*1:"
%& Retrait dautodessiccation

"
H5"+5,+(%,"79(4,*7588%66(,%*1"58,"3("6*18FG45165"75"3("6*18*CC(,%*1"75"395(4"6()%33(%+5"
7(18"35")+*658848"79?Q7+(,(,%*1:"-56%"51=517+5"41",+(1825+,"75"B*34C5"=(T54U"5,"39())(+%,%*1"
758"CF1%8G458"795(4:"O%18%a"3(")+588%*1"75"B()54+"795(4"51"FG4%3%D+5"(B56"3(")>,5"75"6%C51,"
7%C%145:"V348"39?Q7+(,(,%*1"(B(165a")348"%3"Q"("75"B%758"G4%"85"6+F51,"5,")348"3(")+588%*1"795(4"
51"FG4%3%D+5"7%C%145:"
-5"+5,+(%,"51+5=%8,+F"58,"=F1F+(35C51,"D5(46*4)")348"2(%D35"G45"6534%"7941"588(%"75"C584+5"75"
6*1,+(6,%*1"H5"-?(,53%5+"Yd%=4+5"LROR!$&:"
"
"
@I
Figure I-A-13 : Diffrence entre le retrait chimique et le retrait endogne (Inspire de

[Bouasker_2007] et [Jensen_2001].
"
"
]+*%8"CF6(1%8C58"8*1,"(3*+8"(B(16F8")*4+"3%5+"39(4,*7588%66(,%*1"(4"+5,+(%,"51+5=%8,+F"
3*+8"74"74+6%885C51,"75"3("C(,+%65"51"6*17%,%*18"517*=^158"0"
R" H5" CF6(1%8C5" 75" 7F)+588%*1" 6()%33(%+5a" ,+(74%8(1," 39(4,*7588%66(,%*1" (4" 85%1" 75" 3("
)*+*8%,F"6()%33(%+5:"
R"H5"CF6(1%8C5"75"B(+%(,%*1"75",518%*1"84)5+2%6%5335a"6*++58)*17(1,"(4"7F)(+,"75"395(4"
(78*+DF5"84+"35"8G4535,,5"8*3%75:"
R"H5"CF6(1%8C5"75"3("B(+%(,%*1"75")+588%*1"7%8N*16,%B5a"3%F"W"39(4,*7588%66(,%*1"(4"85%1"
758"1(1*)*+58"758"=538"79?Q7+(,58:"
"
%%& Gonflement
"
"
H("2*+C(,%*1"758"?Q7+(,58"(4"6*4+8"74")+*658848"75"7FB53*))5C51,"C%6+*8,+46,4+(3"74"
C(,F+%(4"%174%,"758"B(+%(,%*18"7%C518%*1153358"51",5+C58"75"=*1235C51,"*4"75"6*1,+(6,%*1:"
X(18"35"6(8"74"=*1235C51,a"3("2*+C(,%*1"795,,+%1=%,5")54,"k,+5"W"39*+%=%15"75"65")?F1*C^15:"Z1"
)(+35"(3*+8"75"=*1235C51,"5,,+%1=%,%G45:"Z1")5185"51"5225,"G45"358")+588%*18"75"6+%8,(33%8(,%*18"
(88*6%F58"W"3("6+*%88(165"758"6+%8,(4U"795,,+%1=%,5")54B51,")+*B*G45+"415"5U,518%*1"74"B*34C5"
())(+51,"tP(+*=?53RP*41Qu#SS;v:"H5"6(8"758"6+%8,(4U"75")*+,3(17%,5"7(18"358"P[V"("F,F"7F6+%,"
)(+"t5+15,u!MM#v:""
"
H9?Q)*,?^85"74"CF6(1%8C5"2*+C43F5")(+"P(+653*"tP(+653*u#SS!v"5,"H4+("tH4+(u#SS!v"
1*48"85CD35")348"%1,F+588(1,5")*4+"5U)3%G45+"41"=*1235C51,"7(18"3("C(,+%65"75"DF,*1"W"<.-"
+F74%,8"
"
@K"
X(18"35"6(8"758"-/[a"754U"6*12%=4+(,%*18"8*1,")*88%D358"0"
"
R""358"-/["5U,5+158"G4%")*48851,"7(18"3958)(65"%1,5+=+(143(%+5"75"7F)(+,"15")(+,%6%)51,"
)(8"(4"=*1235C51,"6(+"%38"*1,"3(")3(65"75"85"7FB53*))5+a"
"
R""358"-/["%1,5+158"t(1"P+54=53u!MM!v"G4%")*48851,"W"39%1,F+%54+"758"3%C%,58"%1%,%(358"
758"=+(%18"(1?Q7+58")(+,%6%)51,"(4"=*1235C51,:"
"
*Q#QCQG!!
DFOFRI;O<J!A:BEP<:gF:;!E<!O<;OFA;!
"
"
X5" 1*CD+54U" )(+(C^,+58" )54B51," %12345165+" 39(4,*7588%66(,%*1" 5," 7*16" 35" +5,+(%,"
517*=^15:" Z1" 89%1,F+5885" %6%" (4" +())*+," <.-a"3(" )+F85165" 79415" (77%,%*1" C%1F+(35" Y24CF5" 75"
8%3%65&"5,"39(N*4,"7941"(7N4B(1,:"
"
%& Influence du rapport E/C

"
"
V348%54+8"(4,54+8"85"8*1,"%1,F+588F8"W"39%12345165"74"+())*+,"<.-"84+"35"+5,+(%,"517*=^15:"
L38"*1,"C*1,+F"G45"3("7%C%14,%*1"74"+())*+,"<.-"51=517+5"415"8,+46,4+5")348"75185"5,"7*16"41"
+5,+(%," )348" %C)*+,(1,:" <1" 5225,a" 3(" 7%C%14,%*1" 75" 39?4C%7%,F" +53(,%B5" %1,5+15" (4" 6*4+8" 75"
39?Q7+(,(,%*1" 75" )>,58" W" 2(%D358" +())*+,8" <.-" 58," %1,5185" 5," )348" +()%75a" 65" G4%" 51=517+5" 758"
7F)+588%*18" 6()%33(%+58" %C)*+,(1,58a" 5," )(+" 6*18FG451," 75" )348" =+(1758" 7F2*+C(,%*18"
517*=^158"tP(+*=?53RP*41Qu#SS;v:""
"
%%& Influence de la fume de silice et des adjuvants

"
"
H9(N*4," 75" 3(" 24CF5" 75" 8%3%65" 7518%2%5" 3(" C%6+*8,+46,4+5" 74" C(,F+%(4" 5," (22%15" 8("
)*+*8%,F:" H(" 6*CD%1(%8*1" 75" 65," 5225," 5," 3(" =+(175" 84+2(65" 8)F6%2%G45" 75" 65,,5" (77%,%*1"
C%1F+(35"51=517+5"79%C)*+,(1,58",518%*18"5,"7F)+588%*18"6()%33(%+58:"
-5,"5225,"75"3("24CF5"75"8%3%65"84+"3(")*+*8%,F"("F,F"*D85+BF")(+"P(+*=?53RP*41Q"5,"~?5%+D5b"
tP(+*=?53RP*41Qu#SS!va"G4%"*1,"F=(35C51,"C584+F"415"(4=C51,(,%*1"3%1F(%+5"5,"6+*%88(1,5"74"
+5,+(%,"517*=^15"75")>,58"75"6%C51,"51"2*16,%*1"75"354+",5154+"51"24CF5"75"8%3%65:"](T(s("5,"
\%Q(T(s("t](T(s(u!MMEv"*1,"*D,514"758"+F843,(,8"8%C%3(%+58:"L38"*1,")(+"(%3354+8"C*1,+F"G45"
39(N*4," 75" 84)5+)3(8,%2%(1," 7%C%14(%," 39(C)3%,475" 74" +5,+(%," 517*=^15" Y588(%8" C51F8" 84+" !SS"
N*4+8&:"H58"(4,54+8"(,,+%D451,"65")?F1*C^15"(4U")+*)+%F,F8"+5,(+7(,+%658"758"84)5+)3(8,%2%(1,8"
84+"3("6%1F,%G45"79?Q7+(,(,%*1:"
"
"
@M
"
*Q#QK! 79:@EPJA9:!
"
"
X(18" 65,,5" )(+,%5a" 1*48" 1*48" 8*CC58" %1,F+588F8" W" 3(" 2(D+%6(,%*1" 74" 6%C51," V*+,3(17"
(%18%" G49W" 858" 7%22F+51,58" )?(858" 5," W" 354+" ?Q7+(,(,%*1:" A*48" (B*18" 7F6+%," 358" F,()58" 75"
39?Q7+(,(,%*1"79415")>,5"6%C51,(%+5"5,":6*CC51,F"39FB*34,%*1"74"+F85(4")*+54U"5,"75"858"7%B5+8"
)(+(C^,+58a" 51" C51,%*11(1," 358" ,56?1%G458" 4,%3%8F58" )*4+" 35" 84%B%" 75" 3(" C%6+*8,+46,4+(,%*1:"
A*48" (B*18" 3%8,F" 358" 8,+46,4+58" 6+%8,(33*=+()?%G458" 758" 6*C)*8F8" 6%C51,(%+58a" (1?Q7+58" 5,"
)+*74%,8" 79?Q7+(,(,%*1" " V*4+" 2%1%+a" 754U" )*%1,8" 58851,%538" *1," F,F" (D*+7F8" W" 8(B*%+" 39F,(," 75"
395(4"7(18"415")>,5"75"6%C51,"74+6%"(%18%"G45"358"7%22F+51,58"7F2*+C(,%*18"517*=^158"5,"354+8"
CF6(1%8C58:"
"
"
*Q$!
"
"
%<!>U;9:!
OB(1,"79(D*+75+")348"3*%1"358"1*4B5(4U"DF,*18"7*1,"358")5+2*+C(1658"8*1,"*),%C%8F58"
)(+" +())*+," W" 758" ())3%6(,%*18" )(+,%643%^+58a" 7F6+%B*18" 79(D*+7" +()%75C51," 65" G4958," m"35"
DF,*1"n"(4"8518"35")348"3(+=5:"
"
"
H5"DF,*1"58,"41"C(,F+%(4"6*C)*8%,5"C43,%RF6?53358:"-958,"41"CF3(1=5"75"=+(143(,8"G4%"
)54B51,"k,+5"758"=+(B%33*18"*4"74"8(D35")348"*4"C*%18"2%1a"41"3%(1,a"=F1F+(35C51,"74"6%C51,"
(+,%2%6%53a"75"395(4"G4%"58,"%16*+)*+F5"(4"CF3(1=5"5,"G4%")+*B*G45"35"74+6%885C51,"74"C(,F+%(4:"
H58"DF,*18"(+CF8"5,")+F6*1,+(%1,8"6*1,%51151,"F=(35C51,"758")(+,%58"CF,(33%G45"75"7%C518%*18"
,+^8" B(+%(D358"0" )*4,+58a" 6>D358a" 25+8" W" DF,*18a" 2%D+58" 5," C%6+*2%D+58a" ,*4,58" 758,%1F58" W"
6*C)3F,5+"358")+*)+%F,F8"CF6(1%G458:"H5")[",+^8"F35BF"74"6%C51,"YB*%8%1"75"!$&"358")+*,^=5"51"
358")(88%B(1,:"
"
"
O"65"CF3(1=5"75"D(85"*1"(N*4,5"758"(7N4B(1,8"G4%"*1,")*4+"*DN5,"75"C*7%2%5+"415"*4"
)348%54+8" )+*)+%F,F8" 6*CC5" 8(" +F8%8,(165" ()+^8" 74+6%885C51," )(+" 7%C%14,%*1" 75" 395(4a" 8("
74+(D%3%,F"*4"8("C(1%(D%3%,F"3*+8"75"8("C%85"51")3(65:"]*4,5"3("6*C)35U%,F"+F8%75"(3*+8"7(18"35"
6(+(6,^+5" C43,%)?(8%G45" 74" C(,F+%(4" G4%" +517" 7%22%6%35" 3(" C(p,+%85" 75" 858" )+*)+%F,F8"
CF6(1%G458"5,"758"7%22F+51,8"CF6(1%8C58")?Q8%6*R6?%C%G458"G4%"89Q"7F+*4351,:""
"
"
ES"
<1"2*16,%*1"758"6*18,%,4(1,8a"*1"7%8,%1=45+("0"
"
H(" pte de cimenta"6*18,%,4F5"8%C)35C51,"79eau"5,"75" ciment"51"6*4+8"75")+%85a"(B(1,"
74+6%885C51,"Y)F+%*758"L"5,"LL"7F6+%,58"(4"LROR$R2"&:"O)+^8"74+6%885C51,a"*1")(+35"(3*+8"
75"pte durcie:"
H5" mortier"58,"415")>,5"75"6%C51,"W"3(G45335"*1"("(N*4,F"74"sable:"Z1")+F6%85+("(3*+8"8%"
3(")>,5"75"6%C51,"6*18,%,4(1,"35"C*+,%5+"58,"74+6%5"*4"1*1:"
H5"bton"58,"41"C*+,%5+"(4G453"*1,"F,F"(N*4,F8"758"granulats:"-958,"3(",(%335"758"=+(%18"5,"
1*1"354+"6*C)*8%,%*1"G4%"7%8,%1=45"8(D35"YCC&"5,"=+(143(,"Y6C&""
"
*Q$Q4! DO9ÔAU;UJ!O<YPAJ<J!^9PO!P:!>9:!>U;9:!
"
"
H58" )+*)+%F,F8" +5G4%858" )*4+" 41" D*1" DF,*1" 8*1," 3(" +F8%8,(165a" 3(" 74+(D%3%,F" 5,"
39*4B+(D%3%,F:"X(18" 65" G4%" 84%,a" 1*48" (33*18" 5U)3%6%,5+" 658" 1*,%*18" 5," 358" +53%5+" (4U" )+*)+%F,F8"
)?Q8%G458a"6?%C%G458"5,",*)*3*=%G458"758"6*18,%,4(1,8"74"C(,F+%(4:"
"
*Q$Q4QF!!
"
"
+UJAJ;F:@<!RU@F:AYP<!
H9415"758",*4,58")+5C%^+58"6(+(6,F+%8,%G458"8*4?(%,F58")*4+"41"DF,*1"75"D*115"G4(3%,F"
58,"8("6()(6%,F"W"+F8%8,5+"(4U"522*+,8"75"6*C)+588%*1a"75",+(6,%*1"5,"75"235U%*1:"H("+F8%8,(165"74"
DF,*1" 51" 6*C)+588%*1" 58," (CF3%*+F5" 51" Q" %16*+)*+(1," 758" =+(143(,8" 75" 7%22F+51,58" ,(%3358a"
7%8)*8F8" 75" 8*+,5" W" C(U%C%85+" 3(" 6*C)(6%,F" 74" CF3(1=5:" O%18%a" =+>65" W" 394,%3%8(,%*1" 75" 3("
7%8,+%D4,%*1" =+(143*CF,+%G45" 3(" )348" 3(+=5" )*88%D35a" *1" )54," 58)F+5+" *D,51%+" 41" 5C)%35C51,"
*),%C(3" 7%," ()*33*1%51" Yd%=4+5" LRPR!&:" V*4+" 65" G4%" 58," 75" 39(CF3%*+(,%*1" 75" 3(" +F8%8,(165" 51"
,+(6,%*1"5,"51"235U%*1a"*1"4,%3%85"758"(+C(,4+58"*4"758"2%D+58:""
"
"
"
Figure I-B-1 : Empilement apollonien [Taberlet_2005]
"
"
E!
H("3*%"75"dF+5,"Y!KMK&"58,"3(")+5C%^+5"3*%"5C)%+%G45"+53%(1,"3("+F8%8,(165"CF6(1%G45"(4"
+())*+,"<.-"0"
"
(1.9)
"
"
'6"58,"3("+F8%8,(165"74"DF,*1"W"#K"N*4+8"51"6*C)+588%*1"
~"58,"410"2(6,54+"7F)517(1,"75"3("63(885"74"6%C51,"Yb-&"5,"74",Q)5"75"=+(143(,8"YbJ&"
b-"58,"3("+F8%8,(165"74"C*+,%5+"(4"CkC5">=5""
-" 58," 35" B*34C5" 75" 6%C51,a" <" 35" B*34C5" 795(4" 5," " 35" B*34C5" 79(%+" 84D8%8,(1," Y51" =F1F+(3"
1F=3%=5(D35&:"
"
W4!
=h&i7!
$D+!
$D+!
!
$"MD!
$MD!
!
$#D!
$#D!
$6!
$6!
Tj!
WS!
8j!
W.!
4Tj!
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
5
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
0,76
0,69
,69
0,64
0,59
0,55
0,51
0,48
0,44
,44
0,42
0,39
0,69
0,64
0,
0,59
0,55
0,51
0,48
0,44
0,42
0,
0,39
0,37
0,64
0,59
0,5
0,55
0,51
0,48
0,44
0,42
0,39
0,3
0,37
0,35
0,65
0,37
0,35
0,33
y1 / y160
y2 / y260
y3 / y360
y4 / y460
=h&i7!
Tj!
8j!
4Tj!
48j!
0,15
0,20
0
0,25
0,30
0,35
5
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
1,94
1,78
1,64
1,51
1,40
1,31
1,22
1,14
,14
1,07
1,00
1,89
1,74
1,
1,61
1,49
1,39
1,29
1,21
1,13
1,
1,06
1,00
1,85
1,71
1,7
1,59
1,47
1,37
1,28
1,20
1,13
1,1
1,06
1,00
1,81
1,68
,68
1,56
1,46
1,36
1,27
1,20
1,12
,12
1,06
1,00
0,65
0,94
0,94
0,94
0,95
WZ!
48j!
0,59
0,55
,55
0,51
0,48
0,44
0,42
0,39
0,37
,37
0,35
0,33
0,31
2
(a) variation de z = 1/(1+x+y)

o x=E/C et y=V/C
!
$D+!
!
$"MD
$MD!
$#D!
$#D!
$6!
$6!
(b) valeurs de z rapportes celles dun bton

ordinaire x=60% ; yn/yn60 = yn/yn(x=60%)
Tableau I-B-1 : Loi de Fret : effet des paramtres E/C et V/C
"
/*%," T" 35" ,5+C5" 51" !" .Y!w<.-w.-&#" 75" 3(" 3*%" 75" dF+5,:" H5" ](D35(4" LRPR!(" %3348,+5" 3("
B(+%(,%*1" 75" 65" ,5+C5" T" y" !.Y!wUwQ&#" )*4+" 415" 8F+%5" 75" B(354+8"+(%8*11(D358" 758" )(+(C^,+58"
Uy<.-"5,"Qy.-:"H5"](D35(4"LRPR!D"7*115"758"B(354+8"+53(,%B58"+())*+,F58"(4U"B(354+8")*4+"
41" DF,*1" *+7%1(%+5" (B56" .-y;Sq:" V*4+" 415" ,5154+" U" 51" 5(4" 7*11F5a" *1" 19*D85+B5" G49415"
B(+%(,%*1"75"T"75"S"W"!E"q")*4+"358",5154+8"48453358"51"B%758"YQy.-yS"W"!Eq"g"6*3*1158"Q!"W"
Q@"7(18"415"CkC5"3%=15&:"V*4+"415")+*)*+,%*1"7*11F5"75"B%758a"*1"*D85+B5"415"B(+%(,%*1"75"T"
7941"2(6,54+"#a"8*%,"!SSq"75"B(+%(,%*1")*4+"358",5154+8"48453358"51"5(4"YUy<.-"B(+%(1,"75"!Eq"
)*4+"41"PV'"W";Sq")*4+"41"PZ"g"35"3*1="79415"6*3*115&:""
"
-56%"C*1,+5"G45"35"B*34C5"758"B%758"58,"D5(46*4)"C*%18"6+%,%G45"G45"3(",5154+"51"5(4:""
"
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(a)
(b)
Figure I-B-2 : Dispersion par rpulsion lectrostatique (a) et par rpulsion strique (b)
[Thse_Bonneau_1997]
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"
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Figure I-B-3 : Evolution des btons depuis les annes 1960. On observe dabord un progrs
constant des performances dans une mme direction, puis une spcialisation entre deux types
de btons ayant des objectifs distincts
"
"
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Contraintes induites par

des inclusions
" rigides
BO BHP BTHP
BPR
sable, silice
CSH
C3S
25-40 000 MPa

50-75 000 MPa
70 000 MPa
20 000 MPa
117 000 MPa
"
Modules dYoung des divers
" constituants du bton
Figure I-B-4 : Contraintes et htrognit du matriau
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Tableau I-C-1 : Influence de la cure et du traitement thermique sur lhydratation des BPR [Zanni_1996].
"
"
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Tableau I-C-2 : Rcapitulatif des pics de chaleur et des degrs dhydratation.
'F2F+5165"
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"
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Figure I-D-1 : Evolution du retrait endogne et de lhumidit relative dun BPR. [Loukili_1999]
"
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517*=^15"3%1F%G45"7941"PV':"L38"*1,"C584+F"51"2*16,%*1"75"3(",5154+"51"5(4"Y75"Sa#"W"Sa#@&"35"
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"
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Figure I-D-2 : Dformation endogne linique en fonction du rapport E/C et de la teneur en fume
de silice. [Schachinger_2002]
"
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)517(1,"3(")+%85&"5,"75"39(N*4,"758"2%D+58"84+"3("+F8%8,(165"51"6*C)+588%*1"758"DF,*18:"<1"5225,"
35")+588(=5"7%C%145"3("6*C)(6%,F"51"FB(64(1,"395(4"3%D+5"+F8%745335:"H("d%=4+5"LR<R!"C*1,+5"
39FB*34,%*1" 75" 3(" +F8%8,(165" 51" 6*C)+588%*1" 51" 2*16,%*1" 75" 3(" 7518%,F" +53(,%B5" Y+())*+," 758"
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"
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Figure I-E-1 : Enveloppe de meilleures rsistances obtenues pour diffrentes densits relatives
[Richard_1995]
"
"
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Tableau I-E-1"0"Caractristiques mcaniques des BPR 200 et BPR 800 [Richard_1995v"
"
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Tableau I-E-2"0"Caractristiques mcaniques en compression uniaxiale du BPR [Dugat_1996]

"
IS"
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3%1F(%+5&"75"6534%"74"VP'"#SS:""
"
Figure I-E-2 : Courbe contrainte dformation du BPR200 en compression [Dugat_1996]
Figure I-E-3 : Courbe contrainte dformation du BPR800 en compression [Dugat_1996]
"
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(a)
(b)
Figure I-E-4 : Dveloppement des proprits mcaniques de ciment Portland (a) et du ciment base
de laitier (b)
[Schachinger_2002]
"
"
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Tableau I-E-3 : Rsistances maximales en compression en fonction du traitement et du dosage en

substitution minrale optimaux
"
_1"(1")348",(+7a"(T%6%"5,"(3:"t(T%6%u#SSKv"85"8*1,"%1,F+588F8 W"395225,"75"3("24CF5"75"
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#;#"\V("51"(4=C51,(1,"35"7*8(=5"51"24CF5"75"8%3%65"75"##"W"$E"q:"
Figure I-E-5 :"L12345165"74"7*8(=5"51"24CF5"75"8%3%65"84+"3("+F8%8,(165"51"

6*C)+588%*1 [Yazici_2008]
"
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F)+*4B5,,58"Y<.-"y"Sa#&"8*33%6%,F58"51",+(6,%*1"7%+56,5:"H5",Q)5"L"58,"6(+(6,F+%8,%G45"7941"PV'"
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Figure I-E-6 : Comportement du BPR en traction directe [Adeline_1999]

"
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84+"758"F)+*4B5,,58"75"PV'"75"2*+C5"?(3,^+5a"8*33%6%,F58"51",+(6,%*1:"L38"*1,"+5C(+G4F"G45"358"
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Figure I-E-7 : (a) Champ de dformation longitudinal 45s. (b) Image de lprouvette au mme
instant. (c) Champ de dformation longitudinale 75s. (d) Champ de dformation longitudinale
180s [Huon_2001]
"
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Figure I-E-8 : Rsistance en traction en fonction du rapport E/C et du dosage en fume de silice
[Schachinger_2002]
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Figure I-F-1 : Distribution poreuse dun bton ultra haute performance [Loukili_1999]
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Figure I-F-2 : Comparaison des porosits au mercure [Lafarge_2003]
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Figure I-F-3 : Distribution poreuse dun bton avec et sans traitement thermique [Cwirzen_2008]
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Figure II-E-1 : Essai de flexion 3 points (a), essai de compression (b)
"
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(a)
(b)
Figure II-E-2 : Essai de flexion 3 points (a) Schma de principe (b) Diagramme des
contraintes dans la section de lprouvette
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Figure II-E-5 : Excitation des prouvettes en utilisant le Grindosonic [Bouasker_2007]
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"
Figure II-F-4 : Schma du dispositif exprimental de permabilit charge constante
[Ben Fraj_2009]
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Figure II-F-5 :"Vue en coupe dune cellule de permabilit
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Figure II-F-7 : Essai de durabilit aux ions chlore. Photo du titrimtre
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2%6?58" ,56?1%G458" Y62:" O115U5" !&"0" 6*C)*8%,%*1" 6?%C%G45a" 84+2(65" 8)F6%2%G45a" 5," C(885"
B*34C%G45:"H5"](D35(4"LLLROR#"3%8,5"358"+F843,(,8"75"1*8"(1(3Q858"=+(143*CF,+%G458"3(85+:"
"
!SM
"
"
-(Z"
/%Z#"
O3#Z$"
d5#Z$"
\=Z"
~#Z"
/Z$"
A(#Z"
-*C)*8%,%*1""
6?%C%G45"
Yq"C(88%G45&"
-%C51,"
;@aEK"
#!a$M"
$a;;"
@a#E"
SaM;"
Sa#K"
#a;$"
Sa!S"
$K#S"
YP3(%15&"
d4CF5"75"8%3%65"
"$SS"))C"
M$aES"
/(D35"
"SaS#$"q"
`"MKaI"q"
"Sa;"q"
]5154+"51"*UQ758" "SaS@E"q"
Y+a"O3a"d5a"-(a"]%&"
"
;a!S"q"
"Sa@;S"q"
"
Sa!E"
"
!@SSSS"
!#I"
YP<]&"
YJ"d&"
}4(+,T"D+*QF"
$SS"))C"
`"MKaM"q"
KSSS"))C"
KSS"))C"
"
;SSS"))C"
"
"
!S$SS"
YP3(%15&"
/4+2(65"8)F6%2%G45"
"
Y6C#.=&"
\(885"B*34C%G45"
"
$a#"
#a#"
#a;E"
#a;E"
Y=.6C$&"
Tableau III-A-1 : Caractristiques des matires premires (daprs les fiches techniques des
fournisseurs).
"
"
"
-%C51,"
d4CF5"75"8%3%65"
/(D35"
!$E"
Sa#"
!aME"
7!S"Y{C&"
#$K"
!aE"
#;aE#"
7ES"Y{C&"
J+(143*CF,+%5"
$KK"
@aE"
I$aS$"
7MS"Y{C&"
Tableau III-A-2 : Mesures granulomtriques laser des matires premires
}4(+,T"D+*QF"
!$aI"
EaK"
#a#"
"
***Q#Q4! 7AR<:;!
"
"
H5"6%C51,"V*+,3(17"4,%3%8F"58,"41"6%C51,"+F2F+516F"-<\"L"E#aEA"-<"V\R</R-V#"Ad"
75"3948%15"74"[(B+5"YH(2(+=5&:"H("6*4+D5"=+(143*CF,+%G45"74"6%C51,"58,"7*11F5"W"3("d%=4+5"
LLLROR!:""
"
Figure III-A-1 : Analyse granulomtrique du ciment
"
"
H58" )+%16%)(358" 6(+(6,F+%8,%G458" 75" 65" ,Q)5" 75" 6%C51," 8*1," 415" ?(4,5" ,5154+" 51" 8%3%65"
Y[]/&"5,"415"2(%D35",5154+"51"-$O"Y"LRPR#RD"&:"H("6*C)*8%,%*1"C%1F+(3*=%G45"75"65"6%C51,"
7F,5+C%1F5")(+"3("CF,?*75"75"P*=45"58,"+5)*+,F5"(4"](D35(4"LLLROR$:""
!!S"
"
"
V?(85" -$/" -#/" -$O -@Od JQ)85 d%335+ V*+,3(17%,5"

P*=45" ;IaE" !SaI" #a;@ !#aK"
$a$"
!aE"
R"
'%5,B537 E;aK" #EaM" Sa#" !#a;"
!a$"
#aI"
SaE"
Tableau III-A-3 : Proportions des phases (en pourcentage massique) du ciment dtermines
daprs la mthode approximative de Bogue (cf. fiche technique) ou selon la mthode de
Rietveld par diffraction des rayons X.
"
"
H("d%=4+5"LLLROR#"+5)*+,5"35"7%22+(6,*=+(CC5"74"6%C51,"(B56"%751,%2%6(,%*1"758")?(858"
6*++58)*17(1,58:" H5" 6%C51," 6*1,%51," 358" 6%1G" )?(858" 6*4+(1,58"0" (3%,5" Y(&a" DF3%,5" YD&a" -$Oa"
-@Od"5,"=Q)85"Y=&:""
"
%& Aluminates
"
H58"+(%58"74"-$O"8*1,"B+(%C51,",+^8")54"%1,51858a"51"(66*+7"(B56"3("2(%D35")+*)*+,%*1"
75"-$O"(11*16F5")(+"3("CF,?*75"75"P*=45"Y](D35(4"LLLROR$&:"A*48"(B*18")+%8"8*%1"75"BF+%2%5+"
G49%3" 19Q" (B(%," )(8" 54" 75" ,+(182*+C(,%*1" 74" =Q)85" 51" ?FC%R?Q7+(,5" 5," (1?Q7+%,5" 84%,5" (4"
D+*Q(=5"758")*47+58"Y"LRPR!&"3*+8"75"3(")+F)(+(,%*1"75"1*8"F6?(1,%33*18:""
"
%%& Autres phases mineures
"
"
H58" +(%58" +F8%7453358" 75" 2(%D35" %1,518%,F" 8*1," (,,+%D4F58" W" 754U" )?(858" C%154+58a" 3("
6(36%,5" -(-Z$" Y6&" )+*B51(1," 74" 2%335+" 6(36(%+5" Y](D35(4" LLLROR$&" 5," W" 3(" )*+,3(17%,5" Y)&"
)+*B51(1,"75"39?Q7+(,(,%*1"75"3("6?(4U"3%D+5"(B56"39?4C%7%,F"75"39(%+:""
"
%%%&Alite
"
"
H(" 7F,5+C%1(,%*1" 75" 3(" 8,+46,4+5" 75" 39(3%,5" +5G4%5+," 415" (1(3Q85" ())+*2*17%5" 74"
7%(=+(CC5:" X(18" 3(" )34)(+," 758" 63%1b5+8" %1748,+%538a" 39(3%,5" 58," 35" )348" 8*4B51," 8*48" 2*+C5"
C*1*63%1%G45" 75" ,Q)5" \!" *4" \$:" H58" ,+(B(4U" 75" ,?^85" 75" \:RA:" 75" A*%+2*1,(%15" t75"
A*%+2*1,(%15u#SSSva"t-*4+,%(3u#SS$va"tX418,5,,5+u#SS;v"*1,"C*1,+F"G49*1")54,",+*4B5+"G4(,+5"
,Q)58"75"8,+46,4+58"1*,F58"0"\!"Y84+8,+46,4+5&a"\`!" YC(%335"C*Q5115&a"\$"Y84+8,+46,4+5&a"5,"
\`$" YC(%335" C*Q5115&:" H(" 8,+46,4+5" 75" 39(3%,5" )54," 85" 7F74%+5" W" )(+,%+" 75" 39*D85+B(,%*1" 75"
6%1G" 251k,+58" (1=43(%+58" 6(+(6,F+%8,%G458" Y1*,F58" !RE&" t-*4+,%(3u#SS$va" %3348,+F58" 7(18"
"
!!!
1*,+5"6(8"W"3("d%=4+5"LLLROR#:"H9(D85165"758"+(%58"75"84+,+46,4+5"Y1*,F58"X"W"#-*"y"$#aI;o"5,"
["W"#-*"y"@#aKo&"6(+(6,F+%8,%G458"75"39(3%,5"\$"Y;\`"LC&a"+58)56,%B5C51,"(,,517458"7(18"358"
251k,+58" #" 5," @a" F3%C%151," 39?Q)*,?^85" 75" 3(" 84+8,+46,4+5" \$:" V(+" (%3354+8a" 39(334+5"
8QCF,+%G45" 758" +(%58" 2*+,58" 75" 8,+46,4+5" Y<a" da"L&" 7(18" 358" 251k,+58" $" 5," E" 84==^+51," 415"
(3%,5" 75" ,Q)5" )34,," \!:" -5,,5" ?Q)*,?^85" 58," 6*12*+,F5" )(+" 3(" 2*+,5" ,5154+" 51" /Z$" 7(18" 35"
63%1b5+" 79*+%=%15" YSaM!" q" \=Z" 5," !aE;" q" /Z$&a" 6*1145" 75)4%8" 358" ,+(B(4U" 75" \(b%" 5," (3:"
t\(b%u!MK#v" )*4+" 2(B*+%85+" 3(" )+F85165" 79415" (3%,5" 75" ,Q)5" \!:" H(" 84+8,+46,4+5" \!" 58,"
6(+(6,F+%8F5" )(+" 41" 7*4D35," 75" +(%58" 7(18" 3(" 251k,+5" !" 6*1,51(1," 415" +(%5" 75" 8,+46,4+5" YO&"
84%B%5"79415"+(%5"75"84+8,+46,4+5"YP&:"H9(D85165"75"3("+(%5"P"C*1,+5"G45"3("8,+46,4+5"G4%"7F6+%,"
35" C%54U" ,*48" 358" )%68" 75" 39(3%,5" 58," 415" 8,+46,4+5" C*Q5115" \`!:" H5" ](D35(4" LLLROR@"
+F6()%,435"3("1(,4+5")*3QC*+)?%G45"758"7%B5+8"6*C)*8F8"51")+F85165:"
"
%B& Blite
"
"
H("DF3%,5"85",+*4B5"8*48"3("2*+C5")*3QC*+)?%G45"
"6*CC5"7(18"3(")34)(+,"758"63%1b5+8"
%1748,+%538:" -*165+1(1," 35" =Q)85a" 358" +(%58" S#S" 5," S#!" Yd%=4+5" LLLROR#&" 8*1," 51" ,?F*+%5" 754U"
+(%58"75",+^8"2*+,5"%1,518%,F"Y!SSq&:"H("+(%5"S#!"*D85+BF5"58,"75"D5(46*4)")348"2(%D35"%1,518%,F"
G45" 3(" +(%5" S#S:" -5" )?F1*C^15" 895U)3%G45" )(+" 415" 2*+,5" *+%51,(,%*1" )+F2F+51,%5335" 758"
6+%8,(33%,58a"74"2(%,"75"3("8,+46,4+5"51"254%335,8"G4%"8*1,")(+(33^358"(4U")3(18"YS!S&:"L3"58,",*4N*4+8"
7%22%6%35"75"8951"(22+(16?%+",*,(35C51,"t75"3("]*++5u#SS$v:"
"
B& Analyse semi-quantitative des diffractogrammes par la mthode de Rietveld
"
"
/4+" 3(" D(85" 75" 65,,5" %751,%2%6(,%*1" 75" )?(858a" 1*48" (B*18" (1(3Q8F" 35" 7%22+(6,*=+(CC5"
)(+"3("CF,?*75"75"'%5,B537"Y"LLRPR!RD"&:"H58"C*7^358"8,+46,4+(4U"4,%3%8F8")*4+"6?(6415"758"
)?(858" 8*1,"+5)*+,F8" 7(18" 35" ](D35(4" LLLROR@:" A*48" (B*18" (N48,F" 358" 6*522%6%51,8" 74" D+4%," 75"
2*17" Y2*16,%*1" )*3Q1*C%(35&" 5," 358" )(+(C^,+58" 75" C(%335" 75" ,*4,58" 358" 8,+46,4+58:" H(" D*115"
6*16*+7(165"51,+5"358"7%22+(6,*=+(CC58"*D85+BF"5,"6(3643F"Yd%=4+5"LLLROR$&"B(3%75"3(")+F85165"
758" 7%B5+858" )?(858" %751,%2%F58" 5," 354+8" 8,+46,4+58" 6+%8,(33*=+()?%G458:" H9(1(3Q85" 85C%R
G4(1,%,(,%B5"7F74%,5"75"65,,5"CF,?*75"58,"+5)*+,F5"(4"](D35(4"LLLROR$a"51"6*C)(+(%8*1"(B56"3("
CF,?*75"())+*U%C(,%B5"75"P*=45:""
"
!!#"
Fl>
Fl>
m4 mS
20
30
0,10
7Z#/ 130
m4
40
$
#
Fl>
Fl>
Fl>
Fl>
F
F
Fl>
Fl>
Fl^
F
Fl>
Fl>l7.#l7Z#/
60
70
80
"
'
0,10
7
0,05
0,00
28,5
0,00
29,0
29,5
30,0
30,5
31,0
2 Co ()
m.
50
mS
0,05
1,0
m8
2 Co ()
> 020 l!7Z#/121
10
mZ
m.
> 11-2
0,0
7.#lF 7 #/
Z
F
> 4ST
F
> l7Z#/
F
7Z#/
F
^
0,2
b!!TST
0,4
b!!TS4
0,6
>
Fl>
Fl>
Fl>
Fl@
0,8
7Z#/
Intensit normalise
1,0
mZ
32,0
32,5
33,0
2 Co ()
"
&
31,5
0,4
"
m8
0,8
*
0,3
0,6
0,1
0,2
7.# 440
0,4
0,2
0,0
0,1
0,0
0,0
37,0
37,5
38,0
2 Co()
38,5
39,0
42,0
42,5
43,0
2 Co ()
43,5
60,0
60,5
61,0
61,5
62,0
2 Co ()
"
Figure III-A-2 : Diffractogramme du ciment, avec identification des phases en prsence :
alite (a), blite (b), C3A, C4AF, gypse (g), calcite (c) et portlandite (p). Les fentres
angulaires caractristiques pour lidentification de la structure de lalite sont notes W1-W5.
"
V?(85"
\(%335"
'F2F+5165"
O3%,5"\!"Y(&"
\*1*63%1%G45"\`!"y"\`"V6" t75"A*%+2*1,(%15u#SS;v"
PF3%,5"YD&"
t\4CC5u!MMEv"
\*1*63%1%G45"
"
-$O""
-4D%G45"
t\*17(3u!MIEv"
-@Od""
Z+,?*+?*CD%G45"
t-*3B%335u!MI!v"
JQ)85"Y=&"
\*1*63%1%G45"
t-*35u!MI@v"
-(36%,5"Y6&"
'?*CD*F7+%G45"
t-?588%1u!M;Ev"
V*+,3(17%,5"Y)&" '?*CD*F7+%G45"
tV5,6?u!M;!v"
Tableau III-A-4 : Structures cristallographiques des phases prsentes dans le ciment utilis
"
!!$
7 500
C3S-M1-Pc-Dunstetter
C2S beta (MUMME)
C3A cubic
C4AF Colville
Calcite
Gypsum
Portlandite
7 000
6 500
6 000
5 500
5 000
56.80 %
25.87 %
0.23 %
12.65 %
2.69 %
1.29 %
0.47 %
4 500
4 000
3 500
3 000
2 500
2 000
1 500
1 000
500
0
-500
-1 000
-1 500
-2 000
-2 500
"
d%=4+5" LLLROR$"0 Ajustement par la mthode de Rietveld du diffractogramme de ciment. Les
contributions des diverses rflexions de Bragg sont de haut en bas : lalite M1, la blite
, le
C3A, le C4AF, la calcite, le gypse, et la portlandite.
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
***Q#QS! *:@EPJA9:J!bOF:PEFAO<J!
"
***Q#QSQF!!
/PRU<!G<!JAEA@<!
"
"
H(" d%=4+5" LLLROR@" Y(&" +5)*+,5" 3(" 6*4+D5" =+(143*CF,+%G45" 758" 24CF58" 75" 8%3%65a" 5," 3("
d%=4+5"LLLROR@"YD&"%3348,+5"3("C*+)?*3*=%5"8)?F+%G45"758")(+,%64358:"H5"7%22+(6,*=+(CC5"75"3("
24CF5"75"8%3%65"Yd%=4+5"LLLRORE&"C*1,+5"3(")+F85165"79415")?(85"C(N54+5"(C*+)?5a"%6%"3("8%3%65"
(C*+)?5:"H58")%68"2%18"*D85+BF8"8*1,"748"W"3(")+F85165"79415")?(85"C%1*+%,(%+5"6+%8,(33%8F5"75"
+Z#" Y" LRPR#R6" &:" H(" )+F85165" 75" 65,,5" )?(85" 75" +Z#" 58," 6*C)(,%D35" (B56" 39(1(3Q85"
F3FC51,(%+5" 75" 3(" 2%6?5" ,56?1%G45" Y](D35(4" LLLROR!&" 5," 1*8" C%6+*(1(3Q858" i" Y\<PR<Xi&"
+F(3%8F58"84+"358")(+,%64358"75"24CF5"75"8%3%65:""
!!@"
"
(a)
(b)
Figure III-A-4 : (a) Analyse granulomtrique de la fume de silice (b) Microstructure des
fumes de silice. Image MEB en lectrons secondaires.
Intensit normalise
1,0
0,8
ZrO2
0,6
0,4
ZrO2
ZrO2
0,2
ZrO2
0,0
10
20
30
40
2 Co ()
50
60
70
80
Figure III-A-5 : Diffractogramme de la fume de silice. La plupart de lchantillon contient

de la silice amorphe. Les pics fins observs sont dus la prsence dune phase minoritaire
cristallise de ZrO2.
"
***Q#QSQ>!!
NPFO;e!>O9WU!
"
H5" G4(+,T" D+*QF" 4,%3%8F" (4" 6*4+8" 75" 1*8" 588(%8" 58," 35" C%33%8%3" -@SS" 74" 651,+5" 75"
)+*746,%*1" 75" -*C)%^=15" 6*CC5+6%(3%8F" )(+" /%D536*:" /*1" (1(3Q85" =+(143*CF,+%G45" 58,"
+5)*+,F5" W" 3(" d%=4+5" LLLROR;:" H5" 7%22+(6,*=+(CC5" )+F851,F" W" 3(" d%=4+5" LLLRORI" 6*12%+C5" 3("
)+F85165" C(N*+%,(%+5" 75" 3(" )?(85" RG4(+,T" YG&:" H5" G4(+,T" 58," ,+^8" D%51" 6+%8,(33%8F" 5," *1" B*%,"
CkC5"(B56"35"C*1,(=5"4,%3%8F"358"+F235U%*18"75",+^8"2(%D35"%1,518%,F"75"3("+(%5"~
"74"-*"5,"H !"
74":"H58"(4,+58")%68"+F8%74538"75",+^8"2(%D35"%1,518%,F")54B51,"k,+5"(,,+%D4F8"W"3("C%6+*63%15"
~O3/%$ZKa" )?(85"8*4B51,")+F851,5"7(18"35"G4(+,T:"H5"8543")%6"D%51"%8*3F"Y1*,F"C&"58,"8%,4F"W"
"
!!E
#-*"y"$#a!oa"358"(4,+58")%68"8*1,"7(18"358")%578"75"+(%58"74"G4(+,T:"_15"234*+5865165"i"("F,F"
+F(3%8F5"Y62:"O115U5"!&"5,"B(3%75"D%51"3(")+F85165"758"F3FC51,8"C%154+8"~"5,"O3:""
"
"
Figure III-A-6 : Analyse granulomtrique du quartz broy"
0,8
0,6
0,4
10
20
30
40
2 Co ()
50
60
Y
Y
0,0
0,2
Y
Y
Intensit normalise
1,0
70
80
Figure III-A-7 : Diffractogramme du quartz broy. La quasi-totalit des pics sexplique par
la prsence de la forme du quartz (q). La raie de trs faible intensit 2 = 32,1 est une
rflexion de la microcline (m).
"
***Q#QSQ@!!
(F>E<!
"
"
H5" 8(D35" 4,%3%8F" 58," 41" 8(D35" +F2F+516F" -$#" 74" 651,+5" 75" )+*746,%*1" 75" -+F)Q" 51"
(3*%8"6*CC5+6%(3%8F")(+"/%D536*:"L3"+5)+F851,5"35")348"=+*8"=+(143(,"74"PV':"/("7%8,+%D4,%*1"
=+(143(%+5"58,"7*11F5"W"3("d%=4+5"LLLRORK:"H5"7%22+(6,*=+(CC5"58,"G4(8%R%751,%G45"W"6534%"74"
G4(+,T" D+*QFa" )4%8G45" 35" 8(D35" 6*1,%51," )+%16%)(35C51," 3(" )?(85" RG4(+,Ta" 5," 75" 2(c*1" ,+^8"
C%1*+%,(%+5"75"3("C%6+*63%15"Yd%=4+5"RPR$&:""
!!;"
"
Figure III-A-8 : Analyse granulomtrique du sable
"
"
***Q#Q.! (P^<OÊFJ;ABAF:;!
"
Z1"4,%3%85"41"84)5+)3(8,%2%(1,")*4+"(CF3%*+5+"39*4B+(D%3%,F"74"CF3(1=5"(B56"41"+())*+,"
<.-" 6*18,(1,:" A*48" (B*18" 4,%3%8F" 35" -%C234%7#SS#" 79OU%C" 8*48" 2*+C5" 3%G4%75" Y5U,+(%," 856"
$Eq&:" -958," 41" (7N4B(1," *)(G45" D5%=5" ?(4," +F746,54+" 795(4" W" D(85" 75" )*3Q6(+D*UQ3(,5"
C*7%2%F:"H5"7*8(=5"51"(7N4B(1,"85+("7*11F"51"C(885"795U,+(%,"856"5,"5U)+%CF"51")*4+651,(=5"
75"3("C(885"75"6%C51,:"
"
Figure III-A-9 : Formule type dun carboxylate
"
***Q$! 6^;ARAJF;A9:!G<!EF!B9ORPEF;A9:!G<!$D+!<=;OPGF>E<J!
"
H95U,+48%*1" 58," 41" )+*6F7F" CF6(1%G45" )(+" 35G453" *1" 2(%," )(885+" 41" C(,F+%(4" 8*48"
)+588%*1" W" ,+(B5+8" 415" 2%3%^+5" (2%1" 75" 34%" 7*115+" 3(" 2*+C5" B*4345:" O" 3(" 8*+,%5" 75" 3(" 2%3%^+5a" 35"
C(,F+%(4"7*%,"k,+5"(),5"W"84))*+,5+"8*1")+*)+5")*%78:"-5,,5",56?1%G45"=F1F+(35C51,"())3%G4F5"
(4U")+*74%,8"CF,(33%G458"5,")3(8,%G458a"6*18,%,45"415"(3,5+1(,%B5")+*C5,,5485"75"C%85"51"2*+C5"
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Figure III-B-4 :"Composition des cinq formulations de BPR (cf Tableau III-B-2)
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B%86*)3(8,%G458" ,53358" G45" 358" 6F+(C%G458" t'%D5%+*u#SSEva" 358" )*3QC^+58a" 358" )+*74%,8"
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"
!#;"
"
Figure IV-A-1 : Schma dune extrudeuse vis"
"
X(18"1*,+5"6(8a"415"5U,+475485"W")%8,*1"("F,F"4,%3%8F5:"<1"5225,a"395U,+48%*1"8952256,45"
(4"C*Q51"79415")+5885"F356,+*CF6(1%G45"41%(U%(35"FG4%)F5"7941"6(),54+"75"2*+65"75"ES"bA:"
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7(18"41"+F85+B*%+"+5C)3%"75")>,5"Yd%=4+5"LROR#&:"H("2%3%^+5"5,"35"+F85+B*%+"8*1,"2%UF8"(4"8*635"
75"3(")+5885"=+>65"W"41"84))*+,"CF,(33%G45"G4%"358"C(%1,%51,"651,+F8:"H5"7%(C^,+5"5,"3("3*1=454+"
75"3("2%3%^+5"8*1,"75"!#"CC"5,"$S"CCa"+58)56,%B5C51,:""
"
Presse
lectromcanique
Piston
Rservoir
Extrudeur
Filire
"
Matriau
extrudable
Figure IV-A-2 : Extrudeuse piston
"
!#I"
H5"C*4B5C51,"75")%8,*1"58,"=F+F"(4,*C(,%G45C51,")(+"41")+*=+(CC5"G49*1"("6+FF"5,"
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51=517+5" 41" 7F)3(65C51," 75" 3(" C(,%^+5" G4%" 85+(" 6*1,+(%1,5" 75" ,+(B5+85+" 3(" 2%3%^+5:" -56%" 1*48"
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"
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"
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()+^8" C(3(U(=5a" 3(" )>,5" )+F)(+F5" (" F,F" C%85" 8*48" B%75" )517(1," E" C%14,58" )*4+" 6?(885+" 358"
D43358"79(%+"*66348"Yd%=4+5"LROR$&"G4%"%123451651,"D5(46*4)"3("2*+65"795U,+48%*1:"Z1"84))*85"
G45"65,,5"*)F+(,%*1"15"C*7%2%5")(8"8518%D35C51,"3(",5154+"51"5(4"74"C(,F+%(4:"
"
"
Figure IV-A-3 : Echantillon sous vide"
"
O"3("2%1"75"65,,5"F,()5a"35"C(,F+%(4"2+(%8"58,"6*185+BF"7(18"415"D*%,5"?5+CF,%G45:"L3"58,"
5184%,5" %1,+*74%,a" C(145335C51," 5," 8*48" 2*+C5" 75" D*435,,58" Y=F1F+(35C51," 6%1G&a" 7(18" 3("
6?(CD+5" 795U,+48%*1" 8%,4F5" (4" 758848" 75" 3(" 2%3%^+5" Yd%=4+5" LROR@&:" _15" 2*%8" %1,+*74%,5a"
6?(G45"D*435,,5"58,",(88F5"Y6%1G"6*4)8&"W"39(%75"79415",%=5"CF,(33%G45:"<184%,5a"*1"7586517"35"
)%8,*1"N48G49W"65"G49%3"522354+5"3(")>,5:"
"
!#K"
"
Figure IV-A-4 0 Rservoir rempli du matriau tass"
"
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51+5=%8,+F8")(+"41"3*=%6%53"79(6G4%8%,%*1"6*1156,F"W"3(")+5885:"X%22F+51,58"B%,58858"795U,+48%*1"
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"
"
"
Figure IV-A-5 0 Essai dextrusion sur BPR extrudable : boudin homogne et sans fissure"
"
"
Figure IV-A-6 : Extrudat dune formulation non extrudable (BPR3) : boudin inhomogne"
"
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"
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1000
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Figure IV-A-7 : Force dextrusion en fonction du dplacement et de la vitesse du piston

pour les BPR extrudables"
"
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la vitesse du piston pour les diffrents BPR extrudables"
"
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Figure IV-A-8 : Essai de rptabilit sur le BPR4"
"
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Figure IV-B-1 [ Flux de chaleur dhydratation. (a) 0 144 h ; (b) : zoom entre 36 et 72 h
"
*_Q$Q4QF!!
&BB<;!GP!G9JFb<!<:!JP^<OÊFJ;ABAF:;!
"
H9(4=C51,(,%*1" 74" 7*8(=5" 51" 84)5+)3(8,%2%(1," %174%," 41" (33*1=5C51," 75" 3(" )F+%*75"
7*+C(1,5" 758" +F(6,%*18" 79?Q7+(,(,%*1" 74" 3%(1,:" -5" +(351,%885C51," 58," )(+,%643%^+5C51,"
8%=1%2%6(,%2")*4+"35"PV'$"5,"85",+(74%,"F=(35C51,")(+"415"7%C%14,%*1"75"39%1,518%,F"74")%6"75"
234U" 75" 6?(354+:" -5," 5225," 856*17(%+5" 74" 84)5+)3(8,%2%(1," 84+" 39?Q7+(,(,%*1" 74" 6%C51," ("
3(+=5C51," F,F" 7*64C51,F" t-Q+u#SS;v" 0" %3" 58," =F1F+(35C51," 5U)3%G4F" )(+" 39(78*+),%*1" 758"
C(6+*C*3F64358" 75" 39(7N4B(1," 84+" 358" =+(%18:" V348%54+8" CF6(1%8C58" 79(78*+),%*1" 75"
84)5+)3(8,%2%(1,"51,+51,"51"N54:"X5"6?(+=5"1F=(,%B5a"358")*3QC^+58")54B51,"89(78*+D5+"84+"358"
8%,58" )*8%,%28" 758" =+(%18" 75" 6%C51," )(+" 8%C)35" (,,+(6,%*1" F356,+*8,(,%G45:" V348%54+8" (4,54+8"
tJ4u!MM@va"tH*,(u#SSSva"t\*33(?u#SSSv"(B(1651,"39())+*6?5"758"+F(6,%*18")*,51,%53358"51,+5"
358" %*18" -(#w" 5," 358" (1%*18" 758" C(6+*C*3F64358" 75" 39(7N4B(1,:" <1" 5225,a" 35" 6*C)35U5" 2*+CF"
+(351,%," 3(" 1463F(,%*1" 5," 3(" )+F6%)%,(,%*1" 758" 6*C)*8F8" 6*1,51(1," 35" 6(36%4Ca" 1*,(CC51," 3("
)*+,3(17%,5"Y-(YZ[&#&a"65"G4%"51=517+5"41"+5,(+7"74")+*658848"79?Q7+(,(,%*1:"
"
*_Q$Q4Q>!!
&BB<;!G<!EVF?9P;!GP!YPFO;e!>O9WU!
"
H9(N*4,"75"G4(+,T"D+*QF")5+C5,"75"3%C%,5+")(+,%5335C51,"358"5225,8"75"39(7N4B(1,"84+"3("
6%1F,%G45"79?Q7+(,(,%*1"0"51"5225,a"35")%6"75"234U"75"6?(354+"74"PV'@"())(+(p,"51B%+*1"@"?")348"
,," G45" 6534%" 74" PV'$:" -5,,5" (66F3F+(,%*1" 75" +F(6,%*1" 58," 745" W" ,+*%8" 5225,8"
!$@"
72
)?Q8%G458"tH(s+5165u#SS$v:" X(18" 1*,+5" 6(8a" 35" CF6(1%8C5" C*,54+" 58," 3(" 1463F(,%*1"
?F,F+*=^15"G4%"75B%51,"8%=1%2%6(,%B5"7(18"35"6(8"758"2%158"C%1F+(358:"
"
-5,"5225,"DF1F2%G45"74"G4(+,T"D+*QF"84+"39(B(165C51,"758"+F(6,%*18")54,"k,+5"3%F"W"41"
5225,"75"8%,5"75"1463F(,%*1"0"-Q+"5,"(3:"t-Q+u#SS;v"*1,"C%8"51"FB%75165"G45"3(")+F85165"75",+^8"
2%158" )(+,%64358" Y)*88F7(1," 415" 84+2(65" 8)F6%2%G45" 84)F+%54+5" W" !SS" C.b=&" )*4B(%," (6,%B5+"
39?Q7+(,(,%*1"74"6%C51,")(+"1463F(,%*1"?F,F+*=^15:"V348%54+8"F,4758"*1,"8*43%=1F"G45"3("24CF5"
75"8%3%65")*88F7(%,"F=(35C51,"65,,5")+*)+%F,Fa"C(%8"~(7+%"5,"(3:"t~(7+%u#SSMv"*1,"+F65CC51,"
)+*4BF"G45"65,"5225,"(66F3F+(,54+"7F)517(%,"2*+,5C51,"74"+())*+,"5(4.6%C51,"5,"74"7*8(=5"51"
24CF5"75"8%3%65:""
"
/53*1"358"+F843,(,8"75"3(")+F851,5"F,475a"35"G4(+,T"D+*QF"85"C*1,+5")348"522%6(65"G45"3("
24CF5" 75" 8%3%65" )*4+" (66F3F+5+" 35" )+*658848" 79?Q7+(,(,%*1:" V(+" (%3354+8a" 3(" =+(143(+%,F" 758"
)(+,%64358" 75" G4(+,T" D+*QFa" )348" =+*88%^+5" G45" 65335" 75" 3(" 24CF5" 75" 8%3%65a" )*4++(%," 3%C%,5+" 35"
)?F1*C^15" 79(78*+),%*1" 795(4" W" 3(" 84+2(65" 758" =+(%18:" -53(" 85" ,+(74%+(%," (3*+8" )(+" 415"
(4=C51,(,%*1"75"3(")+*)*+,%*1"795(4"%CCF7%(,5C51,"7%8)*1%D35")*4+"39?Q7+(,(,%*1"74"6%C51,:"
H5" ](D35(4" LRPR!" +F6()%,435" 358" 7%22F+51,8" )%68" 758" 7%22F+51,8" DF,*18" (%18%" G45" 354+8" >=58"
79())(+%,%*1:"
"
"
Pic du flux de chaleur
Mlanges
Age
Intensit
(h)
(mW/g de ciment)
PV'!"
#Ea#"
!aIM"
PV'#"
@SaI"
!aII"
PV'$"
EMaI"
!a#!"
PV'@"
EEa$K"
!a#K"
PV'E"
EKa;"
!a#;"
"
Tableau IV-B-1 : Rcapitulatif des pics de chaleur
""
O4" 2%1(3a" 358" B(354+8" 75" )%68" *D,51458" 7(18" 35" 6(7+5" 75" 65,,5" F,475" 8*1," )+*6?58" 75"
653358"+())*+,F58")(+"3("3%,,F+(,4+5"Y"LR-&:"V*4+"41"+())*+,"<.-"YSa!;&"5,"41"7*8(=5"51"(7N4B(1,"
Y!aK"q&"F=(4U"(4U"1,+58"YPV'$&a"d5Q3588*42%"5,"(3:" td5Q3588*42%u#SS!v"*1,"*D,514"41")%6"75"
!aE"C.="75"6%C51,"W"$S?:"-5,,5"7%22F+5165")*4++(%,"k,+5"5U)3%G4F5")(+"3("1(,4+5"75"39(7N4B(1,"
4,%3%8F:"
"
!$E"
*_Q$Q4Q@!!
*:BEP<:@<!G<!EV<=;OPJA9:!
"
A*48" (B*18" C584+F" 39FB*34,%*1" 75" 234U" 75" 6?(354+" 79?Q7+(,(,%*1" 74" PV'!" (B(1," 5," ()+^8"
5U,+48%*1:" H5" )%6" 75" 6?(354+" 7F,56,F" ())(+(p," (4" CkC5" C*C51," 5," 85CD35" (B*%+" 3(" CkC5"
B(354+" )*4+" 358" 754U" F,(,8:" -*1,+(%+5C51," W" 65" G49*1" (,,517(%,a" 395U,+48%*1" 15" 85CD35" )(8"
C*7%2%5+"3(",5154+"51"5(4"74"DF,*1"5,"(%18%"8*1"?Q7+(,(,%*1:""
"
2,00E+00
Avant extrusion
/EP=!G<!@HFE<PO
!Rmib7AR<:;
Aprs extrusion
1,50E+00
1,00E+00
5,00E-01
0,00E+00
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
"<R^J!\H]
"
Figure IV-B-2 :"Influence de lextrusion sur le flux de chaleur dhydratation du BPR1

"
*_Q$QS! +<;OFA;!<;!BAJJPOF;A9:!FP!?<P:<!ab<!
X(18" 65,,5" 856,%*1a" *1" F,47%5" 35" +5,+(%," 6?%C%G45" 5," 517*=^15" 758" E" 2*+C43(,%*18" 75"
PV':"H(")+5C%^+5")(+,%5"85+("6*18(6+F5"W"395225,"75"3(",5154+"51"(7N4B(1,"84+"658"754U",Q)58"75"
+5,+(%,:"X(18"3("754U%^C5")(+,%5"Z1"F,47%5+("395225,"75"3("84D8,%,4,%*1"79415"2+(6,%*1"75"24CF5"
75"8%3%65")(+"74"G4(+,T"D+*QF"84+"658"7F2*+C(,%*18:"_15"(1(3Q85"6+*%8F5"(B56"358"+F843,(,8"75"
84%B%"79?Q7+(,(,%*1"5,"74"+5,+(%,"5C)k6?F"85+("39*DN5,"75"3("75+1%^+5")(+,%5:"
*_Q$QSQF!!
+<;OFA;!@HARAYP<!<;!d9EPRAYP<!
"
H5" +5,+(%," 6?%C%G45" 6*++58)*17" W" 3(" )+5C%^+5" )?(85" 758" 7F2*+C(,%*18:" L3" 58," 7h" W" 3("
7%22F+5165" 75" 7518%,F" (D8*345" 51,+5" 358" +F(6,(1,8" Y3%(1," 5," 5(4" 75" =>6?(=5&" 5," 358" )+*74%,8" 75"
39?Q7+(,(,%*1:"H(")+%85"5,"3(")+*=+588%B5"7F8(,4+(,%*1"74"+F85(4")*+54U"74"C(,F+%(4"%174%851,"
41" 856*17" ,Q)5" 75" 7F2*+C(,%*1a" ())53F" +5,+(%," 79(4,*7588%66(,%*1:" H9(4,*7588%66(,%*1" 758"
C(,+%658" 6%C51,(%+58" 58," 7%+56,5C51," 3%F5" W" 3(" ,5154+" 51" 5(4" %1%,%(35" 74" C(,F+%(4a" 41" 2(%D35"
!$;"
+())*+,"5(4.6%C51,"51=517+(1,"41"+5,+(%,"79(4,*7588%66(,%*1"F35BF"t(T%6%u#SSIv:"H(",+(18%,%*1"
51,+5" +5,+(%," 6?%C%G45" 5," +5,+(%," 79(4,*7588%66(,%*1" 58," =F1F+(35C51," C(+G4F5" )(+" 41"
m"()3(,%885C51,"n" 75" 3(" 6*4+D5" 75" +5,+(%," 517*=^15" Yd%=4+5" LRPR$&" t%(1=u#SSEv"
t(T%6%u#SSIv:"H("2%=4+5"C*1,+5"G45"3("B(+%(,%*1"75"B*34C5"(D8*34"58,")348"%C)*+,(1,5"G45"3("
B(+%(,%*1"75"B*34C5"5U,5+15:"<1"5225,a"35"+5,+(%,"6?%C%G45"58,"=F1F+(35C51,")348"%C)*+,(1,"G45"
35"+5,+(%,"517*=^15"Y5U,5+15&a"65,,5"7%22F+5165"F,(1,")(+,%643%^+5C51,"%C)*+,(1,5"()+^8"3(")+%85:"
H("7%B5+=5165"51,+5"358"754U"+5,+(%,8"8952256,45")517(1,"65,,5")F+%*75:"
"
+<;OFA;!FP!?<P:<!ab<
20
Retrait chimique
[mm3/gCiment]
15
10
Retrait volumique
[%]
0
0
50
100
150
200
"<R^J!\H]
"
Figure IV-B-3 : Diffrence entre retrait chimique et retrait volumique (BPR2)

"
%& Retrait chimique

"
H(" d%=4+5" LRPR@" %3348,+5" 358" 6*4+D58" 74" +5,+(%," 6?%C%G45" )*4+" 358" 6%1G" 2*+C43(,%*18"
F,47%F58:""
+<;OFA;!@HARAYP<!\RR.ib7AR<:;]
"
30
25
20
$D+.
15
$D+S
10
$D+4
$D+Z
5
$D+8
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
"<R^J!\H]
"
Figure IV-B-4 : Retrait chimique des diffrents BPR

"
!$I"
A*48")*4B*18"7%8,%1=45+"B%845335C51,"754U",Q)58"79FB*34,%*1"74"+5,+(%,:"<1"5225,a"358"
6*4+D58"75"PV'!"5,"PV'#a"75"2(%D358"7*8(=58"51"(7N4B(1,a")+F851,51,"415"(334+5"7%22F+51,5"75"
653358" 75" PV'$a" PV'@" 5," PV'E" 7*1," 35" 7*8(=5" 51" (7N4B(1," 58," 15,,5C51," 84)F+%54+:" -58"
75+1%^+58")+F851,51,"754U")*%1,8"79%1235U%*1:"
"
o L12345165"74"84)5+)3(8,%2%(1,"
"
O2%1"75"B*%+"395225,"75"39(7N4B(1,"84+"35"+5,+(%,"6?%C%G45"1*48"(B*18"+5)+F851,F"84+"35"
CkC5"=+()?%G45"39FB*34,%*1"74"+5,+(%,"6?%C%G45"758"PV'!a"PV'#"5,"PV'$"Yd%=4+5"LRPRE&a"
75",5154+8"+58)56,%B58"51"84)5+)3(8,%2%(1,"75"S"aE"qa"!"q"5,"!aK"q"5,"65335"75"PV'@"5,"PV'E"
Yd%=4+5"LRPR;&"75"7*8(=58"+58)56,%28"75"!aK"q"5,"#"q:""
"
30
25
20
$D+.
15
$D+S
10
$D+4
5
0
0
20
40
60
80
"<R^J!\H]
100
120
140
"
Figure IV-B-5 : Influence de ladjuvant sur le retrait chimique (BPR1, BPR2 et BPR3)
"
A*48" +5C(+G4*18" G45" 3(" 2*+C43(,%*1" (B56" 415" 2(%D35" ,5154+" 51" 84)5+)3(8,%2%(1,"
)+F851,5"41"+5,+(%,"6?%C%G45"15,,5C51,"C*%18"%C)*+,(1,"G45"358"(4,+58"2*+C43(,%*18:"<1"5225,a"
W"!SS"?"79?Q7+(,(,%*1a"35"+5,+(%,"6?%C%G45"74"PV'!"Y/V"75"SaE"q&"58,"75"!S"CC$.=-"(3*+8"G45"
6534%"74"PV'$"Y/V"y!aK"q&""58,"75"#@"CC$.=-:""
"
H(" ,5154+" 51" 84)5+)3(8,%2%(1," (" 415" %12345165" 7%+56,5" 84+" 3(" +F(6,%*1" 79?Q7+(,(,%*1"
6*CC5" *1" 39(" C51,%*11F" (4" " LROR;R7" :" <1" 5225,a" 358" 6?(p158" C(6+*C*3F643(%+58" 74"
84)5+)3(8,%2%(1," 89(78*+D51," W" 3(" 84+2(65" 74" 6%C51," 5," 758" %16348%*18" =+(143(%+58a" 5," 7*16"
C%1%C%851,"358"6*1,(6,8"8*3%758:"-53("+5,(+75"39())(+%,%*1"7941"8G4535,,5"=+(143(%+5"6()(D35"75"
!$K"
+F8%8,5+" (4U" 7F2*+C(,%*18:" -5)517(1," 3(" )+F85165" 74" G4(+,T" " 85CD35" 7%88%)5+" 395225," 75"
39(7N4B(1,"0"41"CkC5"+5,+(%,"YK"q&"("F,F"C584+F"W"!SS?")*4+"35"PV'@"5,"35"PV'E:"
"
15
$D+8
10
$D+Z
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
"<R^J!\H]
"
Figure IV-B-6 : Influence de ladjuvant sur le retrait chimique (BPR4 et BPR5)
"
A*48"(B*18"+F488%"W",+*4B5+"415"6*++F3(,%*1"3%1F(%+5"51,+5"35"+5,+(%,"6?%C%G45"5,"35",(4U"
79(7N4B(1," )*4+" 358" 2*+C43(,%*18" 8(18" G4(+,T" D+*QF" Yd%=4+5" LRPRI&:" H5" 6*522%6%51," 75"
6*++F3(,%*1"58,",+^8")+*6?5"75"!:"
"
30
25
y = 10,814x + 4,438
R2 = 0,999
20
15
10
5
0
0
0,5
"FP=!GfFG?PdF:;!\j]
1,5
"
Figure IV-B-7 : Evolution du retrait chimique en fonction du taux dadjuvant.
"
!$M"
o L12345165"74"G4(+,T"
"
H9(N*4,"75"G4(+,T"D+*QF")5+C5,"75"3%C%,5+")(+,%5335C51,"358"5225,8"75"39(7N4B(1,"84+"3("
6%1F,%G45" 79?Q7+(,(,%*1" 5," )(+" 84%,5" 84+" 35" +5,+(%," 6?%C%G45" " Y" LR-&:" H95225," C(6+*86*)%G45"
(%18%"*D85+BF"58,"7*16"F,+*%,5C51,"3%F"W"39F,(,"79?Q7+(,(,%*1"74"C(,F+%(4:"
"
H(" d%=4+5" LRPRK" C*1,+5" 39FB*34,%*1" 74" +5,+(%," 6?%C%G45" 74" PV'$" 5," PV'@:" Z1"
+5C(+G45"G45"35"+5,+(%,"75"3("2*+C43(,%*1"(B56"G4(+,T"D+*QF"YPV'@&"58,"$"2*%8"C*%18"%C)*+,(1,"
G45" 3(" 2*+C43(,%*1" 8(18" G4(+,T" D+*QF" YPV'$&" ()+^8" !SS" ?" 79?Q7+(,(,%*1:" -53(" 58," ,+^8"
B+(%85CD3(D35C51,"7h"W"39(4=C51,(,%*1"75"3("6*C)(6%,F"75"3(")>,5"G4%"+F843,5"75"394,%3%8(,%*1"
74"G4(+,T:"-5"75+1%5+"(884+5")+*D(D35C51,"41"C5%3354+"(++(1=5C51,"=+(143(%+5:"
"
30
25
20
$D+.
15
10
5
$D+Z
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
"<R^J!\H]
"
Figure IV-B-8 : Effet du quartz broy sur le retrait chimique

"
%%& Retrait volumique

"
H("d%=4+5"LRPRM"%3348,+5"358"6*4+D58"74"+5,+(%,"B*34C%G45")*4+"358"6%1G"2*+C43(,%*18"
F,47%F58:" L3" 58," W" 1*,5+" G45" 354+8" (334+58" 8*1," %751,%G458:" <3358" )+F851,51," ,*4,58" 41" )*%1,"
79%1235U%*1:"
A*48" )*4B*18" +5C(+G45+" G45" 3(" 6*1,+(6,%*1" B*34C%G45" 517*=^15" 6*CC5165" )(+"
(4=C51,5+"2*+,5C51,"84+"415"6*4+,5"74+F5"YW")54")+^8"@?&a"(B(1,"G45"3(")51,5"75"3("6*4+D5"15"
6*CC5165" W" 7%C%145+" 51" %17%G4(1," G45" 35" +5,+(%," FB*345" C*%18" B%,5:" H(" 74+F5" 75" 65,,5"
FB*34,%*1" 351,5" B(+%5" 79415" 2*+C43(,%*1" W" 39(4,+5:" <335" 74+5" #@?a" $@?a" ES?" )*4+" 358" PV'!a"
PV'#"5,"PV'E"+58)56,%B5C51,a"5,"51B%+*1"@@?")*4+"358"PV'$"5,"PV'@:"
!@S"
'5C(+G4*18"G45"658")F+%*758"6*++58)*1751,"W"758")F+%*758"75"2(%D35"(6,%B%,F"6?%C%G45""
79()+^8"358"6*4+D58"74"234U"75"6?(354+"79?Q7+(,(,%*1"Yd%=4+5"LRPR!&:"
"
9
$D+.
+<;OFA;!d9EPRAYP<!\j]
8
Points d'inflexion
7
6
$D+S
$D+8
$D+Z
3
2
$D+4
1
0
20
40
60
"<R^J!\H]
80
100
"
Figure IV-B-9 : Retrait volumique des diffrents BPR
"
o L12345165"74"84)5+)3(8,%2%(1,"
"
H("+5)+F851,(,%*1"74"+5,+(%,"B*34C%G45"74"PV'!a"PV'#"5,"PV'$"79415")(+,"5,"74"VP'@"5,"
PV'E" 79(4,+5" )(+,a" 1*48" )5+C5," 75" 6*1634+5" G4(1," W" 41" FB51,453" 5225," 74" 7*8(=5" 51""
(7N4B(1,"84+"3("6*1,+(6,%*1"517*=^15"Yd%=4+5"LRPR!S"5,"d%=4+5"LRPR!!&:"
"
A*48"6*18,(,*18"G45"3(")F+%*75"75"2(%D35"(6,%B%,F"6?%C%G45"58,"79(4,(1,")348"6*4+,5"G45"
3(" ,5154+" 51" 84)5+)3(8,%2%(1," 58," 2(%D35:" -5,,5" *D85+B(,%*1" 58," %3348,+F5" )(+" 39FB*34,%*1" 75"
39(6,%B%,F" 6?%C%G45" G4%" (4=C51,5" )348" ,," )*4+" 358" 2*+C43(,%*18" 75" 2(%D35" 7*8(=5" 51"
84)5+)3(8,%2%(1,a"65"G4%")5+C5,"(4"C(,F+%(4"75"85"8,+46,4+5+")348",,:"H5"+5,(+7"75")+%85"%174%,"
415"(4=C51,(,%*1"=3*D(35"74"+5,+(%,"517*=^15"
"
-?(G45" 6*4+D5" )+F851,5" 41" )*%1," 79%1235U%*1a" 8QCD*35" 74" 6?(1=5C51," 75" +F=%C5" 74"
+5,+(%,"517*=^15a"5,"G4%"6*r16%75"(B56"35"7FD4,""75"3("C*1,F5"74"234U"75"6?(354+"79?Q7+(,(,%*1a"
%17%G4(1,"35"7FC(++(=5"758"+F(6,%*18"6?%C%G458"G4%"75B%51151,"75")348"51")348"%1,51858"Y"LR
OR$R2" &:" " O" )(+,%+" 75" +F843,(,8" *D,5148a" 1*48" )*4B*18" 6*18,(,5+" G45" 35" +5,+(%," C584+F" W" 41"
%18,(1,"7*11F"(4=C51,5"51"(4=C51,(1,"35"7*8(=5"51"84)5+)3(8,%2%(1,:"<1"5225,a"W"!SS"?54+58"
!@!"
79?Q7+(,(,%*1a" 35" +5,+(%," 74" PV'!" YSaE" q" 75" /V&" 58," 75" #a;" q" 6*1,+5" ;aE" q" 5," KaE" q""
+58)56,%B5C51,")*4+"358"PV'#"Y!"q"75"/V&"5,"PV'$"Y!aK"q"75"/V&:""
"
9
$D+.
7
6
5
$D+S
4
3
2
$D+4
1
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
"<R^J!\H]
"
Figure IV-B-10 : Influence de ladjuvant sur le retrait volumique (BPR1, BPR2 et BPR3)
"
7
6
5
$D+8
$D+Z
3
2
1
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
"<R^J!\H]
"
Figure IV-B-11 : Influence de ladjuvant sur le retrait volumique (BPR4 et BPR5)
"
o L12345165"74"G4(+,T"D+*QF""
"
H(" +5)+F851,(,%*1a" 84+" 35" CkC5" =+()?%G45a" 75" 39FB*34,%*1" 74" +5,+(%," B*34C%G45" 74"
PV'$"5,"74"PV'@"Yd%=4+5"LRPR!#&"C*1,+5"G45"3("6*1,+(6,%*1"6?4,5"75"C*%,%F""51"84D8,%,4(1,"
!@#"
415" 2+(6,%*1" 75" 3(" 24CF5" 75" 8%3%65" )(+" 74" G4(+,T" D+*QF:" -53(" B54," 7%+5" G45" 3(" )+*)*+,%*1" 74"
G4(+,T"%1,+*74%,5"85+,"W"F,(D3%+"758"6*1,(6,8"CF6(1%G458"+%=%758"51,+5")(+,%64358"5,"W"51+%6?%+"35"
8G4535,,5"=+(143(%+5"(2%1"75"3%C%,5+""3("6*1,+(6,%*1"B*34C%G45:"
9
$D+.
7
6
5
4
$D+Z
3
2
1
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
"<R^J!\H]
"
Figure IV-B-12 : Influence du quartz broy sur le retrait volumique
"
H9())(+%,%*1a"(4"CkC5"C*C51,a"74")*%1,"79%1235U%*1"Y(4U"(351,*4+8"75"@@?&"6*18*3%75"
3(",?F*+%5"7941")?F1*C^15")4+5C51,"CF6(1%G45a"6(+(6,F+%8F")(+"41"D3*6(=5"75"7F2*+C(,%*18:"
X(18"65"6*1,5U,5a"39(6,%B%,F"6?%C%G45"74"G4(+,T")*4++(%,"k,+5"1F=3%=F5:""
*_Q$QSQ>!!
+<;OFA;!EA:UAYP<!
H(" d%=4+5" LRPR!$" )+F851,5" 358" 6*4+D58" 75" +5,+(%," 517*=^15" 3%1F%G45" ?*+%T*1,(3" 758"
PV'a" W" #So-:" O4" N5415" >=5a" 358" 7F2*+C(,%*18" 517*=^158" +F843,51," 75" 3(" 6*CD%1(%8*1" 75"
7F2*+C(,%*18" 79*+%=%15" 6?%C%G45" Y6*1,+(6,%*1" H5" -?(,53%5+&" 5," 79(4,*7588%66(,%*1"
t%(1=u#SSEv:""
"
X(18" 3(" )+F851,5" F,475a" 6*C),5" ,514" 758" 7*8(=58" %751,%G458" 51" 6%C51," 5," 51" 5(4" 758"
PV'"5,"75"3("2(%D35"+F(6,%B%,F"758"(N*4,8"C%1F+(4U"Y24CF5"75"8%3%65"5,"G4(+,T"D+*QF&"(4"N5415"
>=5a" 3(" 7%22F+5165" 75" +5,+(%," 517*=^15" 51,+5" 358" DF,*18" F,47%F8" )54," k,+5" )+%16%)(35C51,"
(,,+%D4F5"(4"7*8(=5"B(+%(D35"51"(7N4B(1,"5,"W"3("84D8,%,4,%*1")(+,%5335"75"3("24CF5"75"8%3%65")(+"
74"G4(+,T"D+*QF:"
"
!@$"
#b<!\H<PO<J]
'UB9ORF;A9:!<:G9bI:<!\ RiR]
25
50
75
100
$D+4
-2000
$D+S
$D+Z
-4000
$D+.
-6000
$D+8
-8000
"
Figure IV-B-13 : Dformation linique horizontale (m/m) 20C pour les diffrents BPR
"
%& Influence de superplastifiant

"
H5" +5,(+7" 75" )+%85" 6(48F" )(+" 39(7N4B(1," (C^15" W" 41" (33*1=5C51," 75" 3(" )?(85" 758"
7F2*+C(,%*18"7*C%1F5")(+"35"+5,+(%,"6?%C%G45"5,"W"41"+5,(+7"7(18"3(",+(18%,%*1"retrait chimique
retrait dautodessiccation:"-*CC5"3("6*1,+(6,%*1"H5"-?(,53%5+"("415"(C)3%,475")348"F35BF5"
G45"65335"74"+5,+(%,"79(4,*7588%66(,%*1a"35"+5,(+7"75")+%85"%174%,"415"(4=C51,(,%*1"=3*D(35"74"
+5,+(%,"517*=^15"(4"N5415">=5"Yd%=4+5"LRPR!@"5,"d%=4+5"LRPR!E&:""
"
#b<!\H<PO<J]
25
50
75
100
$D+4
-2000
-4000
-6000
$D+S
$D+.
"
Figure IV-B-14 : Influence de ladjuvant sur le retrait linique horizontal (BPR1, BPR2 et BPR3)
"
!@@"
#b<!\H<PO<J]
25
50
75
100
-2000
$D+Z
-4000
$D+8
-6000
-8000
"
Figure IV-B-15 : Influence de ladjuvant sur le retrait linique horizontal (BPR4 et BPR5)
"
%%& Influence du quartz

"
H(")+F85165"75"G4(+,T"D+*QF"(66F3^+5"35")+*658848"79?Q7+(,(,%*1"5,"(,,F145"7*16"395225,"
+5,(+7(,54+"75"39(7N4B(1,"84+"3(")+%85"74"DF,*1:"V(+"(%3354+8a"3(")+F85165"75"G4(+,T"D+*QF"(884+5"
)+*D(D35C51,"41"C5%3354+"(++(1=5C51,"=+(143(%+5"5,"415"+F*+=(1%8(,%*1"74"+F85(4")*+54U"75"3("
C(,+%65" 6%C51,(%+5"0" 3(" 7%8,+%D4,%*1" )*+(35" F,(1," 3941" 758" )(+(C^,+58" C(N54+8" 6*1,+3(1,"
39FB*34,%*1" 75" 39?4C%7%,F" +53(,%B5" %1,5+15a" 39(77%,%*1" *),%C%8F5" 75" G4(+,T" D+*QF" )*4+" 3("
+F746,%*1"758"7F2*+C(,%*18"517*=^158"758"PV'"1F6588%,5+(%,"758"F,4758"6*C)3FC51,(%+58"(2%1"
75"6*12%+C5+"358"+F843,(,8"*D,5148:"_15",+*%8%^C5"5U)3%6(,%*1"(4"+5,+(%,"517*=^15")348"2(%D35"
74" PV'@" 58," 8*1" C*7435" 79*41=" )348" F35BF"0" 8*4C%8" W" 415" 7F)+588%*1" 6()%33(%+5" %1,5+15"
%751,%G45a"65"DF,*1"85"7F2*+C5+("C*%18"G45"358"(4,+58"PV'"Yd%=4+5"LRPR!;&:"
"
#b<!\H<PO<J]
25
50
75
100
-2000
$D+Z
-4000
$D+.
-6000
"
Figure IV-B-16 : Influence du quartz broy sur le retrait linique horizontal
!@E"
"
H5"](D35(4"LRPR#"+F6()%,435"358"7F2*+C(,%*18"51+5=%8,+F58"W"!SS"?")*4+"6?(G45"PV':"
H58"B(354+8"*D,51458"8*1,")+*6?58"75"653358"+())*+,F58")(+"](T(s("5,"\%Q(T(s("Y"LRX&:"-58"
75+1%5+8" *1," C584+F" 41" +5,+(%," 75" #ESS" {C.C" W" !" N*4+a" )*4+" 415" )>,5" 6%C51,(%+5" 75" +())*+,"
<.-"y"Sa!I:" H(" 7F2*+C(,%*1" C584+F5" )*4+" 1*8" PV'"W"!"N*4+"YK#q"W"MSq"75"3("7F2*+C(,%*1"
2%1(35a"W"!SS?&a"B(+%5"51,+5"MSS"{C.C"YPV'!&"5,"E$SS"{C.C"YPV'E&:"/6?(6?%1=5+"5,"(3:"YLR
X&"*1,"C584+F"415"7F2*+C(,%*1"517*=^15"75"!ESS"{C.C"W"#K"N*4+8")*4+"41"PV'"75"+())*+,"
<.-"y"Sa#:""
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B5+,%6(358" 84+" ,*4,58" 358" 2*+C43(,%*18" Yd%=4+5" LRPR!I&:" Z1" +5C(+G45" G45" 358" +F843,(,8" 75"
C584+5" 74" +5,+(%," 8*1," ,+^8" 8518%D358" W" 3(" 7%+56,%*1" 75" 3(" C584+5:" <1" 5225,a" )*4+" ,*4,58" 358"
2*+C43(,%*18"F,47%F58"YC%8"W")(+,"35"PV'E&a""358"7F2*+C(,%*18"B5+,%6(358"8*1,"84)F+%54+58"(4U"
7F2*+C(,%*18" ?*+%T*1,(358" Y](D35(4" LRPR#&:" -5,,5" 7%22F+5165" 51,+5" 358" 754U" CF,?*758"
)*4++(%,"895U)3%G45+")(+"3("7F2*+C(,%*1"3(,F+(35"75"3(")(+,%5"%12F+%54+5"75"3("C(16?5,,5"B5+,%6(35"
745"W"3("8F7%C51,(,%*1"75"3(")?(85"8*3%75:"-5,"5225,"58,")348"%C)*+,(1,")*4+"358"2*+C43(,%*18"
8(18"G4(+,Ta")*4+"358G453358"35"+5,+(%,"B5+,%6(3")54,"(,,5%17+5"754U"2*%8"35"+5,+(%,"?*+%T*1,(3:"<1"
5225,a"51"(D85165"74"G4(+,Ta"35"C(,F+%(4"58,")348"234%75:"P*4(8b5+"tP*4(8b5+u#SSIv"("G4(1,%2%F"
65,"5225,"51"C584+(1,"3("7518%,F"W"7%22F+51,58"?(4,54+8"75"39F6?(1,%33*1:"
"
#b<\H<PO<J]
'UB9ORF;A9:!<:G9bI:<!\RiR]
20
40
60
80
100
0
-1000
$D+4
-2000
-3000
-4000
$D+Z
$D+S
-5000
-6000
-7000
$D+8
$D+.
-8000
"
Figure IV-B-17 : Dformation linique verticale (m/m) 20C pour les diffrents BPR
"
!@;"
"
<6?(1,%33*18"
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](D35(4"LRPR#" : Dformation endogne horizontale et verticale (m/m) 20C pour les
diffrents BPR aprs 100 heures
%%%&Corrlation entre dformation linique et taux dadjuvant

"
H("d%=4+5"LRPR!K"C*1,+5"39FB*34,%*1"758"7F2*+C(,%*18"3%1F%G458"51"2*16,%*1"74",(4U"
79(7N4B(1,:"Z1"+5C(+G45"415"(4=C51,(,%*1"75"@SS"q"74"+5,+(%,"3%1F%G45"?*+%T*1,(3"5,"B5+,%6(3"
G4(17" 35" ,(4U" 79(7N4B(1," )(885" 75" SaE" q" YPV'!&" W" !aK" q" YPV'$&:" A*48" (B*18" *D,514" 415"
+53(,%*1"3%1F(%+5a"(B56"41"6*522%6%51,"75"6*++F3(,%*1")+*6?5"75"!a"51,+5"3("7F2*+C(,%*1"5,"35",(4U"
79(7N4B(1,:"
"
'UB9ORF;A9:!EA:UAYP<!\oRiR]!
8000
y = 3984,1x + 323,19
R2 = 0,94
7000
6000
5000
4000
Vertical
3000
Horizontal
y = 2641,9x - 229,38
R2 = 0,99
2000
1000
0
0
0,5
1,5
"FP=!GfFG?PdF:;!\j]
"
Figure IV-B-18 : Evolution du retrait endogne linique (m/m) en fonction du taux
dadjuvant (%).
"
*_Q$QSQ@!!
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H("d%=4+5"LRPR#!"C*1,+5"758"6*4+D58",Q)58"75"+5,+(%,"5C)k6?F"7(18"758"6*17%,%*18"
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O" )(+,%+" 75" 658" 6*4+D58a" %3" 58," )*88%D35" 7958,%C5+" 39FB*34,%*1" 75" 3(" 6*1,+(%1,5" C(U%C(35" 85"
7FB53*))(1,"7(18"358"7%22F+51,8"PV'a"6*11(%88(1,"3("+%=%7%,F"75"3("C(,+%65"6%C51,(%+5a"65335"75"
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2(%D35a"5,"415"754U%^C5")?(85a"*e"3("7F2*+C(,%*1"58,"(66F3F+F5:"-5,,5")?(85"58,"84%B%5"79415"
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)+*D(D35C51,"3%F"(4"+5,+(%,"517*=^15"5,"(4"C*7435"79*41="F35BF8"75"65"CF3(1=5a"1F6588%,5"
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G49(46415" 2%884+5" 19(" F,F" *D85+BF5" (4" ,5+C5" 75" 3(" )F+%*75" 79%1B58,%=(,%*1:" <1" 5225,a" 358"
6*1,+(%1,58"C(U%C(358"7(18"358"7%22F+51,8"PV'"15"7F)(8851,"N(C(%8"358"#aE"\V(a"(3*+8"G45"3("
+F8%8,(165"51",+(6,%*1"(4"N5415">=5"758"7%22F+51,8"PV'"7F)(885"65,,5"B(354+:"
2,5
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-30
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1,5
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-0,5
-75
0
24
48
72
#b<!\H]
96
120
24
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72
96
120
#b<!\H]
Figure IV-B-19 : Dformation lanneau (m/m) et contrainte maximale (MPa) des diffrents BPR
"
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"
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CkC5" 51" (D85165" 7941" ,+(%,5C51," ,?5+C%G45:" -5)517(1,a" 358" 7F2*+C(,%*18" 5C)k6?F58"
6*CC51651,"W"85"7FB53*))5+"(4"C*C51,"75"3("2*+,5"(6,%B%,F"6?%C%G45"6(+(6,F+%8F5")(+"35")%6"
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1,8
0,2
1,6
0,18
0,16
/EP=!G<!@HFE<PO
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1,4
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1,2
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0,14
0,12
1,0
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0,8
0,1
0,08
0,6
0,06
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0,4
0,2
0,04
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"
0,02
0,0
12
24
36
48
60
72
84
96
108
120
#b<!\H<PO<J]
"

"
"
"
*_Q7! .-!DO9ÔAU;UJ!c!E9:b!;<OR<!G<J!$D+!
"
O" 39%884" 75" 354+" 6(+(6,F+%8(,%*1" (4" N5415" >=5" Y?Q7+(,(,%*1" 5," +5,+(%,&a" 358" C(,F+%(4U"
F,47%F8"*1,"F,F"6(+(6,F+%8F8"W"3*1=",5+C5"74")*%1,"75"B45"CF6(1%G45a"5,"74+(D%3%,F:"X(18"65,,5"
856,%*1a" *1" )+F851,5+(" 358" +F843,(,8" *D,5148" 84+" 358" 7%22F+51,8" PV'" F,47%F8" G4%" 85+*1," ,*48"
+(885CD3F8"7(18"35"](D35(4"LR-R#."
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"
*_Q7Q4! DO9ÔAU;UJ!RU@F:AYP<J!
"
O2%1" 79F,47%5+" 39FB*34,%*1" 74" 6*C)*+,5C51," CF6(1%G45" 758" PV'" 51" 2*16,%*1" 74"
,5C)8a"758"588(%8"75"6*C)+588%*1a"75"C*7435"79*41="*1,"F,F"52256,4F8:"X(18"65"G4%"84%,a"*1"
)+F851,5+("6?(G45")(+(C^,+5a"G49*1"(1(3Q85+("51"C5,,(1,"39(6651,"84+"395225,"75"39(7N4B(1,"5,"3("
84D8,%,4,%*1")(+,%5335"75"3("24CF5"75"8%3%65")(+"74"G4(+,T"D+*QF:"
"
*_Q7Q4QF!!
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%& Rsistance en compression

o
<225,"74"7*8(=5"51"84)5+)3(8,%2%(1,"
"
H58" d%=4+5" LR-R!" 5," d%=4+5" LR-R#" )+F851,51," 39FB*34,%*1" 75" 3(" +F8%8,(165" W" 3("
6*C)+588%*1" 51" 2*16,%*1" 75" 3(" ,5154+" 51" 84)5+)3(8,%2%(1," )*4+" 358" 7%22F+51,8" PV':" H58"
F6?F(1658" 75" C584+5" 8*1," Ia" !@" 5," #K" N*4+8:" Z1" 6*18,(,5" G45" )348" 3(" G4(1,%,F" 74"
84)5+)3(8,%2%(1,"58,"%C)*+,(1,5")348"3("+F8%8,(165"W"3("6*C)+588%*1"58,"2(%D35:"
"
"
+UJAJ;F:@<!<:!@9RÔ<JJA9:p!+@!\)DF]
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
BPR1
40
BPR2
20
BPR3
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
#b<!\?9POJ]
"
Figure IV-C-1 : Evolution de la rsistance en compression des BPR1, BPR2 et BPR3
"
"
!E!"
+UJAJ;F:@<!<:!@9RÔ<JJA9:p!+@!
\)DF]
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
BPR4
20
BPR5
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
"
Figure IV-C-2 : Evolution de la rsistance en compression des BPR4 et BPR5
#b<!\?9POJ]
"
<1" 5225,a" 39(N*4," 75" 39(7N4B(1," 51=517+5" 41" F7%2%65" =+(143(%+5" )348" *+7*11F" 5," )348"
6*C)(6,a"65"G4%"2(B*+%85"415"C5%3354+5"7%8,+%D4,%*1"758"?Q7+(,58"(4"85%1"758"=+(%18"75"8(D35:"
-56%" 5C)k6?5+(%," 358" )?F1*C^158" 75" +%=%7%2%6(,%*1" 5," 75" B5++*4%33(=5" )(+" 6*1,(6," 75" =+(%18"
8*3%758:" H9(7N4B(1," )*4++(%," N*45+" (488%" 35" +35" 7941" 34D+%2%(1," (4,*4+" 75" 65+,(%158" )(+,%64358"
8*3%758"1*1"(,,5%1,58")(+"358"?Q7+(,58:"
"
<225,"74"}4(+,T"
"
H(" d%=4+5" LR-R$" C*1,+5" 39FB*34,%*1" 75" 3(" +F8%8,(165" 51" 6*C)+588%*1" )*4+" 754U"
2*+C43(,%*18a"7*1,"39415"6*1,%51,"74"G4(+,T"YPV'@&:"Z1"6*18,(,5"G45"3("84D8,%,4,%*1"75"24CF5"
75"8%3%65")(+"74"G4(+,T"(CF3%*+5"8%=1%2%6(,%B5C51,"3("+F8%8,(165"51"6*C)+588%*1"7^8"35"85),%^C5"
N*4+:"O"!@"5,"#K"N*4+8a"3("+F8%8,(165"(4=C51,5"75"#S"5,"#Eqa"+58)56,%B5C51,:""
"
+UJAJ;F:@<!<:!@9RÔ<JJA9:p!+@!\)DF]
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
BPR3
20
BPR4
0
0
10
15
#b<!\?9POJ]
20
25
30
"
Figure IV-C-3 : Evolution de la rsistance en compression des BPR
"
!E#"
-*CC5" 39(7N4B(1,a" 35" G4(+,T" )*4++(%," N*45+" 41" +35" 7(18" 3(" +%=%7%2%6(,%*1" 5," 35"
B5++*4%33(=5"75"3("C(,+%65:"<1"5225,a"5,"74"2(%,"75"8(",(%335"Y8%,4F5"51,+5"3("24CF5"75"8%3%65"5,"35"
6%C51,&a"35"G4(+,T")5+C5,"79(884+5+"415"6*1,%14%,F"=+(143(%+5"5,"(CF3%*+5"35"6*1,(6,"51,+5"358"
7%22F+51,58")(+,%64358"8*3%758:"-56%"7%C%145+(%,"3(")*+*8%,F"74"C(,F+%(4"5,"(4=C51,5+(%,"(%18%"8("
+F8%8,(165"51"6*C)+588%*1:"
"
H58" B(354+8" 75" +F8%8,(165" 51" 6*C)+588%*1" *D,51458" Y!ES" W" !IE" \V(&a" W" #K" N*4+8a"
6*++58)*1751,"W"653358"+())*+,F58"7(18"3("3%,,F+(,4+5:"<1"5225,a"'%6?(+7"5,"-?5Q+5TQ"Y"LR<R!&"
*1,"*D,514"415"+F8%8,(165"G4%"B(+%5"51,+5"!#E"5,"!IS"\V(")*4+"41"PV'"#SS"75"+())*+,"<.-"y"
Sa!E:"V*4+"41"+())*+,"<.-"75"Sa#a"/6?(6?%1=5+"5,"(3:"Y"LR<R!&"*1,"C584+F"415"+F8%8,(165"W"3("
6*C)+588%*1" 75" !@K" 5," 75" !I!" \V(" )*4+" 758" PV'" W" D(85" 75" 6%C51," (B56" 5," 8(18" 3(%,%5+a"
+58)56,%B5C51,:"
"
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758"PV'"75"+())*+,"<.-"y"Sa!$"5,"8(18",+(%,5C51,",?5+C%G45:"
"
o <225,"75"395U,+48%*1"
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6*C)+588%*1"*1,"F,F"52256,4F8"84+"758"F)+*4B5,,58"@"U"@"U"@"6C"Yd%=4+5"LR-R@&:""
"
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Figure IV-C-4 : Moule (a) et prouvettes (b) pour essai de compression aprs extrusion
"
"
"
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"
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7%C%145" ()+^8" 5U,+48%*1a" C%8" W" )(+," 35" PV'#:" -56%" )*4++(%," k,+5" (,,+%D4F" (4U" )+*D3^C58" 75"
C%85"51")3(65"+516*1,+F8:"<1"5225,a"5,"74"2(%,"75"3(",(%335"74"+F85+B*%+a"*1"F,(%,"*D3%=F"795U,+475+"
)348%54+8"2*%8"(2%1"75"+5C)3%+"35"C*435:"O%18%"35"C(,F+%(4"5U,+47F"15")+F851,5")(8"358"CkC58"
)+*)+%F,F8"+?F*3*=%G458"75"7F)(+,"Y3("B%86*8%,F"74"C(,F+%(4"6?(1=5&:"
"
O)+^8"5U,+48%*1a"6?(G45"5U,+47(,"58,"+F64)F+F")4%8",(88F"C(145335C51,"7(18"35"C*435a"
65"G4%")*4++(%,"14%+5"W"39?*C*=F1F%,F"74"C(,F+%(4:""
"
+UJAJ;F:@<<:!@9RÔ<JJA9:p!+@!\)DF]
180
175
Aprs extrusion
170
165
160
155
150
145
140
135
BPR1
BPR2
BPR4
BPR5
"
Figure IV-C-5 : Evolution de la rsistance en compression avant et aprs extrusion des BPR
"
%%& Rsistance en traction
O2%1" 75" 7F,5+C%15+" 3(" +F8%8,(165" 51" ,+(6,%*1" 758" PV'a" 1*48" (B*18" +F(3%8F" 415" 8F+%5"
79588(%8" 75" 235U%*1" $" )*%1,8:" H58" F6?F(1658" 75" C584+5" 8*1," Ia" !@" 5," #K" N*4+8:" H58" +F843,(,8"
*D,5148"W"#K"N*4+8"8*1,"+F6()%,43F8"7(18"35"](D35(4"LR-R!:"A*48"(B*18"B4"(4"6?()%,+5"#"Y"LLR
<R#&:" G45" 3(" +F8%8,(165" *D,5145" 1958," )(8" 3(" +F8%8,(165" +F5335" 51" ,+(6,%*1:" _1" 6*522%6%51,""
C%1*+(1,a"75"Sa;a"58,"())3%G4F"(2%1"75"+5,+*4B5+"3("D*115"+F8%8,(165:"
"
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Tableau IV-C-1 : Rsistance en traction (MPa) des diffrents BPR 28 jours"
"
H("d%=4+5"LR-R;"C*1,+5"358"+F843,(,8"*D,5148")(+"39588(%"75"235U%*1"$")*%1,8"(2256,F"74"
6*522%6%51,""C%1*+(1,")*4+"358"7%22F+51,58"2*+C43(,%*18"F,47%F58:"
"
+UJAJ;F:@<!<:!;OF@;A9:p!+;!\)DF]
16
14
12
10
8
6
BPR1
BPR2
BPR3
BPR4
BPR5
4
2
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
#b<!\?9POJ]
Figure IV-C-6 : Evolution de la rsistance en traction des BPR

"
-*CC5")*4+"3("+F8%8,(165"51"6*C)+588%*1a"358"CkC58"6*16348%*18")54B51,"k,+5",%+F58"
G4(1," W" 395225," 75" 39(7N4B(1," 5," 74" G4(+,T:" <1" 6*C)(+(1," 358" B(354+8" W" #K" N*4+8" 758" PV'$" 5,"
PV'@a" *1" )54," 1*,5+" 39(CF3%*+(,%*1" ())*+,F5" )(+" 3(" 84D8,%,4,%*1" 75" 24CF5" 75" 8%3%65" )(+" 74"
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"
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LR-RI&a" W" #K" N*4+8a" (2%1" 75" 6*C)(+5+" 358" +F8%8,(1658" W" 653358" 75" ,+(6,%*1" )(+" 235U%*1:" H("
+F8%8,(165"*D,5145")(+"2517(=5"58,"3(")348"+5)+F851,(,%B5"5,"4,%3%8F5"7(18"3("3%,,F+(,4+5"74"2(%,"75"
8(" 8%C)3%6%,F:" X5" )348" 65," 588(%a" )(+" +())*+," W" 39588(%" 75" 235U%*1" ,+*%8" )*%1,8a" 58," 35" C*%18"
)5+,4+DF")(+"3("T*15"51"6*C)+588%*1:"-5335R6%"+5)+F851,5"3("C*%,%F"75"39F)+*4B5,,5"7(18"35"6(8"
7941"588(%"75"235U%*1"(3*+8"G45"65,,5"T*15"58,"1F=3%=5(D35"YT*15"51"6*1,(6,"(B56"35")3(,5(4"75"
6?(+=5C51,&"7(18"35"6(8"7941"588(%"75",+(6,%*1")(+"2517(=5:"
"
H("d%=4+5" LR-RK" )+F851,5" 415" 6*C)(+(%8*1"758"+F8%8,(1658"51",+(6,%*1"*D,51458")(+"
358"754U"588(%8:""
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"
H58" B(354+8" 75" ,+(6,%*1" )(+" 2517(=5" *D,51458" 8*1," )+*6?58" 75" 653358" +())*+,F58" )(+"
H(2(+=5"tH(2(+=5u#SS$v"Y"LLR<R#R("&:"<1"5225,"415"+F8%8,(165"51",+(6,%*1"7%+56,5"75"E"W"K"("F,F"
C584+F5"84+"41"C(,F+%(4"X46,(3"2%D+F:"
"
+UJAJ;F:@<!<:!;OF@;A9:p!+;!\)DF]
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
BPR1
BPR2
BPR3
BPR4
BPR5
"
Figure IV-C-7 : Rsistance en traction par fendage des BPR 28 jours
"
"
14
+UJAJ;F:@<!<:!;OF@;A9:p!+;!\)DF]
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
BPR1
BPR5
BPR2
BPR3
BPR4
"
Figure IV-C-8 : Comparaison de la rsistance en traction obtenue par fendage (plein) et
par flexion (pointill) des BPR 28 jours
"
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PV'"F,47%F8:"Z1"+5C(+G45"G45")*4+"358"PV'"W"2(%D35",5154+"51"(7N4B(1,"YPV'!"5,"PV'#&a"35"
C*7435"79*41="15"6?(1=5"G4(8%C51,")(8"51,+5"I"5,"#K"N*4+8:"-56%")*4++(%,"k,+5"(,,+%D4F"W"3("
2(%D35" %12345165" 74" 84)5+)3(8,%2%(1," 84+" 39?Q7+(,(,%*1:" -5)517(1,a" W" 2*+," 7*8(=5" 51" (7N4B(1,a"
39?Q7+(,(,%*1"58,"+5,(+7F5"Y"LRPR!R("&"&:"X9*e"39FB*34,%*1"75"3("8,+46,4+(,%*1"74"C(,F+%(4"5,"
(%18%"8*1"C*7435"79*41=:"<1,+5"!@"5,"#K"N*4+8a"65"75+1%5+"(4=C51,5"75"M"qa#E"q"5,"75"!;"q"
)*4+"35"PV'$a"PV'@"5,"PV'Ea"+58)56,%B5C51,:"
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39(CF3%*+(,%*1"G49%3"())*+,5"W"3("+F8%8,(165"CF6(1%G45"51"C43,%)3%(1,"358"6*1,(6,8"8*3%758"5,"51"
*),%C%8(1," 39F,51745" =+(143(%+5:" <1" 5225,a" 35" G4(+,T" )5+C5," 75" 6*CD35+" 358" %1,5+8,%658" 3(%88F8"
3%D+58"51,+5"358"=+(%18"75"8(D35"51"(4=C51,(1,"3("6*115U%*1"%1,5+R)(+,%64358:"
"
"
80
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70
60
50
40
30
BPR1
BPR2
20
BPR3
BPR4
10
BPR5
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
#b<!\?9POJ]
Figure IV-C-9 : Evolution du module dYoung en fonction du temps

"
"
H5"](D35(4"LR-R# "+F6()%,435"395185CD35"758"+F843,(,8"CF6(1%G458"(B(1,"5,"()+^8"5U,+48%*1:"
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)*+*8%,F" )*4++(%," (%18%" (CF3%*+5+" 358" )+*)+%F,F8" W" 3*1=" ,5+C5a" 1*,(CC51," 75" ,+(1825+,a" 758"
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(CF3%*+5+" 658" )+*)+%F,F8:" X(18" 35" 6(7+5" 75" 65,,5" F,475" *1" C*1,+5+(" 39%12345165" 75" 658"
)(+(C^,+58" 75" 2*+C43(,%*1" 84+" 358" 7%22F+51,8" %17%6(,54+8" 75" 74+(D%3%,F"0" 3(" )*+*8%,Fa" 3("
)5+CF(D%3%,F"(4"=(T"5,"3("7%2248%*1"758"%*18"6?3*+5:"
*_Q7QSQF!!
D9O9JA;U!
%& Porosit leau

V*4+" 7F,5+C%15+" 3(" )*+*8%,F" (66588%D35" W" 395(4" 7941" DF,*1a" 65" 75+1%5+" 58," 8F6?Fa" )4%8"
8(,4+F" Y"LLRdR#&" 853*1" 3(" )+*6F74+5" Od'<\RC*7%2%F5" YtOdV-ROd'<\u!MMIva"
tP51"d+(Nu#SSMv&:" H9588(%" 58," +F(3%8F" 84+" 758" 7%8G458" 75" E" 6C" 79F)(%8854+" 5," !!" 6C" 75"
!EK"
7%(C^,+5a"()+^8"(B*%+"C584+F"354+8")5+CF(D%3%,F8"(4"=(T"5,"(B(1,"3("C584+5"74"6*522%6%51,"75"
C%=+(,%*1"(4U"%*18"6?3*+5"
"
H5" ](D35(4" LR-R$a" +F84C5" 358" )*+*8%,F8" (66588%D358" W" 395(4a" 15(4" Yq&a" 75" 7%22F+51,8" PV'"
C(,4+58a"7F,5+C%1F58"()+^8"$"C*%8"75"6*185+B(,%*1"7(18"395(4:"
"
Btons
PV'!"
PV'#"
PV'$"
PV'@"
PV'E"
neau (%)
SaK#"
SaM@"
!aS$"
!a;!"
!a#S"
Tableau IV-C-3 : Porosit accessible leau de diffrents BPR"
"
H(")*+*8%,F"W"395(4"758"PV'"F,47%F8"58,",+^8"2(%D35:"H58"B(354+8"*D,51458"8*1,")+*6?58"
75" 653358" )+F851,F58" 7(18" 75" )+F6F751,58" F,4758"Y" LRdR!&0" )(+" 5U5C)35a" '58)3517%1*" 5,"
V5,%,N5(1"t'58)3517%1*u#SS$v"%17%G451,"758"B(354+8"75")*+*8%,F"W"395(4"6*C)+%858"51,+5"!aE"5,"
Eq" )*4+" 758" DF,*18" W" 43,+(" ?(4,58" )5+2*+C(1658" YP_[V&:" 'F65CC51,a" ](2+(*4%"
t](2+(*4%u#SSMv"("*D,514"415")*+*8%,F"W"395(4"75";a!q")*4+"41"PV'"75"+())*+,"<.-"75"Sa#I:"
H(2(+=5" tH(2(+=5u#SS$v" (" +())*+,F" 415" )*+*8%,F" W" 395(4" 75" !aM" q" )*4+" 41" C(,F+%(4" X46,(3:"
-5)517(1,a"358"F6(+,8"75")*+*8%,F"*D85+BF8"51,+5"358"7%22F+51,8"PV'"15"8*1,")(8"8422%8(CC51,"
8%=1%2%6(,%28" )*4+" 6*1634+5" 84+" 41" G4536*1G45" 5225," 74" 7*8(=5" 51" 84)5+)3(8,%2%(1," *4" 75" 3("
)+F85165"75"G4(+,T:""
"
O2%1" 75" C*1,+5+" 358" )5+2*+C(1658" )?Q8%G458a" 1*,(CC51," 3(" 2(%D35" )*+*8%,Fa" 75" 65,,5"
1*4B5335"=F1F+(,%*1"75"DF,*18a"415"F,475"6*C)(+(,%B5"("F,F"52256,4F5:"H58"B(354+8"75")*+*8%,F"
(66588%D35" W" 395(4" 758" PV'" F,47%F8" *1," F,F" 6*C)(+F58" W" 653358" 7941" DF,*1" *+7%1(%+5" YPZ&" 5,"
7941"DF,*1"W"?(4,5")5+2*+C(165"YP[V&a"W"D(85"75"24CF5"75"8%3%65"7*1,"358"+())*+,8"<.-"8*1,"
75"Sa@M"5,"Sa$Ka"+58)56,%B5C51,:"-58"754U"75+1%5+8"*1,"7FNW"2(%,"39*DN5,"79415"F,475"(4"6*4+8"75"
3(" ,?^85" 75" XN5+D%" tXN5+D%u#SSIv" 5," 7(18" 35" 6(7+5" 74" )+*N5," 1(,%*1(3" P[V#SSS"
t'(?(+%1(%B*u#SSSv:"
"
H("d%=4+5"LR-R!S"C*1,+5"G49415"7%C%14,%*1"74"+())*+,"<.-"75"Sa@M"W"Sa!;"5,"75"Sa$K"
W"Sa!;"51,+(p15"415"6?4,5"75")*+*8%,F"75""!S"W"K"2*%8a"+58)56,%B5C51,:"
!EM"
12
10
&i7!h!Tp4C
&i7qTpS8
&i7hTp.2
8
&i7hTpZ2
D9O9JA;U!F@@<JJA>E<!c!Ef<FPp!:<FP!\j]
"
2
0
$6
$MD
$1MD
$D+Z
$D+8
$D+.
$D+S
$D+4
"
Figure IV-C-10: Porosit leau des BO, BHP [Djerbi_2007], BUHP [Respledino_2003] et
des BPR de cette tude"
"
-5,,5"7%C%14,%*1"75"3(")*+*8%,F")*4++(%,"k,+5"5U)3%G4F5")(+"39(++(1=5C51,"758"=+(%18"75"
6%C51,a" G4%" 58," 6(+(6,F+%8F" )(+" 358" 2*+658" 79%1,5+(6,%*1" 51,+5" =+(%18" 5," 35" +())*+," <.-"
tZ33%B%5+u#SSKv:"<1"5225,a"3("7%C%14,%*1"74"+())*+,"<.-"51=517+5"41"+())+*6?5C51,"758"=+(%18"
5," (%18%" 358" 58)(658" W" 6*CD35+" )(+" 358" ?Q7+(,58" 8*1," +F74%,8a" 79*e" 358" 2(%D358" B(354+8" 75" 3("
)*+*8%,F"758"PV':"
_15"754U%^C5"?Q)*,?^85")*4++(%,"k,+5"(B(16F5")*4+"5U)3%G45+"358"B(354+8",+^8"2(%D358"
75" )*+*8%,F:" <1" 5225,a" P51" d+(N" tP51"d+(Nu#SSMv" (" 8*435BF" 35" )+*D3^C5" 79(7FG4(,%*1" 75" 3("
)+*6F74+5" OdV-ROd'<\" tOdV-ROd'<\u!MMIv" )*4+" 3(" 8(,4+(,%*1" 758" F6?(1,%33*18:" -5"
75+1%5+"("*),F"W"415"(4,+5"CF,?*75a"OdV-ROd'<\"C*7%2%F5"tP51"d+(Nu#SSMva"51")+*3*1=5(1,"
358"74+F58"75"8(,4+(,%*1"W"B%75"5,"(B56"3("8*34,%*1"75"858"F6?(1,%33*18:"H58")+*)+%F,F8")?Q8%G458"
758"C(,F+%(4U"F,(%51,"7%22F+51,58a"853*1"3("CF,?*75"4,%3%8F5:"
<12%1a"X(18"35"6(8"75"DF,*18"W",+^8"2(%D35"+())*+,"<.-a"3(")+F85165"79415"=+(175"G4(1,%,F"75"
6%C51,"(1?Q7+5")*4++(%,"2(4885+"3("C584+5"75"3(")*+*8%,F"W"395(4")(+"65,,5"CF,?*75a"74"2(%,"75"
39?Q7+(,(,%*1"74"6%C51,"(1?Q7+5"+58,(1,"74+(1,"3("8(,4+(,%*1"74"C(,F+%(4:"
X(18" 35" 6(7+5" 75" 1*,+5" F,475a" *1" (" 4,%3%8F" 3(" )+*6F74+5" Od'<\RC*7%2%F5" G4%" )(+(%88(%,"
8(,%82(%8(1,5")*4+"758"DF,*18"7*1,"35"+())*+,"<.-"58,"75"Sa@K"tP51"d+(Nu#SSMv:"<,(1,"7*11Fa"35"
2(%D35" +())*+," <.-" 75" 1*8" DF,*18a" 35" ,5C)8" 75" 8(,4+(,%*1" 75" 39F6?(1,%33*1" )*4++(%," k,+5"
!;S"
%18422%8(1,:"X58"588(%8"75")*+*8%,F"(4"C5+64+5"*4"W"39?F3%4C")*4++(%51,"k,+5"%1,F+588(1,8")*4+"
5U)3*+5+"3(")*+*8%,F"74"C(,F+%(4:"
"
%%& Porosit au mercure
"
H(" )*+*8%CF,+%5" )(+" %1N56,%*1" 75" C5+64+5" 6*18,%,45" 3l41" 758" )+%16%)(4U" *4,%38"
7l%1B58,%=(,%*1" 75" 3(" 8,+46,4+5" )*+5485" 758" C(,F+%(4U" 6%C51,(%+58:" -5,,5" ,56?1%G45" 75"
3(D*+(,*%+5")5+C5,"79FB(345+"3(")*+*8%,F"7941"F6?(1,%33*1"51"(66F7(1,"W"8("7%8,+%D4,%*1")*+(35"
CkC5"8%"5335")54,"k,+5"6+%,%G4(D35")*4+"65",Q)5"75"DF,*18:"
"
H(" d%=4+5" LR-R!!" C*1,+5" 39FB*34,%*1" 74" B*34C5" 5C)3%" 75" C5+64+5" 51" 2*16,%*1" 75"
7%(C^,+5"758")*+58:"V*4+",*48"358"PV'a",+*%8")(3%5+8"8*1,"%751,%2%F8"5,"3%C%,F8")(+"358"7%(C^,+58"
$R@S"1Ca"@SRISSS"1C"5,"ISSSR$SSSSS"1C:"H58")*+58"7*1,"35"7%(C^,+5"58,"%12F+%54+"W"$"1Ca"65"
G4%"6*++58)*17"W"415")+588%*1"79%1N56,%*1"75""@!@"\V(a"15"8*1,")(8"(66588%D358"(4"C5+64+5:""
0.04
_9EPR<!<RÊA!\R%ib]
0.035
0.03
0.025
BPR1
BPR2
BPR3
BPR4
BPR5
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
1.E+06
1.E+05
1.E+04
1.E+03
1.E+02
1.E+01
'AFRI;O<!G<J!^9O<J!\:R]
1.E+00
"
Figure IV-C-11 : Intrusion du mercure
"
Z1"+5C(+G45"G45"358"B*34C58"75")*+58"8*1,")348"%C)*+,(1,8")*4+"358"PV'$"5,"Ea"65"G4%"
85",+(74%,")(+"758"=+(1758"B(354+8"75")*+*8%,F",*,(35a"1"Yq&"Y](D35(4"LR-R@&:"
"
!;!"
"
Btons
PV'!"
PV'#"
PV'$"
PV'@"
PV'E"
nHg (%)
EaK;"
Ea$I"
Ka@#"
@aEM"
KaEI"
Tableau IV-C-4 : Porosit au mercure des BPR"
"
-*CC5" 3(" )*+*8%,F" W" 395(4a" 3(" )*+*8%,F" (4" C5+64+5" 758" PV'" 58," 2(%D35:" H58" B(354+8"
*D,51458"8*1,",+^8")+*6?58"75"653358"%17%G4F58"7(18"3("3%,,F+(,4+5"Y"LRdR!&:"<1"5225,"-?5Q+5TQ"
5,"(3:"t-?5Q+5TQu!MMEv"*1,"C584+F"415")*+*8%,F"75"Iq")*4+"41"PV'"75"+())*+,"<.H"75"Sa!#:"
\(,,5" t\(,,5u!MMMv" %17%G45" 758" B(354+8" 75" )*+*8%,F" 51,+5" ;" 5," Iq" )*4+" 758" PV'" 7*1," 358"
+())*+,8" <.-" 8*1," 75" Sa!K"g" Sa#!" 5," Sa#@:" -58"PV'" *1," 84D%" 41" ,+(%,5C51," ,?5+C%G45" W" MSo-"
)517(1,"#@?"W"39(%+"?4C%75")4%8")517(1,"#@?"W"39(%+"856:"
"
O" 39%8845" 79415" F,475" C51F5" 84+" 39%12345165" 74" 8(D35" 5," 75" 24CF5" 75" 8%3%65" 84+" 3(" )*+*8%,Fa"
X53(=+(B5"5,"(3:"tX53(=+(B5u!MMIva"tX53(=+(B5u!MMKv"*1,"C584+F"415")*+*8%,F"(4"C5+64+5"75"
@"W"KaEq:"-5,,5"B(354+"58,"(488%")+*6?5"75"65335"*D,5145")(+"-?(++*1"t-?(++*1u#SSKv"g")*4+"
41"PV'"75"+())*+,"<.-"y"Sa!EIa"()+^8"415"64+5"?4C%75:"
X(18" 3(" )+F851,5" F,475a" 6*C),5" ,514" 758" 7*8(=58" %751,%G458" 51" 6%C51," 5," 51" 5(4" 758"
PV'" 5," 75" 3(" +F(6,%B%,F" 2(%D35" *4" 14335" 74" G4(+,T" D+*QF" Y)(8" 75" ,+(%,5C51," ,?5+C%G45&a" 3("
7%22F+5165"75")*+*8%,F"51,+5"358"7%22F+51,8"DF,*18"F,47%F8")54,"k,+5")+%16%)(35C51,"(,,+%D4F5"(4"
7*8(=5" B(+%(D35" 51" (7N4B(1,a" W" 3(" +F(6,%B%,F" 75" 3(" 24CF5" 75" 8%3%65" W" 3*1=" ,5+C5" 5," W" 8("
84D8,%,4,%*1")(+"74"G4(+,T"D+*QF:"
"
H5"84)5+)3(8,%2%(1,"4,%3%8F"58,"41"?(4,"+F746,54+"795(4a"7*1,"395225,"15"85CD35")(8",+^8"
8%=1%2%6(,%2" )*4+" 41" 7*8(=5" 75" !q:" X9*e" 358" B(354+8" )+*6?58" 758" )*+*8%,F8" 75" PV'!" 5," 74"
PV'#:"-5,"5225,"58,"8%=1%2%6(,%2")*4+"35"PV'$"5,"35"PV'E"5,"85",+(74%,")(+"415"(4=C51,(,%*1"75"
3(")*+*8%,F",*,(35"758"DF,*18")*4+"758"7*8(=58"51"(7N4B(1,"75"!aK"5,"#qa"+58)56,%B5C51,:"
-*1,+(%+5C51," W" 39(7N4B(1,a" 35" G4(+,T" 85CD35" 7%C%145+" 3(" )*+*8%,F"0" 51" 5225,a" 3(" )*+*8%,F" 74"
PV'@"58,""#"2*%8"C*%18"G45"65335"74"PV'$:"-5,"5225,"DF1F2%G45"74"G4(+,T"W"3*1=",5+C5"58,"3%F"
W"8("2(%D35"*4"1*1"+F(6,%B%,F"Y2%15"%15+,5&"0"3(",*,(3%,F"75"395(4"(78*+DF5"W"3("84+2(65"758"=+(%18"
85+("7%8)*1%D35")*4+"39?Q7+(,(,%*1"74"6%C51,:"-56%"(4=C51,5"3("G4(1,%,F"79?Q7+(,58"2*+CF8"5,"
7%C%145"35"B*34C5"75")*+58"758"?Q7+(,58"Yd%=4+5"LR-R!#&:"-53("85",+(74%+(%,")(+"415"D(%885"
75"3(")*+*8%,F",*,(35"75"39F6?(1,%33*1:"O%18%a"3("2(%D35"*4"1*1"+F(6,%B%,F"74"G4(+,T"85CD35")348"
DF1F2%G45"G45"3("+F(6,%B%,F"W"3*1=",5+C5"75"3("24CF5"75"8%3%65:""
"
!;#"
H("d%=4+5"LR-R!#")+F851,5"3("7%8,+%D4,%*1"758")*+58"75"6?(G45"PV':"H9(334+5"=F1F+(35"
75"65,,5"7%8,+%D4,%*1a"8%C%3(%+5")*4+",*48"358"PV'"F,47%F8a"58,"51"(66*+7"(B56"3("3%,,F+(,4+5"Y"LR
dR!&0" -s%+T51" 5," (3:" t-s%+T51u#SSKv" *1," *D,514" 415" (334+5" )(+5%335" )*4+" 41" PV'" 75" +())*+,"
<.-"y"Sa##"5,"8(18",+(%,5C51,",?5+C%G45:"H5"=+(17"B*34C5"75")*+58"7F,56,F"58,"8%,4F"W""!S"
1C:"X(18"1*,+5"6(8a"35")%6"B(+%5"51,+5"!S"1C"YPV'@&"5,"$S"1C"YPV'!a"PV'#a"PV'$"5,"PV'E&:"
-58" B(354+8" 8*1," )+*6?58" 74" )%6" *D,514" )(+" H*4b%3%" 5," (3:" tH*4b%3%u!MMMva" G4%" 58," 75" #S" 1C"
)*4+"41"P_[V"2%D+F"75"+())*+,"<.-"75"Sa#"Y"LRdR!&:"
"
"""
G_iGE9b'!\RE!-:RQ4!-bQ4]
0.06
0.05
0.04
$D+8
0.03
$D+.
$D+Z
0.02
$D+4
0.01
$D+S
0
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
"
Figure IV-C-12 : Distribution des pores des diffrents BPR
"
-5,,5"2%=4+5"C5,"51"FB%75165"395225,"74"7*8(=5"51"(7N4B(1,"5,"39(N*4,"74"G4(+,Ta"G49*1"
(B(%,"7FNW"5U)3%G4F"=3*D(35C51,"51"(1(3Q8(1,"358"B(354+8"75")*+*8%,F",*,(35"758"7%22F+51,8"PV':"
<1" 5225," 39(N*4," 74" 84)5+)3(8,%2%(1," 85CD35" )34,," (4=C51,5+" 35" B*34C5" ,*,(3" 758" )*+58" 8(18"
C*7%2%5+" 354+" 7%(C^,+5"0" 35" )%6" 58," ,*4N*4+8" 8%,4F" W" $S" 1C:" -5)517(1,a" 39(N*4," 74" G4(+,T"
7%C%145"35"7%(C^,+5"758")*+58"758"?Q7+(,58"Y!S"(4"3%54"75"$S"1C&"(%18%"G45"354+"B*34C5:"-5,"
5225," 74" G4(+,Ta" *1" 39(B(%," (,,+%D4F" W" 395(4" 7%8)*1%D35" )*4+" 2*+C5+" )348" 79?Q7+(,58:" -53("
)*4++(%,"k,+5"6*12%+CF")(+"415"6*C)(+(%8*1"75"7%8,+%D4,%*18"758")*+58"758"DF,*18"W"7%22F+51,8"
+())*+,8"<.-"tX53(=+(B5u!MMIv:"
"
!;$"
H("d%=4+5"LR-R!$")+F851,5"3("7%8,+%D4,%*1"758")*+58"758"7%22F+51,8"PV'"F,47%F8"(%18%"
G45"653358"7941"DF,*1"*+7%1(%+5"Y<.-"y"Sa@M&"5,"7941"DF,*1"?(4,5")5+2*+C(165"Y<.-"y"S"a$K&"
tXN5+D%u#SSIv:" H95225," 74" +())*+," <.-" )(+(p," ,+^8" 8%=1%2%6(,%2"0" 35" )%6a" 8%,4F" W" !S" 1C" )*4+" 35"
PV'@" 5," W" $S" 1C" )*4+" 358" (4,+58" PV'a" 58," 8%,4F" W" @S" 1C" 5," IS" 1C" )*4+" 35" P[V" 5," 35" PZa"
+58)56,%B5C51,:"
G_iGE9b'!\RE!-:RQ4!-bQ4]
0.06
0.05
$MD
0.04
$D+8
0.03
$D+Z
$D+.
$6
0.02
$D+4
0.01
$D+S
0
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
"
Figure IV-C-13 : Distribution de la taille des pores dun BO, un BHP [Djerbi_2007] et des
BPR de cette tude.
Z1"1*,5"(488%"G45"3(")*+*8%CF,+%5"(4"C5+64+5"15"+FB^35")(8"75")*+58"75"=+(17"7%(C^,+5"
)*4+" 358" PV'a" 65" G4%" 58," (,,+%D4F" (4U" (4+F*358" 75" ,+(18%,%*1" 7(18" 358" 6(8" 758" (4,+58" DF,*18"
Y84+,*4,"35"PZ&:"X(18"1*,+5"6(8a"*1")54,"%C(=%15+"G45"3("7F23*643(,%*1"758"=+(%18"Y)(+"(N*4,"
79(7N4B(1,&"2(B*+%85"3("2*+C(,%*1"79415"8,+46,4+5"75185:"-5,"5225,"DF1F2%G45"58,"+512*+6F")(+"
394,%3%8(,%*1"75"24CF5"75"8%3%65"5,"74"G4(+,T"D+*QF:"
"
d%1(35C51,a"358"2(%D358"B(354+8"75"3(")*+*8%,F"(4"C5+64+5a"G4%"8*1,"+53(,%B5C51,"F35BF58"
)(+"+())*+,"W"653358"C584+F58"W"395(4a"1*48"3(%885"1*48"%1,5++*=5+"84+"0"
R
3("2%(D%3%,F"75"3(")+*6F74+5"Od'<\RC*7%2%F5")*4+"FB(345+"3(")*+*8%,F"W"395(4"758"PV':"
3("C584+5"75"3(")*+*8%,F")(+"395(4")*4+"658",Q)58"75"DF,*18""
"
!;@"
<1" 5225,a" )348%54+8" (4,54+8" tP(+*=?53RP*41Qu#SS!v" 5," tJ(33Fu#SS!v" *1," %17%G4F" G45"
358" B(354+8" 75" )*+*8%,F" (4" C5+64+5" 8*1," 8Q8,FC(,%G45C51," %12F+%54+58" W" 653358" C584+F58" W"
395(4:" -56%" (" F,F" (,,+%D4F" (4" 2(%," G45" 35" )*+*8%C^,+5" W" C5+64+5" 15" 6*C),(D%3%85" )(8" 358" ,+^8"
)5,%,8")*+58"Y"$"1C&"6(+"3(")+588%*1"C(U%C(35"())3%G4F5"58,"3%C%,F5"(3*+8"G45",*48"358")*+58"
8*1,"51")+%16%)5"(66588%D358"W"395(4:"
"
*_Q7QSQ>!!
DFOFRI;O<J!G<!;OF:JB<O;!
%& Permabilit lazote

"
O" 39%8845" 79415" 64+5" ?4C%75" 75" ,+*%8" C*%8a" ,+*%8" 7%8G458" 8*1," 5U,+(%,8" 75" 6?(G45"
F)+*4B5,,5:"H5"7%8G45"651,+(3"58,"5174%,"75"754U"6*46?58"75"+F8%15"F)*UQa")4%8"+56,%2%Fa"(B(1,"
79k,+5"8F6?F"N48G49W"C(885"6*18,(1,5:""
H5" 6?*%U" 75" 3(" ,5C)F+(,4+5" 75" 8F6?(=5" F,(%," 7F3%6(,:" <1" 5225,a" 41" F,4B(=5" W" 2(%D35"
,5C)F+(,4+5" )5+C5," 41" 8F6?(=5" 41%2*+C5" 75" 39F6?(1,%33*1a" (B56" 415" C5%3354+5" +F)(+,%,%*1" 75"
39?4C%7%,F"5,"C*%18"79517*CC(=5C51,:"H5"8543")+*D3^C5a"6958,"3("3*1=45"74+F5"75"8F6?(=5:"
-5)517(1,a"41"F,4B(=5"W",5C)F+(,4+5"F35BF5")*4++(%,"51=517+5+"415"C*7%2%6(,%*1"758"?Q7+(,58"
tP(+*=?53RP*41Qu!MM@va" 75" 3(" )*+*8%,F" 75" 39F6?(1,%33*1" tJ(33Fu#SS!v" 5," (%18%" 75" 8("
)5+CF(D%3%,F"%1,+%18^G45"t-?*%18b(u#SSIv:""
X(18"35"6(7+5"75"1*8",+(B(4Ua"3(",5C)F+(,4+5"75"8F6?(=5"6?*%8%5"58,"75"KSo-:"-5,"F,4B(=5"1*48"
)5+C5,"75"+(66*4+6%+"3("74+F5"75"8F6?(=5",*4,"51"FB%,(1,"79517*CC(=5+"358"F6?(1,%33*18:"
"
H(")5+CF(D%3%,F"%1,+%18^G45"58,"FB(34F5"853*1"3(")+*6F74+5"7F6+%,5")+F6F75CC51,"Y"LLR
dR@RD"&:""
"
H("d%=4+5"LR-R!@a"C*1,+5"39FB*34,%*1"75"3(")5+CF(D%3%,F"())(+51,5"51"2*16,%*1"75"39%1B5+85"
75"3(")+588%*1"C*Q5115")*4+"35"PV'!a"35"PV'#"5,"35"PV'$:""
"
H58" 7%22F+51,58" B(354+8" 75" )5+CF(D%3%,F" %1,+%18^G45" Y~&a" 7F,5+C%1F58" )(+" +F=+588%*1"
3%1F(%+5a"8*1,"+F84CF58"7(18"35"](D35(4"LR-RE:""
""
!;E"
"
Btons
PV'!"
PV'#"
PV'$"
PV'@"
PV'E"
KV (10-19 m2)
$aIE"
!a;#"
#aE;"
R"
R"
Tableau IV-C-5 : Permabilit au gaz des BPR"
"
D<ORUF>AEA;U!F^^FO<:;<p!r#!\R ]
1.8E-18
1.6E-18
1.4E-18
1.2E-18
BPR1
BPR2
BPR3
y = 3.15E-13x + 1.62E-19
R2 = 0.99
-13
-19
y = 2.52E x + 3.75E
2
R = 0.98
1.0E-18
8.0E-19
-14
-19
y = 7.52E x + 2.56E
2
R =1
6.0E-19
4.0E-19
2.0E-19
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
1.0E-06
2.0E-06
3.0E-06
4.0E-06
5.0E-06
Q4
4iDR!\)DF ]
"
Figure IV-C-14 : Permabilit apparente en fonction de linverse de la pression moyenne.
"
H58"6*522%6%51,8"75")5+CF(D%3%,F"(4"=(T"758"DF,*18"PV'@"5,"PV'E"85"8*1,"+FBF3F8",+*)"
2(%D358")*4+"k,+5"C584+(D358"(B56"35")5+CF(C^,+5"-5CD4+5(4:""
H58"B(354+8"*D,51458"8*1,"84)F+%54+58a",*4,"51"+58,(1,"6*C)(+(D358a"W"653358"+())*+,F58"
)(+"'58)3517%1*"5,"V5,%,N5(1"t'58)3517%1*u#SS$va"G4%")+F851,51,"415")5+CF(D%3%,F"W"39*UQ=^15"
758" P_[V" %12F+%54+5" W" !SR!M" C#" 5," )(+" H(2(+=5" tH(2(+=5u#SS$v:" '*4U" 5," (3:" YX(18"
t\(,,5u!MMMv&" %17%G451," 415" )5+CF(D%3%,F" W" 39(%+" 75" #aE" U" !SR!K" C#" )*4+" 41" PV'" 8(18"
,+(%,5C51,",?5+C%G45"Y"LRdR#R("&:""
"
H58" F6(+,8" 51,+5" 358" )5+CF(D%3%,F8" C584+F58" 15" 8*1," )(8" (885T" 8%=1%2%6(,%28" )*4+" 1*48"
)5+C5,,+5"75"6*1634+5"84+"41"5225,")(+,%643%5+"74"7*8(=5"51"84)5+)3(8,%2%(1,"*4"75"3(")+F85165"
74"G4(+,T"D+*QF:""
"
!;;"
O2%1" 75" C*1,+5+" 358" )5+2*+C(1658" 758" PV'a" 354+8" )5+CF(D%3%,F8" %1,+%18^G458" *1," F,F"
+5)+F851,F58"(B56"653358"758"DF,*18"*+7%1(%+58"5,"758"DF,*18"75"?(4,5")5+2*+C(165:""
H("d%=4+5" LR-R!E" C*1,+5" G45" 3(" 7%C%14,%*1" 74" +())*+,"<.-"75"Sa@M"YPZ&"5,"Sa$K"YP[V&"W"
Sa!;" 51=517+5" 415" 6?4,5" 75" 3(" )5+CF(D%3%,F" %1,+%18^G45" (4" =(T" 75" " M;" 5," #I" 2*%8a"
+58)56,%B5C51,:" -53(" 58," 7h" W" 3(" 7%C%14,%*1" 75" 3(" 6*1,%14%,F" 74" +F85(4" )*+54U" 5," 7*16" W" 3("
+F746,%*1" 75" 3(" )*+*8%,F" *4B5+,5" 74" DF,*1:" H58" (4+F*358" 75" ,+(18%,%*1" YW" 6(485" 758" =+*8"
=+(143(,8&" 7(18" 35" DF,*1" *+7%1(%+5" 5," 35" DF,*1" 75" ?(4,5" )5+2*+C(165" )*4++(%51," k,+5" (488%" W"
39*+%=%15"7941",+(1825+,"84))3FC51,(%+5"74"=(T:""
2.5E-17
2E-17
1.5E-17
1E-17
&i7!h!TpZ2
5E-18
&i7!h!Tp.X
D<ORUF>AEA;U!A:;OA:JIYP<!FP!bFep!r_!\RS]
"
0
$6
$MD
&i7!h!Tp4C
$D+4
$D+.
$D+S
"
Figure IV-C-15 : Permabilit intrinsque au gaz dun BO, BHP [Djerbi_2007] et des BPR
de cette tude.
"
%%& Diffusion des ions chlore (migration en rgime stationnaire)

"
O" 39%8845" 75" 39588(%" 75" )5+CF(D%3%,Fa" 358" F6?(1,%33*18" *1," F,F" 8(,4+F8" W" 39(%75" 79415"
8*34,%*1" D(8%G45" Y" LLRdR#:&" 853*1" 3(" )+*6F74+5" Od'<\RC*7%2%F5" tP51"d+(Nu#SSMv:" H54+8"
6*522%6%51,8"52256,%28"75"C%=+(,%*1"YX5C%=&"*1,"F,F"FB(34F8"853*1"3(")+*6F74+5"OdV-ROd'<\"
tOdV-ROd'<\u!MMIv:""
"
!;I"
H(" d%=4+5" LR-R!;" )+F851,5" 39FB*34,%*1" 75" 3(" 6*1651,+(,%*1" 64C43F5" 758" %*18" 6?3*+5"
7(18" 35" 6*C)(+,%C51," (B(3" 51" 2*16,%*1" 74" ,5C)8" )*4+" 358" 7%22F+51,8" PV'" F,47%F8" W" 39%8845"
79415")F+%*75"79%1B58,%=(,%*1"75"IS"N*4+8:"
79:@<:;OF;A9:!@PRPEU<!<:!5F7E!
\biE]
"
1.8
KTTT!c!.TTTTT!:R
1.6
ZT!c!KTTT!:R
.!c!ZT!:R
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
BPR1
0.6
BPR2
0.4
BPR3
BPR4
0.2
BPR5
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
"<R^J!\H<PO<J]
"
Figure IV-C-16 : Evolution de la concentration cumule des ions chlore en fonction du temps.
"
-?(G45"6*4+D5"58,"6(+(6,F+%8F5")(+"G4(,+5")(3%5+8"0"
R
H5")+5C%5+")(3%5+a"7F6+%,"415"FB*34,%*1",+^8"2(%D35"75"3("6*1651,+(,%*1"75"6?3*+4+58:"
-5")(3%5+"89F,517"84+"@KS"?54+58:"
H5"754U%^C5")(3%5+a"6*CC5165"W"@KS"?"5,"85",5+C%15"W"!S@S"?:"L3"58,"6(+(6,F+%8F")(+"
415"7%2248%*1")348"+()%75"75"6?3*+4+58"7(18"35"C(,F+%(4:"
H5" ,+*%8%^C5" )(3%5+a" 75" !S@S" ?" W" !$#S" ?a" 7F6+%," 415" 7%2248%*1" ,+^8" +()%75" 758"
6?3*+4+58"7(18"39F6?(1,%33*1:"
H5" G4(,+%^C5" )(3%5+a" G49*1" G4(3%2%5" 74" +F=%C5" )5+C(151,a" C*1,+5" 415" B%,5885" 75"
)F1F,+(,%*1"C*%18"+()%75:"
"
A*48" )518*18" G45" 658" 6*4+D58" 15" 7F6+%B51," )(8" 85435C51," 35" 234U" 75" 6?3*+4+58"
,+(B5+8(1,"39F6?(1,%33*1"8*48"6?(C)"F356,+%G45a"C(%8"(488%")(+"(D8*+),%*1"6()%33(%+5"74"2(%,"G45"
39F6?(1,%33*1"1958,")(8"6*C)3^,5C51,"8(,4+F"(4"3(165C51,"75"39588(%"Y"LR-R#R("&:"X9*ea"415"
7%86*1,%14%,F"234%75"2(B*+%8(1,"3(")F1F,+(,%*1"758"6?3*+4+58")(+"(D8*+),%*1"6()%33(%+5:"<1"5225,a"
8%"*1"(1(3Q85"N48,5"358",+*%8")+5C%5+8")(3%5+8a"*1"+5,+*4B5"39(334+5"75"3("6*4+D5"75")*+*8%CF,+%5"
!;K"
Yd%=4+5" LR-R!!&:" H5" )+5C%5+" )(3%5+" )*4++(%," k,+5" 6*18%7F+F" 6*CC5" 3(" 8(,4+(,%*1" 75" 3("
)+5C%^+5"2(C%335"758")*+58"7*1,"35"7%(C^,+5"B(+%5"75"ISSS"W"$SSSSS"1C:"H5"754U%^C5")(3%5+"
85+(%,"(%18%"3("8(,4+(,%*1"758")*+58"75"7%(C^,+5"@S"W"ISSS"1C"0"358"7%(C^,+58"8*1,")348")5,%,8a"
65" G4%" %174%," 415" 7F)+588%*1" 6()%33(%+5" )348" %C)*+,(1,5" 79*e" 3(" 7%2248%*1" )348" +()%75" 75"
6?3*+4+58"7(18"39F6?(1,%33*1:"H5",+*%8%^C5")(3%5+"7F6+%,"3("8(,4+(,%*1"758")*+58"358")348"2(%D358"
Y$"W"@S"1C&a"79*e"3(")348"=+(175"B%,5885"75")F1F,+(,%*1"758"6?3*+4+58:"
H5" G4(,+%^C5" )(3%5+" 85+(%," 7*16" 35" +F=%C5" 8,(,%*11(%+5" 75" 6?(G45" 6*4+D5:" -56%" 1*48"
)5+C5,,+("75"7F,5+C%15+"35"6*522%6%51,"75"C%=+(,%*1"52256,%2a"X5C%=a"75"6?(G45"DF,*1"Y"LLRdRER6"
&"Y](D35(4"LR-R;&:""
"
Btons
PV'!"
PV'#"
PV'$"
PV'@"
PV'E"
Demig (10-13 m2/s)
!aS@K"
!a!$$"
!a$K!"
SaKK$"
!aSK$"
Tableau IV-C-6 : Coefficients de migration des diffrents BPR"

"
H58" B(354+8" 75" 6*522%6%51,8" 75" C%=+(,%*1" 758" %*18" 6?3*+5" 758" 7%22F+51,8" PV'" 8*1,"
%12F+%54+58a" ,*4," 51" +58,(1," 6*C)(+(D358" W" 653358" +())*+,F58" )(+" X53(=+(B5" 5," (3:"
t#MEIuX53(=+(B5u!MMIva"t#MIEuX53(=+(B5u!MMKv"G4%")+F851,51,"758"6*522%6%51,8"75"7%2248%*1"
758" %*18" 6?3*+5" 75" !S" W" !K" U" !SR!@" C#.8a" )*4+" 758" DF,*18" 75" +())*+," <.-" y" Sa#E:" H58"
6*522%6%51,8"75"7%2248%*1"75",+%,%4C"8*1,"75"!!"W";$"U"!SR!@"C#.8""
"
H58"6*522%6%51,8"75"7%2248%*1"C584+F8"8*1,"84)F+%54+8"W"654U"+())*+,F8")(+"'*4U"5,"(3:"
Y7(18"t\(,,5u!MMMv&a"5+15,"5,"(3:"t5+15,u#SS#v"5,"'58)3517%1*"5,"(3:"t'58)3517%1*u#SS$v"Y"
LRdR#R6"&a"G4%"%17%G451,"41"6*522%6%51,"75"7%2248%*1"758"%*18"6?3*+5"75"#"U"!SR!@"C#.8:"X9(4,+58"
(4,54+8"*1,"C584+F"758"6*522%6%51,8"75"7%2248%*1"%12F+%54+8"W"1*8"6*522%6%51,8"Y"LRdR#R6"&:"<1"
5225,a"P*4+75,,5"Y7(18"t\(,,5u!MMMv&"("C584+F"41"6*522%6%51,"75"7%2248%*1"75",+%,%4C"75"E"U"!SR
!@
"C#.8:"\(,,5"t\(,,5u!MMMva"51"4,%3%8(1,"(488%"74",+%,%4Ca"("*D,514"758"6*522%6%51,8"75"!a!"W"
#a!"U"!SR!@"C#.8:"H58"PV'"F,47%F8")(+"658"754U"75+1%5+8a"75"+())*+,"<.-"B(+%(1,"75"Sa!K"W"Sa#@a"
*1,"F,F")+F(3(D35C51,",+(%,F8"Y,?5+C%G45C51,&:"
"
H(2(+=5"tH(2(+=5u#SS$v"("+())*+,F"41"6*522%6%51,"75"7%2248%*1"75",+%,%4C"75"!a!;"U"!SR
!@"
C#.8:"'F65CC51,a"](2+(*4%"t](2+(*4%u#SSMv"("C584+F"41"6*522%6%51,"75"7%2248%*1"758"%*18"
6?3*+5"75"!aI"U"!SR!@"C#.8")*4+"41"PV'"75"+())*+,"<.-"75"Sa#IY"LRdR#R6"&:"
"
H58"B(354+8"75"6*522%6%51,8"75"7%2248%*1"758"%*18"6?3*+5a"C584+F8"7(18"35"6(7+5"75"65,,5"
F,475a" 8*1," ,+^8" )+*6?58" Y35" )348" =+(17" F6(+," 58," 75" SaE" U" !SR!$" C#.8&:" AF(1C*%18a" 415"
!;M"
6*C)(+(%8*1")*4++(%,"k,+5"2(%,5"(2%1"75"6*1634+5"84+"41"FB51,453"5225,"79(7N4B(1,a"75"24CF5"75"
8%3%65"*4"74"G4(+,T:"
H9(7N4B(1,"85CD35"(4=C51,5+"35"6*522%6%51,"75"7%2248%*1:"-5,"5225,"("F,F"(488%"*D85+BF"84+"3("
)*+*8%,F:" <1" (4=C51,(1," 3(" )*+*8%,F" ,*,(35" 75" 39F6?(1,%33*1a" 39%1,5+6*115U%*1" 758" )*+58"
(4=C51,5a"65"G4%"6+F5"758"6?5C%18")+F2F+51,%538")*4+"3("7%2248%*1"758"%*18"6?3*+5:"
X5"CkC5"35"G4(+,TaG4%"51"7%C%14(1,"3(")*+*8%,F"758"PV'a"85=C51,5"358"6?5C%18"75",+(1825+,"5,"
5C)k6?5"(%18%"3("7%2248%*1"758"%*18"6?3*+5:"X9*e"3("2(%D35"B(354+"75"X5C%="74"PV'@:"
"
Z1" )54," (%18%" 6*1634+5" G45" 358" PV'" )+F851,51," 758" )5+2*+C(1658" )?Q8%G458" Y2(%D358"
)*+*8%,F8&" G4%" 354+8" 6*12^+51," 415" C5%3354+5" +F8%8,(165" (4U" (=51,8" (=+588%28a" 1*,(CC51," 358"
%*18"6?3*+5"0"354+"2(%D35"+())*+,"<.-"354+")5+C5,"79(B*%+"415")*+*8%,F"85=C51,F5"G4%"5C)k6?5"
3(")F1F,+(,%*1"75"658"(=51,8:"_15"6*C)(+(%8*1"75"658"DF,*18"(4U"DF,*18"*+7%1(%+58"*4"75"?(4,5"
)5+2*+C(165"1*48")5+C5,,+("75"C5,,+5"51"FB%75165"65,"5225,:"
"
H(" d%=4+5" LR-R!I" )+F851,5" 35" 234U" 75" 6?3*+4+58" ,+(B5+8(1,"0" 41" DF,*1" *+7%1(%+5" 75"
+())*+," <.-" y" Sa@Ma" 41" DF,*1" ?(4,5" )5+2*+C(165" 75" +())*+," <.-" y" Sa$K" tXN5+D%u#SSIv" 5," 35"
PV'@:"L3"58,"%C)*+,(1,"75"1*,5+"G49(4",5+C5"75"65,,5")F+%*75"79%1B58,%=(,%*1"Y;ES"?54+58&a"35"
+F=%C5")5+C(151,"("F,F"(,,5%1,")*4+"35"PZ"Y#@S"?54+58&"5,"35"P[V"YESS"?54+58&:"-534%"74"PV'"
58,"(,,5%1,"W";#"N*4+8:""
"
79:@<:;OF;A9:!@PRPEU<!<:!5F7E!
\biE]
3
2.5
$6
2
1.5
1
$MD
0.5
$D+
0
0
100
200
300
400
"<R^J!\H<PO<J]
500
600
700
"
Figure IV-C-17 : Flux de chlorures traversant un BO, un BHP [Djerbi_2007] et le BPR4.
"
!IS"
Z1"+5C(+G45"G49(4"D*4,"75"$KS"?54+58"35"234U"75"6?3*+4+58"7(18"35"PV'"58,"@"5,"#K"
2*%8" C*%18" %C)*+,(1," G45" 6534%" 7(18" 35" P[V" 5," 35" PZa" +58)56,%B5C51,:" -53(" 5U)3%G45"
39%12345165" 74" +())*+," <.-" 5," 84+,*4," 75" 3(" 2+(6,%*1" B*34C%G45" Y,+^8" 2(%D35" 7(18" 35" 6(8" 758"
PV'&:" <1" 5225,a" 35" 6*522%6%51," 75" 7%2248%*1" (4=C51,5" (4" 1%B5(4" 758" (4+F*358" 75" ,+(18%,%*1"
CkC5" 8%" *1" )54," )5185+" W" 415" FB51,45335" 6*C)518(,%*1" )(+" 39(4=C51,(,%*1" 75" ,*+,4*8%,F"
*66(8%*11F5")(+"358"=+(143(,8:"
"
H(" d%=4+5" LR-R!K" %3348,+5" D%51" 65" )(+(C^,+5"0" 35" 6*522%6%51," 75" 7%2248%*1" 758" %*18"
6?3*+5"7(18"358"PV'"58,""!I"2*%8"5,""#aE"2*%8"C*%18"%C)*+,(1,"G45"6534%"74"DF,*1"*+7%1(%+5"5,"
74"DF,*1"?(4,5")5+2*+C(165a"+58)56,%B5C51,:"
-58" B(354+8" 2(%D358" 75" 234U" 5," 75" 6*522%6%51," 75" 7%2248%*1" 758" %*18" 6?3*+5" )*4++(%51,"
(488%"k,+5"(,,+%D4F5"W"415"2*+,5"%1,5+(6,%*1"51,+5"3("8*34,%*1"8(3%15"YA(-3&"5,"35"6%C51,"(1?Q7+5a"
)+F851,"51"=+(175"G4(1,%,F"7(18"358"PV':"
"
20
&i7!h!TpZ2
18
'<RAb!\4TQ4.!=!RSiJ]
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
&i7!h!Tp.X
&i7!h!Tp4C
2
0
$6
$MD
$D+.
$D+S
$D+8
$D+4
$D+Z
"
Figure IV-C-18 : Coefficient de migration des ions chlore dun BO, un BHP [Djerbi_2007]
et des BPR de cette tude.
"
H5" ,(D35(4" ](D35(4" LR-RI" " +F6()%,435" 358" )+*)+%F,F8" W" 3*1=" ,5+C5" 75" ,*48" 358" PV'"
F,47%F8:" A*48" )*4B*18" (%18%" +5C(+G45+" 358" )5+2*+C(1658" CF6(1%G458" 5," 75" 74+(D%3%,F" 74"
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6?()%,+5")+F6F751,:""
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"
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%12F+%54+5" W" @S" {C" 5," (1(3Q8F8" )(+" X'ia" 51" 84%B(1," +%=*4+5485C51," 35" )+*,*6*35" 7F6+%," (4"
6?()%,+5" #" Y" LLRPR!&:" ]*48" 358" )%68" 758" 6%1G" 7%22+(6,*=+(CC58" *1," 79(D*+7" F,F" %175UF8" 75"
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ROR!&" 0" *1" 7F,56,5" 7*16" 58851,%5335C51," 358" +(%58" 75" )348" 2*+,5" %1,518%,F" Y(3%,5" 5," DF3%,5&" 74"
6%C51,"%1%,%(3a"79*e"3("1F6588%,F"79415"D*115"6(+(6,F+%8(,%*1"74"6%C51,"(1?Q7+5"4,%3%8F"Y"LLLR
OR!&:"X(18"358"6%1G"PV'a"*1"+5,+*4B5",*48"358")%68"74"6%C51,"(1?Q7+5a"8(42"654U"74"=Q)85:"Z1"
1*,5"F=(35C51,"39())(+%,%*1"75"1*4B53358"+(%58"75"2(%D35"%1,518%,Fa"G49%3"89(=%,"79%751,%2%5+:"
"
40 000
35 000
30 000
25 000
m4 mS
-5 000
10
20
30
mZ
m.
40
2 Co () 50
Fl>
Fl>
Fl>
Fl>
Fl>
Fl>
Fl^
F
Fl>
Fl> l7.#l7Z#/
>
Fl>
Fl>
F
> l7Z#/
F
7Z#/
b!!TS4
F
F
5 000
b!!TST
10 000
Fl@
F
> 4ST Fl>
Fl>
7Z#/ Fl>
15 000
7Z#/
nb. coups
20 000
m8
60
70
Figure V-A-1 : Diffractogramme du BPR1 (rouge) compar celui du ciment anhydre initial
(noir). Les raies fortes (rouges) non labellises sont celles du quartz.
"
_Q#QS! *G<:;ABA@F;A9:!G<J!^HFJ<J!F:HWGO<J!<;!HWGOF;U<J!
H("d%=4+5"ROR#"84)5+)*85"358"7%22+(6,*=+(CC58"758"6%1G"PV'"5,"74"6%C51,"(1?Q7+5"
%1%,%(3"7(18"358"+F=%*18"#-*"y"!S"R"!Eo"Y(&a"#-*"y"!K"R"#!aEo"YD&"5,"#-*"y"$$aE""R"@!o"Y6&:"H("
+(%5"74"=Q)85"S#S"7%8)(+(p,"6*C)3^,5C51,"7(18",*48"358"PV'"g"51"+5B(16?5a"415"+(%5"75"2(%D35"
%1,518%,F"5,"41")54"F3(+=%5"())(+(p,"W"#-*"y"!SaEEo"d%=4+5"ROR#"(&:"-5,,5"+(%5"58,"3("+(%5"3("
)348" 2*+,5" 75" 395,,+%1=%,5" Y]/O&a" 6*C)*8F" )+*74%," )(+" 39?Q7+(,(,%*1" 758" (34C%1(,58" (B56" 35"
=Q)85"Y6?():"La"<G"!:;:(&:""
"
"
!I;"
80
"
coups
2000
\F]!
7Z#/
Ciment anhydre
BPR1
BPR2
BPR3
BPR4
BPR5
<;;OA:bA;<
2400
b!!TST
"
1600
1200
10
11
12
1400
15
"
coups
14
^9O;EF:GA;<
<;;OA:bA;<
1800
\>]!
"
13
Ciment anhydre
BPR1
BPR2
BPR3
BPR4
BPR5
2000
1600
2 Co ()
1200
1000
800
18,0
18,5
19,0
19,5
20,0
20,5
21,0
21,5
2 Co ()
ciment anhydre
8000
Fl>
BPR1
BPR2
7200
Fl@
BPR3
6400
BPR4
BPR5
Fl>
4800
4000
7Z#/
^9O;EF:GA;<
coups
5600
\@]!
"
Fl>
8800
3200
2400
>
1600
800
34
35
36
37
2 Co ()
38
39
40
41
"
Figure V-A-2 : Diffractogrammes des cinq BPR compars celui du ciment anhydre
!II"
"
/4+" 3(" d%=4+5" ROR#" Da" *1" B*%," 415" (4,+5" +(%5" 2*+,5" 75" 395,,+%1=%,5" W" #-*" y" !Ka$Eoa"
6*12%+C(1," 3(" )+F85165" 795,,+%1=%,5" 6*1,+(%+5C51," (4U" 6*16348%*18" 75" -?5Q+5TQ" 5," (3:" Z1"
*D85+B5"F=(35C51,"84+"358"d%=4+5"ROR#"("5,"6"415"3F=^+5"7%C%14,%*1"758"+(%58"74"-@Od:"Z1"
)54," 7*16" 6*1634+5" G45" 35" =Q)85" (" +F(=%" (B56" 39(34C%1(,5" -@Od" Y+())53*18" 3(" G4(8%R
%15U%8,5165"75"-$O"7(18"35"6%C51,"%1%,%(3a"+51B*%"Y](D35(4"LLLROR$&"3*+8"75"39?Q7+(,(,%*1")*4+"
2*+C5+"75"395,,+%1=%,5:"
-*165+1(1," 39?Q7+(,(,%*1" 758" 8%3%6(,58a" *1" *D85+B5" 358" +(%58" 6(+(6,F+%8,%G458" 75" 3("
)*+,3(17%,5a"W"#-*"y"#SaMo"5,"W"#-*"y"$MaKo"Yd%=4+5"ROR#"D"5,"6&a")348"%1,51858"7(18"358"PV'"
G45"7(18"35"6%C51,"(1?Q7+5"%1%,%(3:"<1"+5B(16?5a"*1"15"7F,56,5")(8"3("+(%5"6(+(6,F+%8,%G45"758"
-/["Y8,+46,4+5",*D5+C*+%,5a"Y"LROR@RD""5,"LROR@R6"&"W"7"y"!!"Y#-*"y"MaSKo&"0"3("d%=4+5"R
OR$" 84)5+)*85" 358" 7%22+(6,*=+(CC58" 758" PV'!a" PV'@" 5," PV'E" 51+5=%8,+F8" (4U" D(8" (1=358:"
-58"*D85+B(,%*18"6*165+1(1,"358"-/["5,"3(")*+,3(17%,5"8*1,"51"(66*+7"(B56"653358"75"-?5Q+5TQ"
5,"(3:"
BPR1
BPR4
BPR5
<;;OA:bA;<
coups
3000
2500
2000
1500
5
10
2 Co ()
11
12
"
Figure V-A-3 : Diffractogrammes des BPR1, BPR4 et BPR5 aux bas angles
"
H(" d%=4+5" ROR@" 84)5+)*85" 358" 7%22+(6,*=+(CC58" 758" 6%1G" PV'" 7(18" 3(" +F=%*1"
6(+(6,F+%8,%G45"74"63%1b5+:"H9F6?(1,%33*1"75"PV'E"58,"7%22F+51,"758"@")+F6F751,8"0""
"
!IK"
358"+(%58")+%16%)(358"Y(wD&"8*1,"D5(46*4)")348"2%158a"5,"
39%1,518%,F"75"3("+(%5"%8*3F5"75"3("DF3%,5"YD&"W"$;a#o"("6*18%7F+(D35C51,"6?4,F:""
L3"Q"(4+(%,"7*16"D5(46*4)"C*%18"75"DF3%,5"7(18"35"PV'E:"H58"PV'@"5,"E"15"7%22^+51,"
Y2(%D35C51,&" G45" )(+" 3(" ,5154+" 51" 84)5+)3(8,%2%(1,a" #q" 7(18" 35" PV'E" 6*1,+5" !aKq" 7(18" 35"
PV'@:"Z1"6*18,(,5"G45"35"D+4%,"75"2*17"(4U"D(8"(1=358a"6(+(6,F+%8,%G45"758")*3QC^+58a"58,"41"
)54")348"2*+,"7(18"35"PV'E"Yd%=4+5"ROR@&:""
Fl>
2500
7Z#/
^9O;EF:GA;<
coups
3000
Fl>
3500
Fl>
BPR1
BPR2
BPR3
BPR4
BPR5
Fl@
4000
2000
>
1500
1000
500
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
2 Co ()
"
Figure V-A-4 : Diffractogrammes des cinq BPR dans la fentre 2Co = 33,5 41.
"
A*48"(B*18"F=(35C51,"(1(3Q8F"358"6%1G"7%22+(6,*=+(CC58")(+"3("CF,?*75"75"'%5,B537a""
5,"656%"7(18"35"D4,"75"B(3%75+"1*,+5"%751,%2%6(,%*1"75")?(858"5,"75"6*C)(+5+"358",5154+8"+53(,%B58"
758")?(858"6+%8,(33%158:"O"1*,+5"6*11(%88(165a"%3"195U%8,5"W"65"N*4+"G45",+^8")54"79(1(3Q858"75"
65",Q)5"())3%G4F58"(4U"PV':"<1"5225,a"658"F,4758"*1,",+^8"B%,5"F,F"3%C%,F58")(+"35"C(1G45"75"
6*11(%88(165" 8,+46,4+(35" 75" 39(3%,5" t\(18*4,+5u!MM;v:" <1" 1*48" ())4Q(1," W" )+F851," 84+" 358"
,+(B(4U")*8,F+%54+8"C51F8"84+"35")*3QC*+)?%8C5"75"39(3%,5a"%3"58,")*88%D35"75"C%54U"%751,%2%5+"
5,"C*7F3%85+"3("8,+46,4+5"75"39(3%,5"7(18"35"6%C51,"75"7F)(+,"Y"LLRPR!RD"5,"LLLROR!&a"5,"7*16"75"
,51,5+"75"1*4B5(4"%6%"758"(1(3Q858"'%5,B537"84+"358"PV':""
A*48"(B*18")+*6F7F"6*CC5"84%,")*4+"6?(641"758"6%1G"7%22+(6,*=+(CC58"75"PV':"H("
6*1,+%D4,%*1" 758" )?(858" (C*+)?58" Y24CF58" 75" 8%3%65" 5," -/[&" 89(N*4,5" (4" D+4%," 75" 2*17"
)4+5C51,"5U)F+%C51,(3:"H5"D+4%,"75"2*17"58,"C*7F3%8F")(+"415"2*16,%*1")*3Q1*C%(35a"6*CC5"
7(18" 35" 6(8" 74" 6%C51," (1?Q7+5:" V*4+" 358" )?(858" 6+%8,(33%158a" *1" (N*4,5" (4U" 85)," )?(858"
6+%8,(33%158"7FNW")+%858"51"6*C),5")*4+"39(1(3Q85"74"6%C51,"Y](D35(4"LLLROR@](D35(4"LLLROR@"0"
Structures cristallographiques des phases prsentes dans le ciment utilis&a"358"754U")?(858"
84))3FC51,(%+58" )+*)+58" (4U" PV'a" 358" )?(858" RG4(+,T" 5," 395,,+%1=%,5" Y+?*CD*F7+%G45a"
!IM"
Y](D35(4"LRORE&:"H58"(N48,5C51,8"7%B5+=51,"51"2*+c(1,"3(")+F85165"75"6(36%,5"5,"75"=Q)85a"65"
G4%" C*1,+5" G45" 358" 754U" )?(858" *1," 6*C)3^,5C51," 7%8)(+4:" ]*4,58" 358" (4,+58" )?(858"
6+%8,(33%158" 8*1," D%51" C*7F3%8F58a" 65" G4%" B(3%75" 1*,+5" %751,%2%6(,%*1" 75" )?(858a" 5," (4R753W" 3("
)*88%D%3%,F"79())3%G45+"39(1(3Q85"'%5,B537")*4+"3("6(+(6,F+%8(,%*1"758"PV':"H(",5154+"51"DF3%,5"
58,"W")54")+^8"3("CkC5"3*+8G49*1")(885"74"PV'!"(4"PV'@a")4%8"5335"7%C%145"2*+,5C51,"7(18"
35" PV'E:" H(" d%=4+5" RORE" %3348,+5" 39(N48,5C51," '%5,B537" 7(18" 35" 6(8" 74" PV'@:" X(18" 358"
F6?(1,%33*18"*e"*1"("84D8,%,4F"415"2+(6,%*1"75"3("24CF5"75"8%3%65")(+"74"G4(+,T"D+*QF"YPV'@R
E&a" *1" *D85+B5" 7*16" D%51" 415" 7%C%14,%*1" 75" 3(" ,5154+" 51" DF3%,5" G4(17" 35" 7*8(=5" 51"
84)5+)3(8,%2%(1,"7F)(885"!aK"q:""
coups
"
2Co (deg.)
"
"
Figure V-A-5 : Ajustement par la mthode de Rietveld du diffractogramme du BPR4. Les
contributions des diverses rflexions de Bragg sont de haut en bas : lalite M1, la blite
, le
C3A, le C4AF, portlandite, quartz et ettringite.
_Q#Q.! 79:@EPJA9:!
<1" 6*16348%*1a" 39(1(3Q85" )(+" X'i" C5," 51" FB%75165" G45" 3(" )>,5" 758" 6%1G" PV'" 58,"
6(+(6,F+%8F5")(+"0
!KS"
415"2*+,5",5154+"51"63%1b5+a"
3(")+F85165"75"754U"?Q7+(,58"6+%8,(33%18a"51"2(%D35"G4(1,%,F"0"395,,+%1=%,5a"2*+CF5")(+"
+F(6,%*1"74"-@Od"(B56"35"=Q)85"3*+8"75"39?Q7+(,(,%*1a"5,"3(")*+,3(17%,5:"
"
"
H5"PV'Ea"W"CkC5",5154+"51"24CF5"75"8%3%65"5,"G4(+,T"D+*QF"G45"35"PV'@a"C(%8"W")348"
2*+,5",5154+"51"84)5+)3(8,%2%(1,"Y#q"6*1,+5"!aKq&a"15"6*1,%51,")348"G45",+^8")54"75"DF3%,5:"
"
"
_Q$! 7FOF@;UOAJF;A9:!RA@O9J;OP@;POFE<!G<J!$D+!:9:!
<=;OPGUJ!\)&$]!
"
H58" 6%1G" F6?(1,%33*18" ,*48" >=F8" 75" )348" 75" ,+*%8" C*%8" *1," F,F" (1(3Q8F8" (4" \<P" 84+"
856,%*1" )*3%5a" 51" 84%B(1," +%=*4+5485C51," 35" )+*,*6*35" 7F6+%," (4" 6?()%,+5" #" Y" LLRPR#&:" -58"
(1(3Q858"*1,")(+2*%8"F,F"6*C)3F,F58")(+"758"*D85+B(,%*18"84+"2+(6,4+58:"A*48"7%864,*18"79(D*+7"
75" 3(" C%6+*8,+46,4+5" 758" PV'" 8(18" (N*4," 75" G4(+,T" D+*QF" YPV'!R$&a" 51" 3*6(3%8(1," 358" )?(858"
%751,%2%F58")(+"X'i:"V4%8a"1*48"7%864,5+*18"75"3("C%6+*8,+46,4+5"758"PV'"(B56"G4(+,T"D+*QF"
YPV'@"5,"E&:""
"
H58" 856,%*18" )*3%58" 358" )348" +F488%58" *1," F,F" *D,51458" )*4+" 358" PV'@" 5," PV'Ea" 1*48"
)5+C5,,(1," (3*+8" 75" 2(%+5" 758" %C(=58" 75" D*115" +F8*34,%*1" W" 39F6?5335" 1(1*CF,+%G45:" -958,"
)*4+G4*%" 1*48" )+F851,5+*18" 3(" C%6+*8,+46,4+5" 758" -/[" 7(18" 3(" )(+,%5" 6*18(6+F5" W" 658" 754U"
F6?(1,%33*18"Y"RPR#R6"&:"
"
Z1" +())5335" G45" 35" 6*1,+(8,5" 758" %C(=58" 51" F356,+*18" 856*17(%+58" )+*B%51," 7941"
6*1,+(8,5",*)*=+()?%G45a",(17%8"G45"35"6*1,+(8,5"758"%C(=58"51"F356,+*18"+F,+*7%2248F8")+*B%51,"
7941"6*1,+(8,5"6?%C%G45:""
"
_Q$Q4! $D+!JF:J!F?9P;!G<!YPFO;e!>O9WU!
H(" d%=4+5" RPR!" C*1,+5" 84+" 35" 6(8" 74" PV'!" 754U" C%6+*=+()?%58" 51" F356,+*18"
856*17(%+58a" +5)+F851,(,%B58" 74" C(,F+%(4" W" 2(%D35" =+*88%885C51,:" H58" %C(=58" C*1,+51," 358"
=+(%18" 75" 8(D35a" =F1F+(35C51," 75" 2*+C5" (1=43(%+5" 5," )(+2*%8" (++*17%5a" D%51" 7%8)5+8F8" 7(18" 3("
!K!"
)>,5:"H5"PV'!"58,"6534%"G4%"6*1,%51,"35")348"75"D43358"79(%+"74"2(%,"75"8(")348"2(%D35",5154+"51"
84)5+)3(8,%2%(1,"YSaEq&:""
"
\F] G X 35
\>] G X 100
Figure V-B-1 : Micrographies (lectrons secondaires) faible grossissement du BPR1

(section polie) grains de sable, pte et bulles dair
"
H(""d%=4+5"RPR#"("58,"651,+F5"84+"415"T*15"75")>,5"74"PV'!"(4"D*+7"7941"=+(%1"75"
8(D35:"H9%C(=5"58,"%6%"*D,5145"51"F356,+*18"+F,+*7%2248F8"Y6*1,+(8,5"6?%C%G45&:"H58"=+(%18"75"
8(D35"())(+(%8851,"51"=+%8"8*CD+5a"3("24CF5"75"8%3%65"Yd/&"51"=+%8"C*Q51a"5,"35"63%1b5+"+F8%7453"
Y(1?Q7+5&"51"6*1,+(8,5")348"D+%33(1,:"H(")>,5"58,",+^8"75185:"<335"6*1,%51,"D5(46*4)"75"63%1b5+"
5," 75" 24CF58" 75" 8%3%65" D%51" 7%8)5+8F8" )(+" 395225," 74" )*3Q6(+D*UQ3(,5:" Z1" 19*D85+B5" )(8" 75"
6+%8,(4U"75"=Q)85a"51"(66*+7"(B56"358"6*16348%*18")+F6F751,58"75"X'i:""
"
O" 3(" 84%,5" 74" D+*Q(=5" 74" 6%C51," %1%,%(3a" 358" =+(%18" 75" 63%1b5+" +58,51," 8*%," 8*48" 354+" 2*+C5"
)*3QC%1F+(3%G45"8*%,"85"7F6*C)*851,"Y)(+"2+(6,4+5"(4"1%B5(4"758"N*%1,8"75"=+(%1&"51"=+(%18"C*1*)?(8F8"
79(3%,5a" DF3%,5" 5," 79(34C%1(,5" t/6+%B515+u#SS@v:" H58" d%=4+5" RPR#" (" 5," D" C5,,51," 51" FB%75165" 41"
CF3(1=5"75"=+(%18")*3QC%1F+(3%G458"5,"75"=+(%18"C*1*)?(8F8"79(3%,5"*4"DF3%,5:"H58"=+(%18"79(3%,5"8*1,"
D%51"+56*11(%88(D358")(+"354+"2(6%^8")34,,")*3Q=*1(3"Y#SR@S"{C&a"358"=+(%18"75"DF3%,5")(+"354+"2*+C5"
(++*17%5"Y!SR#S"{C&"5,"3(")?(85"79(34C%1(,58"Y%6%"58851,%5335C51,"-@Od&"(B56"41"(==3*CF+(,"75"2%18"
6+%8,(4U" 75" G453G458" C%6+*18:" H(" ,(%335" 758" 6+%8,(4U" 79(3%,5" 58," %6%" ,Q)%G45" 758" (3%,58" 75" 2*+C5"
)*3QC*+)?%G45"\!a"6*12*+CFC51,"W"3("2*+,5",5154+"51"/Z$"74"63%1b5+"5,"W"39(1(3Q85")(+"X'i"Y"LLLR
O&a"75")348"=+(1758",(%3358"G45"358"6+%8,(4U"\$"t\(b%u!MK#v:""
"
d%=4+5" RPR#" D" 58," 651,+F5" 84+" 41" =+(%1" )*3QC%1F+(3%G45a" (B56" 41" =+(%1" 79(3%,5a" 41"
=+(%1"75"DF3%,5"5,"3(")?(85"%1,5+8,%,%5335"74"63%1b5+a"%6%",+^8"+%6?5"51"-@Od:"H58"6*1,+(8,58"758"
754U" 8%3%6(,58" 8*1," (885T" )+*6?58"g" 51" +5B(16?5" 39(34C%1(,5" -@Oda" +%6?5" 51" 25+a" +588*+," 51"
6*1,+(8,5")348"D+%33(1,:""
"
!K#"
\F] G X 1300
BPR1
\>] G X 2000
BPR1
Figure V-B-2 : Micrographies (lectrons rtrodiffuss) de la pte de BPR1 (section polie) :

(a) sable et pte. On voit dans la pte un grain de clinker rsiduel (silicate+C4AF), des grains
de silicate en gris clair, des fumes de silice (FS) en gris moyen et les CSH en gris sombre;
(b) grain polyminralique contenant un grain dalite, un grain de blite et laluminate C4AF.
"
H(" d%=4+5" RPR$" %3348,+5" 39(8)56," ,Q)%G45" 75" 3(" )>,5" 758" PV'!R$" B45" 51" 2+(6,4+5:" H("
d%=4+5" RPR$" (" )*%1,5" 84+" 41" 6+%8,(3" 79(3%,5" \!" ,+^8" )54" ?Q7+(,F:" H58" 6+%8,(4U" 79(3%,5" *1,"
8*4B51,"3(")(+,%643(+%,F"79(B*%+"65,,5"84+2(65",Q)%G45"51"m"C(+6?58"79586(3%5+"na"6*18FG45165"
74"D+*Q(=5"75"39(3%,5"C*1*63%1%G45"t\(b(+u#SSKv:""
V(+" (%3354+8a" *1" +5,+*4B5" 75" 2(c*1" )348" )*16,45335" G453G458" 6+%8,(4U" 75" C%6+*63%15"
Yd%=4+5"RPR$"D&a")?(85"%751,%2%F5")(+"X'i"3*+8"75"39(1(3Q85"74"8(D35"Y"LLLROR#R6"&:"Z1"358"
7%8,%1=45"758"6+%8,(4U"79(3%,5")(+"354+"2*+C5"8*4B51,",+^8"(33*1=F5"5,"354+"84+2(65",+^8"3%885:"
"
\F] G X 4500
\>]!G X 10000
Figure V-B-3 : Micrographie (lectrons secondaires) dune pte de BPR3 ge de 2 mois

(fracture) : (a) grain dalite M1 et fumes de silice (FS) trs peu hydrats ; (b) grain de
microcline
"
!K$"
"
H58"24CF58"75"8%3%65"+58,51,")(+2(%,5C51,"(++*17%58"Y"LLLROR#R("&a"65"G4%"C*1,+5"G45"
358"24CF58"75"8%3%65"8*1,"?Q7+(,F58"85435C51,"51"84+2(65"Yd%=4+5"RPR#"5,"d%=4+5"RPR@&:"-53("
%17%G45" G49%3" 19Q" (" )(8" *4" ,+^8" )54" 75" +F(6,%*1" )*4TT*3(1%G45" 7(18" 1*8" F6?(1,%33*18:" H("
+F(6,%*1" )*4TT*3(1%G45" 58," 6*1145" )*4+" k,+5" (885T" ,(+7%B5" 7(18" 358" PV'" tO%,6%1u#SS!va"
6*1,+(%+5C51,"W"3("+F(6,%*1"+()%75"5,"%C)*+,(1,5"758"1(1*8%3%658"%1,+*74%,58"75+1%^+5C51,"7(18"
75"1*4B5(4U"DF,*18"tO%4u#SS;va"t5u#SSIv:"
"
\F] G X 5000
\>]!G X 45000
Figure V-B-4 0" Micrographies (lectrons secondaires) dune pte de BPR3 ge de 2 mois
(fracture) : Fumes de silice peu hydrates
"
"
H58" 6+%8,(4U" 795,,+%1=%,5" *1," )*16,45335C51," F,F" *D85+BF8" 8*48" 3(" 2*+C5" 75" )5,%,58"
(%=4%3358:"H58"6+%8,(4U"75")*+,3(17%,5"*1,"F,F"7%22%6%358"W"3*6(3%85+a"65"G4%"3(%885"84))*85+"G49%38"
8*1,"75")5,%,5",(%335"7(18"1*8"F6?(1,%33*18:""
"
_Q$QS! $D+!Fd<@!F?9P;!G<!YPFO;e!>O9WU!
"
X(18"3("84%,5a"1*48"1*48"6*1651,+*18"84+"358"F6?(1,%33*18"75"PV'@"5,"PV'E"6*1,51(1,"
74"G4(+,T"D+*QFa"%751,%2%F8"6*CC5"358"C5%3354+8")*4+"395U,+48%*1:"H58"F6?(1,%33*18"75"PV'@"5,"
PV'E" 85" 8*1," 7FNW" 6*C)*+,F8" ,+^8" 7%22F+5CC51," 8*48" 35" 2(%865(4" 79F356,+*18:" X(18"
39F6?(1,%33*1" 75" PV'Ea" 358" 5225,8" 75" 6?(+=5" F,(%51," ,538" (4" 1%B5(4" 758" =+(%18" 75" 8(D35" G49%3"
19F,(%," )(8" )*88%D35" 79*D85+B5+" 39F6?(1,%33*1:" A*48" (B*18" 7h" CF,(33%85+" 415" 1*4B5335" 2*%8"
39F6?(1,%33*1:""
"
!K@"
_Q$QSQF!!
"
S-S-4-!%9@FEAJF;A9:!GP!YPFO;e!>O9WU!
A*48"(B*18"(3*+8"6*18,(,F"G45"3("+F)(+,%,%*1"74"G4(+,T"D+*QF"58,",+^8"7%22F+51,5"7(18"358"
754U"F6?(1,%33*18:"X(18"35"PV'@a"35"G4(+,T"D+*QF"85"+F)(+,%,"75"2(c*1"(885T"?*C*=^15"7(18"
,*4,5" 3(" )>,5" 75" PV'"Yd%=4+5" RPR@" (RD&g" 51" +5B(16?5" 7(18" 35" PV'Ea" 35" G4(+,T" D+*QF"
89(66+*6?5"8*4B51,"(4U"=+(%18"75"8(D35a"7*11(1,"3%54"W"415"+F)(+,%,%*1")348"?F,F+*=^15"Yd%=4+5"
RPR@"6R7&:"H5"G4(+,"D+*QF"())(+(p,"51"6*1,+(8,5"D+%33(1,"84+"358"C%6+*=+()?%58:""
"
H58" )*%1,F8" 79(1(3Q858" <X/" +FB^351," 8Q8,FC(,%G45C51," 415" 2*+,5" ,5154+" 51" A(" YA(wa"
6*1,+5R%*1" 74" )*3Q6(+D*UQ3(,5&" (4" 1%B5(4" 74" G4(+,T" D+*QF" 5," 74" 8(D35:" H(" 2*+,5" ,5154+" 51"
84)5+)3(8,%2%(1," 7(18" 35" PV'E" C*7%2%5" 65+,(%15C51," 358" 2*+658" F356,+*8,(,%G458" 51" N54" W"
39*+%=%15"74"2*+,"5225,"75"6?(+=5"*D85+BF"tV3(,53u#SSEv:"
"
\F]!G X 30
BPR4!
\>]!G X 100!!!!!BPR4!
\@]!G X 35
BPR5!
\G]!G X 100!!!!!BPR5!
Figure V-B-5 : Micrographies (lectrons secondaires) des BPR4 et BPR5 (sections polies) :
(a-b) BPR4 : quartz broy rparti de faon homogne, (c-d) BPR5 : quartz broy accroch
aux grains de sable
"
"
!KE"
"
_Q$QSQ>!!
"
S-S-S-!"<:<PO!<:!>UEA;<!
X(18"39F6?(1,%33*1"75"PV'Ea"%3"58,",+^8"7%22%6%35"75",+*4B5+"358"=+(%18"75"DF3%,5a"65"G4%"
6*12%+C5" 3(" 2*+,5" 7%C%14,%*1" 75" ,5154+" 51" DF3%,5" C%85" 51" FB%75165" )+F6F75CC51," )(+" X'i:"
X(18"35"PV'Ea"*1",+*4B5"758"=+(%18")*3QC%1F+(3%G458"6*18,%,4F8"58851,%5335C51,"79(3%,5"5,"75"
-@Od"5,"758"=+(%18"C*1*)?(8F8"79(3%,5"Yd%=4+5"RPR;"D&a"6*1,+(%+5C51,"(4"PV'@"7(18"35G453"
*1",+*4B5"516*+5"75"3("DF3%,5"6*CC5"7(18"358",+*%8")+5C%5+8"PV'"Yd%=4+5"RPR;"(&:""
"
\F]!G X 2200
BPR4!
\>]!G X 1500!!!!!BPR5!
Figure V-B-6 : Micrographies (lectrons rtrodiffuss) des BPR4 et BPR5 (sections polies) :
(a) BPR4 : clinker rsiduel contenant encore de la blite, (b) BPR5 : clinker rsiduel ne
contenant plus beaucoup de blite
"
"
_Q$QSQ@!!
"
S-S-.-!)A@O9J;OP@;PO<!G<J!7(M!
H(" d%=4+5" RPRI" %3348,+5" 3(" C%6+*8,+46,4+5" 758" -/[" 7(18" 358" PV'@" 5," PV'Ea" 51"
F356,+*18" 856*17(%+58" Y(&" 5," 51" F356,+*18" +F,+*7%2248F8" YD&:" A*48" (B*18" +F(3%8F" 758" 8F+%58" 75"
)*%1,F8"<X/"(2%1"7958,%C5+"358"+())*+,8"-./"758"-/[:"X(18"358"6%C51,8a"35"B*34C5"75"3(")*%+5"
79%1,5+(6,%*1"58,",Q)%G45C51,"75"39*+7+5"75"!"W"#"{$:"L3"2(4,"7*16"k,+5")+4751,"84+"358"(1(3Q858"
758"*DN5,8"75")5,%,5",(%335a"5,"7*16"51")(+,%643%5+"84+"358"-/["1(1*CF,+%G458:"/*48"6*1,+35"75"
65,,5"+F85+B5a"358"+())*+,8"-./"B(+%51,"%6%"51,+5"Sa@"5,"!a!:""
"
!K;"
\F]!G X 100 000!
\>]!G X 100 000!
Figure V-B-7 : Micrographies sur BPR4 des CSH (a) lectrons secondaires (contraste
topographique) (b) lectrons rtrodiffuss (contraste chimique)
"
"
_Q$Q.! 'AJ@PJJA9:!
"
L3" 58," %1,F+588(1," 75" 6+*%85+" 658" *D85+B(,%*18" C%6+*8,+46,4+(358" (B56" 358" C*74358"
79*41=" 5," +F8%8,(1658" CF6(1%G458" ,+*4BF8" 84+" 658" CkC58" PV'" Y6?()" L&:" H58" )>,58" 758"
PV'!RPV'$"*1,"41"C*7435"79*41="7FNW"(885T"F35BF"YE@"W";S"SSS"\V(&"74"2(%,"75"3("2*+,5"
,5154+" 51" =+(%18" (1?Q7+58" Y8%3%6(,58" 5," (34C%1(,58&" W" 2*+," C*7435" 79*41=" Y<-$/" y" !!I"SSS"
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Figure V-B-8 : Micrographie (lectrons secondaires) dune pte de BPR2 (section polie) :
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Figure V-C-1 0"Diffractogrammes des BPR4 et BPR5, extruds et non extruds
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#S@"
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#SE"
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#S;"
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"
#!$"

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UNIVERSIT DEVRY-VAL DESSONNE

Caractrisation de la microstructure et comportement

HDR, L.C.P.C. Paris

Directeur de thse : M. Loc AUVRAY, Professeur, Universit dEvry

Un grand nombre de personnes se sont trouves impliques dans ce travail et

Mes remerciements sadressent aussi Mme Marie Claude Clochard (responsable

I-A-5-d" Leau de ressuage ......................................................................................................... 44"

+<;OFA; --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CX"

**Q$" 7FOF@;UOAJF;A9:!J;OP@;POFE<!<;!RA@O9J;OP@;POFE< ------------------------------------------------------------------- XZ"

II-B-1-b" Appareillage et traitement de donnes.......................................................................... 85"

.-!)<JPO<J!JPO!>U;9:!BOFAJ![!@HFE<POJ!GVHWGOF;F;A9:!\@FE9OARU;OA<] ------------------------------------ XK"

**Q'" Z-!+<;OFA;J --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- XX"

79:@EPJA9: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42T"

Figure II-B-1 : Diffractomtre de poudres ( / ) .....................................................................85

Figure IV-A-1 : Schma dune extrudeuse vis...................................................................127

)+%16%)(358"(B(16F58",56?1%G458"G4%" *1," )+F8%7F" W" 3(" 6*165),%*1"5,"(4"7FB53*))5C51,"75"658"

Figure I-A-1 : Fabrication du ciment

Tableau I-A-1 : Les quatre phases principales du ciment

Figure I-A-2: Photo au microscope optique en lumire polarise

C $S Y$  x y & H #O  CxSHy Y$  x&CH "

CaSO @a # H #O  Ca # SO@# # H #O "

X9(4,+58" +F(6,%*18" 6?%C%G458" %1,5+B%51151," (3*+8a" )+*74%8(1," 41" )+5C%5+" )+*74%,"

$C @ AF ;S H  # C @ Y A a F & H !M # C # Y A a F & H K @ Y F a A & H $

Figure I-A-3 : Hydratation du ciment, volution temporelle"

Figure I-A-4 0"Hydratation du ciment, topologie [Locher_1976]"

d%=4+5"LRORE"0" Action dun adjuvant retardateur de prise [Cours Master Matriaux

(a) Plaquette de portlandite daprs

(b) Aiguilles dettringite enchevtres

(d) CSH et aiguilles dettringite (aluminate)

Figure I-A-6 : Imagerie en microscopie lectronique balayage de diverses espces

Les pores capillaires :"%3"89(=%,"758"58)(658"%1,5+"=+(143(%+58"%1%,%(35C51,"*664)F8")(+"

Les pores des hydrates ou pores du gel : 65,,5")*+*8%,F"58,"%1,+%18^G45"(4U"?Q7+(,58"

Figure I-A-7 : Distribution bimodale"[Verbeck_1968]

Figure I-A-8"0"Porosit aux diverses chelles [Metha_1986]

%& Rapport C/S : influence de la teneur du cru dans lusine

%%& Rapport E/C : influence du dosage en eau lors du gchage

Figure I-A-9 :"Influence du dosage en eau

(b) : avec apport deau externe

3 formes tricliniques : T1, T2, T3

D"Y&" 6"Y&" 

Tableau I-A-5 : Structure cristallographique et polymorphisme des produits dhydratation.

H9(4,*7588%6(,%*1a" G4%" 58," 415" 6*18FG45165" )?Q8%G45" 7%+56,5" 758" CF6(1%8C58"

Figure I-A-11 : Volumes apparent et absolu [Garcia- Boivin_1999]

%%& Consquences de la contraction Le Chatelier

%& Retrait dautodessiccation

Figure I-A-13 : Diffrence entre le retrait chimique et le retrait endogne (Inspire de

%& Influence du rapport E/C

%%& Influence de la fume de silice et des adjuvants

(a) variation de z = 1/(1+x+y)

(b) valeurs de z rapportes celles dun bton

Tableau I-B-1 : Loi de Fret : effet des paramtres E/C et V/C

_15"+F746,%*1"75"3(",5154+"51"5(4"YE/C < 50%&:"

H("+F8%8,(165"51"6*C)+588%*1"B(+%5"51,+5" 40 MPa et 70 MPaa"65"G4%"58,"6*C)(+(D35"W"

Contraintes induites par

25-40 000 MPa

Figure I-B-4 : Contraintes et htrognit du matriau

Tableau I-E-1"0"Caractristiques mcaniques des BPR 200 et BPR 800 [Richard_1995v"

Tableau I-E-2"0"Caractristiques mcaniques en compression uniaxiale du BPR [Dugat_1996]

Figure I-E-2 : Courbe contrainte dformation du BPR200 en compression [Dugat_1996]

Figure I-E-3 : Courbe contrainte dformation du BPR800 en compression [Dugat_1996]

Tableau I-E-3 : Rsistances maximales en compression en fonction du traitement et du dosage en

Figure I-E-5 :"L12345165"74"7*8(=5"51"24CF5"75"8%3%65"84+"3("+F8%8,(165"51"

Figure I-E-6 : Comportement du BPR en traction directe [Adeline_1999]

)+%16%)(358"(B(16F58",56?1%G458"G4%" 1," )+F8%7F" W" 3(" 6165),%1"5,"(4"7FB53))5C51,"75"658"

C $S Y$ x y & H #O CxSHy Y$ x&CH "

CaSO @a # H #O Ca # SO@# # H #O "

X9(4,+58" +F(6,%18" 6?%C%G458" %1,5+B%51151," (3+8a" )+74%8(1," 41" )+5C%5+" )+74%,"

$C @ AF ;S H # C @ Y A a F & H !M # C # Y A a F & H K @ Y F a A & H $

Les pores des hydrates ou pores du gel : 65,,5")+8%,F"58,"%1,+%18^G45"(4U"?Q7+(,58"

D"Y&" 6"Y&"

H9(4,7588%6(,%1a" G4%" 58," 415" 6*18FG45165" )?Q8%G45" 7%+56,5" 758" CF6(1%8C58"

H("+F8%8,(165"51"6C)+588%1"B(+%5"51,+5" 40 MPa et 70 MPaa"65"G4%"58,"6*C)(+(D35"W"

Figure II-B-1"0"Diffractomtre de poudres (/)"

dV Yt & M w Yt S& M w Yt &