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For a 3-phase non-linear circuit having known design current Ib or fundamental current I1 and total harmonic
distortion THD, the apparent power transmitted along the circuit conductors in VA is:
where
From definition:
Therefore,
(Remember! Only fundamental current carry active power, all current of other harmonic order, do not carry active
power)
where
UL = Supply line voltage at 380V
Il = Fundamental phase current of the circuit in ampere
cos = Displacement power factor of the circuit
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Percentage copper loss with respect to the total active power transmitted,
Using the same work example above, if the feeder circuit is designed for VSD drive instead of the conventional
star/delta starter, the new feeder circuit have to be re-designed as follows. Now it is given that that THD at full-load
and full-speed condition is 80% (This THD value is bit on the high high, but just for demonstration) and harmonic
components are mainly 5th and 7th order. The re-redesign is as shown below:
Fundamental current of 40kW motor circuit, still,
I1 = 40kW/[(3)x380x0.8X0.85] = 89.37 A
Design current,
HRC fuse rating selected, In = 160 A as protective devices
Correction factors Cg = 0.81 Ca = 0.94
Minimum current-carrying capacity, It(min.) = 160 A / (0.94 * 0.81) = 210 A
From table 4D4A (BS7671), It = 251 A for 95mm2 4/c PVC/SWA/PVC cable
From table 4D4B(BS7671),
Voltage drop = 0.43 mV/A/m x 126A x 80 m = 4.33V (1.1% of 380V < the required 2.5%)
Effective current-carrying capacity, Iz =251 x 0.94 x 0.81 = 191A
Resistance per unit length of conductor (Table A), r = 0.235 m/m, IN=0
% cable loss = (3 x 1262 x 0.000235 x 80) / (40000/0.8) = 1.8% (< the required 2.5%)
Now the minimum cable size required for the new feeder circuit is 95mm2, (more than double of original
sinusoidal current case), but now has much smaller voltage drop and power loss.
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resistance based on the maximum copper loss requirement as stipulated in the Wiring Code.
For a 3-phase 4-wire circuit (assuming balanced, linear or non-linear):
Active power transmitted via the circuit conductors,
Total copper losses in conductors, Pcopper = (3 x Ib2 + IN2) x r x L
where
UL = Line to line voltage, 380V
Ib = Design current of the circuit in ampere
I1 = Fundamental current of the circuit in ampere
IN = Neutral current of the circuit in ampere
cos = Displacement power factor of the circuit
r = a.c. resistance / conductor / metre at the conductor operating temperature
L = Length of the cable in metre
Percentage copper loss with respect to the total active power transmitted,
% copper loss =
Therefore, max.
Table A and B (at the end of this set of notes) provide a quick initial assessment of cable size required for the
common cable types and installation methods used in Hong Kong.
The tabulated current rating of the selected cable could then be corrected by applying the correction factors
accordingly. The effective-current carrying capacity of the selected cable must be checked so that its value is larger
than or equal to the nominal rating of the circuit protective device.
A work example on sub-main cable sizing under different loading characteristics is given below:
A 3-phase sub-main circuit having a design fundamental current of 100A is to be wired with 4/C PVC/SWA/PVC
cable on a dedicated cable tray. Assuming an ambient temperature of 30oC and a circuit length of 40m, calculate
an appropriate cable size at the following conditions:
(a) Undistorted balanced condition using conventional method (cos = 0.85);
(b) Undistorted balanced condition with a maximum copper loss of 1.5% (cos = 0.85);
(c) Distorted balanced condition with I3=33A & I5=20A and a maximum copper loss of 1.5% (cos = 0.85);
(d) Circuit lo feed VSD loads with harmonic current I5=70A, I7=50A & I11=15A and a maximum copper loss of
1.5% (cos =1), and
(e) Circuit to feed 3 VSD loads as in (d).
(Assume the standard ratings of the protective devices are: 16A, 32A, 63A, 100A, 125A, 160A, 200A, 250A, 315A,
400A, 630A, 710A)
Case ( a): Undistorted balanced condition using conventional method:
E. LO, File Name: \\PolyU\BEng\EE4291\303343087.doc
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Ib= 100A
Assume the correction factors Ca, Cp, Cg & Ci are all unity.
x 0.98 x 40m
max. r (m/m)
From Table A 35 mm2 4/C PVC/SWA/PVC cable having a conductor resistance of 0.625 m/m is required.
Refer to BS7671:1992, The Requirements for Electrical Installations,
Table 4D4A 35mm2 4/C PVC/SWA/PVC cable It=135A
Conductor operating temperature tl = 30 + 1002 / 1352 x (70-30) = 52oC
Ratio of conductor resistance at 52oC to 70oC = (273+52) / (273+70) = 0.95
From table 4D4B Voltage drop= 1.1mV/A/m x 0.95 x 100A x 40m = 4.18V(1.1%)
From Table A, Total copper losses in conductors = 3 x1002 A2 x 0.625 m/m x 0.95 x 40m = 713W(1.27%)
Cable size of 35mm2 selected is acceptable for both safety and energy requirements, i.e power loss < 1.5%,
E. LO, File Name: \\PolyU\BEng\EE4291\303343087.doc
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In= 160A
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From Table A, 240mm2 4/C PVC/SWA/PVC cable having a conductor resistance per unit length of 0.095 m/m is
required.
Refer to BS7671:1992 The requirements For Electrical Installations.
Table 4D4A, 240mm2 4/C PVC/SWA/PVC cable It = 445A
Table 4D4B, r = 0.165 mV/A/m; x = 0.130 mV/A/m and z = 0.21 mV/A/m
Conductor operating temperature
Ratio of conductor resistance at 62oC to 70oC = (273+65)/(273+70) ~=0.973
Voltage drop
Active power drawn =
Total copper losses in conductors (assuming skin & proximity effects are negligible)
= 3 x 3982A2 x 0.000095mV/A/m x 0.973 x 52m
= 2284W (1.16%<1.5%)
A cable size of 240 mm2 is selected for compliance with both safety and energy efficiency requirements under
this condition.
Table A & B in the following pages are given to provide guidance for preliminary selection of appropriate cable
size for main, feeder, sub-main and final circuits based on the maximum allowable resistance value for a certain
percentage copper loss.
TABLE A
Multicore Armoured and Non-armoured Cables (Copper Conductor)
Conductor Resistance at 50 Hz Single-phase or Three-phase a.c.
(Based on BS7671:1992 The Regulations for Electrical Installations, Table 4D2B, 4D4B, 4E2B & 4E4B)
Conductor cross-sectional
area (mm2)
Conductor resistance for PVC and XLPE cable in milliohm per metre
(m/m)
PVC cable at max. conductor
operating temperature of 70oC
1.5
14.5
15.5
2.5
9.5
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5.5
3.65
3.95
10
2.2
2.35
16
1.4
1.45
25
0.875
0.925
35
0.625
0.675
50
0.465
0.495
70
0.315
0.335
95
0.235
0.25
120
0.19
0.2
150
0.15
0.16
185
0.125
0.13
240
0.095
0.1
300
0.0775
0.08
400
0.0575
0.065
TABLE B
Single-core PVC/XLPE Non-armoured Cables, with or without sheath (Copper Conductor)
Conductor Resistance at 50 Hz Single-phase or Three-phase a.c.
(Based on BS7671:1992, Table 4DIB & 4EIB)
Conductor resistance for PVC and XLPE cable in milliohm per metre (m/m)
Conductor crosssectional area
(mm2)
PVC cable at max. conductor operating XLPE cable at max. conductor operating
temperature of 70oC
temperature of 90oC
Enclosed in
conduit/trunking
Clipped direct or
on tray, touching
Enclosed in
conduit/trunking
Clipped direct or
on tray, touching
1.5
14.5
14.5
15.5
15.5
2.5
9.5
9.5
5.5
5.5
3.65
3.65
3.95
3.95
10
2.2
2.2
2.35
2.35
16
1.4
1.4
1.45
1.45
25
0.9
0.875
0.925
0.925
35
0.65
0.625
0.675
0.675
50
0.475
0.465
0.5
0.495
70
0.325
0.315
0.35
0.34
92
0.245
0.235
0.255
0.245
120
0.195
0.185
0.205
0.195
150
0.155
0.15
0.165
0.16
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185
0.125
0.12
0.135
0.13
240
0.0975
0.0925
0.105
0.1
300
0.08
0.075
0.0875
0.08
400
0.065
0.06
0.07
0.065
500
0.055
0.049
0.06
0.0525
630
0.047
0.0405
0.05
0.043
800
0.034
0.036
1000
0.0295
0.0315
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