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Specific energy:
5100 Wh/kg
Hydrogen content:
higher than liquid
hydrogen
Hydrogen content
exceeds DOE targets
liquid below 0.9 MPa
hydrogen can be
easily extracted
mildly toxic
Em
E/m V
RT / p
Ev
E /V
m
Mm
The more frequent compressed gas pressure is 20 MPa, and this is considered in the table
reported in the next page.
(*) The more common value of 22,42 L per mole refers to a temperature of 0C
Em
E/m V
RT / p
R 8,314 JK -1mol -1
p 20 MPa T 298 K
DHg(kJ/mol)
(*)
Mm
(g/mol)
LHV
(kJ/g)
LHV
(Wh/kg)
Ev/Em
(g/L)
Volumic LHV
(Wh/L)
Methane (CH4)
802,0
16,04
50,00
13900
129,5
1800
Hydrogen (H2)
242,0
2,016
120,0
33340
16,27
542
(*) Oxidation enthalpy. For hydrogen the value is the water formation enthalpy; for methane, see example developed
in the Elements of Thermodynamics and Chemical kinetics presentation.
nRT
dV
p1
p1
V
V
p
nRT ln 2 nRT ln 2
V1
p1
p2
L pdV
p2
L=8,314*298*ln2=1717 J/mol;
DH(H2,g)=242kJ/mol =>L/DH=0,0071
In case of ideal gas isotherm process
every pressure doubling implies a work onto
the gas of 0,7% of the hydrogen energy contents
Starting from atmospheric pressure, to reach 51,2 MPa
9 doublings are needed, therefore a work of 6,5% of
the final tank energy is to be transferred to the fluid.
Normally the gas compression energy is not exploited,
and therefore this energy is a net loss.
pV znRT
Measures
FC
System
H2 tank
heat
exchang.
Measures
ON/OFF
Measures
heat
exchang.
ON/OFF
sea
water
MH
massic energy
Volumic energy
CH
+
Life
cost
LaNi5Hx
xmax=6,5=>
max=3,2% (in practice <2%)
also: in negative-pin NiMH batt.s
The host metal initially dissolves some hydrogen as a solid solution (a-phase).
As the hydrogen pressure together with the concentration of H in the metal is increased,
interactions between hydrogen atoms become locally important, and we start to see
nucleation and growth of the hydride (b) phase.
While the two phases coexist, the isotherms show a flat plateau, the length of which
determines how much H2 can be stored reversibly with small pressure variations. In the
pure b -phase, the H2 pressure rises steeply with the concentration. The two-phase
region ends in a critical point TC, above which the transition from a- to b-phase is
continuous.
mass (%)
reservoir
(Wh/kg)
fuel
(Wh/L)
Compressed H2 (20-30MPa)
33300
1,5-3 (*)
500-1000 (*)
500-700
33300
2,83
950
700 ()
Liquid H2
33300
10
3300
2400
33300
1,04,8
330-1300
1000-2000
13000 (+)
15
1950
1800-2000
Methanol
5500
90
5000
4500
Petrol
12400
90
11200
9300
32
100
32
150
160
(cell)
100
130
(system)
350
Petrol
Methanol
Liquid H2
CH4 @ 20 MPa
Metal hydrides
H2 @ 30 MPa
32 Wh/kg
Pb Battery
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000