MARKETING REVIEWER:

1.means the money value of the product or service expressed in terms of peso and or centavos
2.Is also the amount of money needed in order to acquire a product or service and its accompanying
services
3.Sets a specific level of profit as an objective.this amount is often stated as percentage of sales or
investment
4.Seeks to get as much profit as possible. Some managers believe that this objective can be achieved by
charging higher prices.
5.Seek higher level of sales volume, peso sales or market share without primary reference to profit. This
concern can only be possible if cost materials are not increasing
6.This objective is adopted by managers who are satisfied with their present profits under market share.
Non price competition company
7.Involves setting a higher price from what the market expects. This can be possible, since the buyers
associate higher prices with better quality goods
8.Involves setting a low initial price for the product or service. Product is priced at minimum that will
generate profit. Target the mass market immediately
9.Can position its brand in terms of quality and price by deciding to use premium pricing strategy,economy
pricing strategy,good value or over charging strategy.
10.Is the use of a high price for high quality product
11.Is charging a low price for lower quality product
12.Is charging a low price for high quality product
13.Is overpricing price of the product in relation to quality
14.Determining the price levels between product varieties in a line based on cost differences,product
features, and competitors prices
15.The marketer quotes the base price for the product and offer accesory products at optional prices
16.Marketers commonly set a low price for main products like a camera or razor and a high price for the
accessory product like the film or blade or service of processing and developing
17.This decision requires manufacturers to seek a market for its by-products and should accept any price
that covers more than the cost of storing and developing them
18.This combines several product and offers the bundle or total package at a reduced price. This strategy
can promote sales of products which consumer may need or are slow-moving items, but the package price
must be low enough to get them buy the bundle.
19.In store retailers, where goods are sold to customers at the same price. This gives advantage such as
building customer confidence in the store, it saves time,and can be used for self-service stores
20.Price paid by the customer at a given time for a certain item is determined by the buyers bargaining
power. This gives the seller flexibility in dealing with customers like by lowering prices to some buyers.
This may help increase store traffic.
21.Prices are set at odd amounts such as P19,95;P99.95
22.When seller quotes the price at FOB factory(free on board), the buyer is responsible for paying the cost
of transportation. Title to the products and risks are transferred to the products and risks are transferred to
the buyer at the time of loading the goods of the shippers dock or carriers place
23.The seller charges the same amount for similar products of the same quantity and quality irrespective of
the distance or nearness of the buyers business
24.This is geographic pricing policy where the seller is pricing FOB at the buyers location. Seller quotes a
price which includes delivery cost regardless of the buyers location
25.This geographic pricing policy is synonymous with pricing of parcel post services, long distance
telephone service. Must be carefully drawn to avoid discrimination among buyers. All customers pay the
same delivered price.
26.Internal elements affecting pricing decision
27. Marketing objectives
28.Is estimating demand and costs at different prices and choosing the price that will provide maximum
profit.
29.Is setting the lowest price at the highest long run profit
30.Charges a high price to cover higher performance quality and service.
31. Faced with heavy competition considers survival as a goal and sets a low price, hoping to increase
demand. They consider profits to be less important , provided that it covers variable cost and few fixed
cost.
32.Pricing decisions vary with product features, distribution, and promotion decisions.
33.Companies often position their products on price, wherein it defines the target market, competitors and

product design.; it is wherein it starts with identifying ideal selling price, then targets costs that will ensure
that the price is met.
34.Are overhead expenses that do not vary with quantity produced or sold.
35.Are directly related to output level, such as the quantity of raw materials needed to produce quantity of
output.
36.Sum of the fixed and variable costs
37.Seller cannot charge higher than the on going price because buyers can obtain as much as they need at
the regular price nor sellers can charge lower that on going price because they can sell all they want, at the
regular price.
38.Buyers and sellers can trade over range of prices because sellers can differentiate offers to buyers in
terms of variations in features,quality, style or services
39.There are few sellers offering uniform products (steel bars,cement) or non-uniform products (cars,
furniture), highly sensitive to each others pricing and marketing strategies. Sellers are alert to competitors
strategies and moves
40.There is only one seller(like an electric company). Thse companies can set their own price level.
41.General pricing approaches
42.This is the simplest pricing method wherein a standard mark-up is added to the cost of the product.
43.Remains popular because sellers are more concern about costs than demand, they do not have to make
frequent adjustments as demand changes.
44.Also known as target profit pricing, wherein the marketing organization tries to determine the price at
which it will break even or achieve the target profit it aims. Uses the break even chart,showing the total cost
and total revenue expected at different sales volume levels
45.This cost-based pricing approach is also known as buyers based approach which considers consumers
perceived value on the product.This means that the price is considered before designing the product or
planning for its marketing program.
46.The company places less attention on its own costs or demand. This approach charges the same price
with that of major competitors. Some firms follow the leaders price, and feel that holding to the ongoing
price will minimize price wars
47.This sets price based on how the marketer thinks that other competitors will price,irrespective costs or
demand, when the company bids for jobs
48.The costs of raw materials that the producer or manufacturer purchases to process these into finished
product
49.Adding labor production makes it
50.the prices of merchandise for resale that the wholesaler or retailer pays to the manufacturer
51.Are price reductions offered to encourage customers to buy in large amounts
52.Apply only to individual orders such discounts encourage larger orders but do not tie a buyer to the
seller after that one purchase.
53.Give seller lower costs because of large orders,such costs include: selling costs;packing,transporting
and collecting costs.
54.Is based on total volume purchased over a period of time. These discounts are intended to encourage
repeat buying by a single customer
55.Are also known as functional discounts. reductions in price given to certain classes of buyers, usually to
compensate them for the performance of particular marketing functions.
56.Are reduction in price allowed the buyer prompt payment of his bill
57.These refer to the length of time for which sellers extend credit terms to buyers
58.Is the time it takes the retailer to sell the article
59.Where a long established manufacturer may offer different viewpoints of the buyer and seller
60.Are subject to negotiation because of different viewpoints of the buyer and seller
61.The credit period is based on the selling season of the merchandise ordered. If Jimmy Ramos ordered
the goods at 7/5 season dating as early as Oct 1,2001 but selling season starts November 15,2001.
62.Credit period is based on date appearing on the invoice. Usually date of invoice is the date of shipment.
63.The billing date starts after the end of the month in which the invoice is dated, instead an exact of the
invoice.
64.Credit terms apply from the date the goods are received by the buyer under ROG Dating. This form of
dating is preferred by buyers located at a distance from their suppliers because by the time they receive the
goods under other datings, discount period had lapsed if the merchandise are still in transit
65.Same with preceding ROG, but net term credit period is based on invoice date.
66.Selling season of the product
67.Invoice date

68.Next month, first date after the date of the invoice

69.Arrival of goods
70.Arrival of goods and invoice date
71.Requires price tags or labels to be affixed on all articles of commerce offered for sale at retail and
penalizing violations of such requirement
72.Is a device attached to a commodity stating the price at which it is offered for sale.
73.Is the route taken by the title to the product as it moves from producer to ultimate consumer or industrial
user
74.Originated from the french word which means canal
75.Those who actually take title to the goods they handle. Examples are wholesalers and retailers
76.Those who do not take title to the goods but do actually assist in the transfer of title. Examples are real
state brokers
77.Is a merchant middleman because of the presence of both factors: delivery and payment
78.Is an agent middleman because there was no immediate payment upon delivery
79.This is the simplest. This is important particularly for highly perishable goods like fruits or vegetables
80.These are commonly found in highways from Metro Manila to provinces, where common products are
seasonal fruits or vegetables
81.Because of a number of farmers who at the same time bring their agricultural produce to the wet
market,the consumers are afforded a wider selection of goods.
82.Peddlers in public places who go from one house to another. This is common in buses terminals,
railroad stations or trains, in public areas in some town or cities
83.Some customers require custom made products. A homebuilder may need exact sizes of doors or
windows or grills of his preference or specifications, so he does the ordering from sash, window,doors or
grills manufacturers.
84.This channel makes use of only one middleman-- the retailer.
85.Are the nearest channel members to the market they serve as the link between the producer and the
consumer
86.This is the traditional channel of distribution for consumer goods.
87.If the producers business is still under small scale category, it is wiser to avail of the services of agents
or brokers to dispense with maintenance of regular fixed income for sales personnel
88.This is direct channel for industrial products commonly used by manufacturers
89.This channel distribution is commonly used to market accessory equipment like typewriters or operating
supplies like typewriting papers, pen and office materials
90.This is preferably used when an industrial; product is new in the market. Agents are middlemen who
have market contacts and can provide
91.This trade channel is feasible when agents cannot directly sell to industrial users. Since these agents or
brokers shall render services only on demand, a regular fixed income can be minimized instead
commissions may be given as they render services during season
92.A market exposure where a product is available in almost all outlets. This is commonly needed for
convenience goods.
93.A market exposure where product is available in several outlets but not all. The usual reason for
selective distribution is to gain advantages of exclusive distribution while still distributing the product in
wider market coverage.
94.A market exposure where product is sold by only one middleman in a given geographic area. An
agreement known as franchise contract will bind exclusive distributorship. Sellers are granted exclusive
rights to sell manufacturers products in a given area.
95.This refers to activities involving the sale of goods or services to the ultimate consumer for the purpose
of using these goods personally or for non business use.
96.Is the seller or selling outlet offering for sale of goods to ultimate consumers for personal, non business
use
97.Is the final link between consumers or users of goods and those who produce or provide these goods
and services
98.Have specialization of management and division of labor.
99.Can have flexibility of operations in terms of merchandise selection, services offered and store design
100.Can buy in bigger quantities and thus get lower price but they may have higher overhead costs for
paying prices for employees and executives, against low overhead costs of retailers
101.These are outlets which carry variety of product lines and assortment of each line
102.Carry only one product with few related items; includes specialty stores. These are wine shops,
bakeries, and dairy stores

103.Are two or more retail outlets, which may have the same name; centrally owned and managed, and
generally handle the same line of products
104.These outlets have improved retailing effectiveness by adopting self service methods, improving store
appearance and layout,better site locations and improved inventory control system, merchandising
practices
105.This is also known as over the counter selling(OTC), where consumers simply tell what products they
want over-the-counter and seller will deliver the product wanted over-the-counter. This is commonly
practiced among sari-sari stores and neighborhood drugstores or boticas
106.Offers major product lines like groceries,meats,produce and dairy products.; operate on a self service
basis
107.Offers extreme of supermarket retailing. One product variety of a kind may be display
108.Selling is done in the house of the customer
109.Trade includes the sale and all activities directly related to the sale of the products or services to those
who are buying for business use
110.These are wholesalers,jobbers or industrial distributors. They are independently owned and take title to
the goods they handle.
111.They provide for the wholesaling functions
112.Carry non perishable items like hardware,electrical supplies,furniture,automobile equipment. They
serve general stores,hardware,electrical stores, department stores
113.Carry only limited or narrower product lines like groceries,wearing apparels. They service limited-line
stores
114.Instead of carrying full line groceries, they might carry only health foods.
115.Provide only some wholesaling functions
116.Operate like service wholesalers but customers must pay cash
117.Own the goods they sell but do not handle, store or deliver goods
118.Facilitate placement of orders.
119.Perishable goods like tobacco,candy,bakery,products which are nationally advertised, sell and deliver
during calls or as scheduled, which gives them high operating costs
120.Sell goods by using catalogues. This is common in industrialized countries for ordering
jewelries,sporting goods and other general merchandise lines.
121.Specialize in non food items sold through grocery stores and supermarkets. They furnish racks or
shelves upon which to display the merchandise.
122.Wholesalers do not own the goods they sell
123.They sell several products for several non competing manufacturers on a commission basis. They are
independent and not employees of the manufacturers
124.Negotiate buying and selling for a principal. They provide market information on prices, products, and
market conditions. They do not physically handle goods and have temporary relationship with buyer and
seller. Effectively used for selling seasonal products but also active in real estate,stocks, used machinery
125.These are common in agricultural markets where farmers ship the harvests to central markets. They
handle goods shipped to them by sellers, complete the sale, and send payment to each seller
126.They provide a place where buyers and sellers can come together and complete transaction. They
provide the auctioneers who do the selling and the physical facilities for displaying products of sellers
127.These are agents in international trade. Local representation through import or export agents, by
manufacturers, can be helpful in arranging financing financing through banks which specialize in
international trade
128.these are outlets owned and operated by manufacturers, but they are located separately from
manufacturing plants