Sophia Zube

December 1, 2013
Period 3

AP Biology Questions: Chapter 10

1) Photoautorophs are organisms that create sustenance for themselves, but use the suns
energy to aid them.
2) The chloroplast has an inner and outer membrane, with the internal part full of stroma
(much like cytoplasm in the plants cell), and grana composed of thylakoids. The
thylakoids consist of a membrane, innerthylakoid space, and chlorophyll.

3) In photosynthesis, oxygen comes from the carbon dioxide and water that went into the
process.
4) The two parts to photosynthesis are the light reactions and Calvin cycle. The light
reactions are where water is split for the redox reactions. The protons and electrons from
water are pushed along by the suns light and transferred to NADP+, converting it to
NADH. ATP is also a product, by way of photophosphorylation. The Calvin cycle takes a
carbon dioxides carbon and fixes it to another molecule (RuDP) to create a six-carbon
compound, which goes into creating 3PGA (two). These 3PGA eventually is
phosphorylized, creating DPGA, which is then reduced by NADH to GAP. GAP is
phosphorylized by ATP and the cycle begins again. Every three turns, one GAP is
released to make glucose (which can be created by two GAPs).
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7) Chlorophyll is energized by light because the pigment molecules take in the photon
(light) which causes an electron to be bumped up to a higher energy level. It becomes
unstable, and the electron goes back to its normal state, which releases the photon energy
now in the form of heat.
8) On the thylakoid membrane, photosystem II is converting light energy into chemical
energy. The two chlorophyll a molecules in the reaction-center complex are surrounded
by antennae pigments which pass along photons until they reach the chlorophyll as in the
middle, which then give off an electron, which is taken in by the primary electron
acceptor. This electron goes through and electron transport chain and then enters
photosystem I. Photosystem I goes through the same steps as photosystem II, but the
electrons are transferred to NADP+, reducing it to NADH.
9) The electron from photosystem II enters photosystem I and electrons of the photosystem I
chlorophyll as are photoexcited by transferred light entry by way of the pigment
molecules and is passed on to the primary electron acceptor. The electron from the ETS is
now passed to the chlorophyll as and moves on to the primary electron acceptor and then
to the second ETS. Ferredoxin acts as a carrier in the ETS and NADP+ is reduced by the
electrons, becoming NADH.
10) ATP is generating in the thylakoid when the electrons go through the first ETS, falling
down an energy level. This causes protons to be pumped out, which can fuel
chemiosmosis and generate ATP.
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12) Rubisco is the enzyme that fixes CO2 in the Calvin Cycle.
13) When a plant is a C3 plant, it is when the new molecule created from carbon fixation is 3phosphoglycerate. Sometimes O2 is used instead, creating a two-carbon molecule that is
rearranged so that CO2 is a byproduct, in the process of photorespiration. When a plant is
a C4 plant, it has bundle-sheath cells and mesophyll cells as photosynthetic cells. The
former exclusively contains the Calvin cycle within its chlorophyll, while the latter
contains PEP carboxylase, which adds CO2 to PEP to create oxaloacetate. This fourcarbon molecule is shipped to the bundle-sheath cells when there is not enough CO2 to
go to the Calvin cycle.

14) C3 plants would favor a cooler, wetter because of their need to keep their stomata open in
order to keep CO2 levels up and O2 levels down so rubisco in the Calvin cycle can
continue to be productive. C4 plants would be able to survive in dryer, warmer climates
because of their ability to take in a lot of CO2 by attaching it immediately to PEP so that
it can be smuggled into the Calvin cycle, which takes place in only the bundle sheath
cells.