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Evolution of Computers
Generation of Computers
Evolution of Computers
Necessity is the mother of Invention
Calculating Device.
Blaise Pascal 1st Mechanical adding Machine in 1642
1671 1st Calculator for Multiplication
1880 Keyboard Machines
1970 Herman Hollerith Concept of Punch Cards as
input medium
The Business Machines and Calculators at end of 19th
Century
Continue..
Computers
Computer Generation
Lets See.
1st generation
Important Terms
What is Vacuum Tube?
A Filament is the little wire you see inside of a light bulb that
working
These computers work on the principle of storing program
Characteristics
Bulky in size
consumption
Commercial production difficult and costlyPoint 7th
Difficult to use Point 8th
Summary
Key Hardware Technologies
Vacuum Tubes
Electromagnetic relay memory
Punched card secondary memory
ENIAC
UNIVAC
http://www.comsci.us/history/gen1.html
2nd Generation
Transistor
Hardware
More powerful
2. More reliable
3. Less expensive
4. Smaller
Also change in the Storage Technology
Memory was composed of Magnetic Cores
1.
mesh of wires
Magnetic tape faster and more convenient secondary storage
medium
Magnetic disk storage n tape main secondary storage media in
this generation
Still users used punch cards for preparing and feeding programs
and data to a computer
Software
High level languages (FORTRAN , COBOL) and Batch Operating
System
Batch Operating System: A program takes a set of data files as
input, processes the data, and produces a set of output data files.
This operating environment is termed as "batch processing"
because the input data are collected into batches of files and are
processed in batches by the program.
+
Processing Multiple Jobs faster processing , Enhanced
throughput (is the amount of transactions produced over time)
and easier operation
In addition to Scientific computations , business and industry
users used 2nd G computers commercial data processing app
like:
1. Payroll
2. Inventory Control
3. Marketing
4. Production Planning
analysts
Oriented towards usage rather than design
Characteristics
Videos
Punch card
ENIAC
Transistors
2. Resistors and
3. Capacitors
Grown on a single chip of silicon
Eliminated wired interconnection between components
IC technology also known as Microelectronics made it
possible too integrate large no. of circuit components into
very small surface of silicon known as chip
1.
Integration)
With advancement in technology ICs up to 100
components on single chip MSI (Medium Scale Integration)
ICs were:
1. Smaller
2. Less Expensive to produce
3. More Powerful
4. More Reliable
5. Faster in Operation
Storage Technology
Software Front
s/w industry
System 360
Compatibility
Different sizes of Mainframe Systems same Machine Language
This enabled businesses to upgrade computers without extra
costs of equipment replacement or modifying programs
to run on new systems.
Mini Computers
Characteristics
More powerful than 2nd G 1million instructions per sec
Smaller than 2nd G
A.C. rooms
More reliable less chances of h/w failure lower Maintenance cost
Faster and larger primary and secondary storage
General purpose machine suited for both scientific and commercial
applications
Commercial production easier and cheaper
Standardization of high-level programming languages allowed programs
written for one computer to be easily ported to and executed on
another computer
Affordable by small companies also
Unbundling of s/w
from h/w
Time Sharing OS
Improve productivity
of programmers
cutting down time and
cost of program
development
Drawbacks
Software Specific
OS.
GUI-Provides icons and Menus
Multiple windows on a single terminal screen
Multiprocessor OS
Concurrent programming Languages
UNIX , C, C++ OS
PC- based applications
Network based applications
Object Oriented software design
Multiprogramming: Allows Programmers to write their
applications in such a way that different processors could execute parts
of the application in parallel.
It was easy to port program from one computer to another.
Key Characteristics
5th Generation
ICs with ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology
Multi core Processor ChipsMore work in Parallel
1. Processors uses
memory access
mechanism
2. Less Scalability
Distributed Memory
1. Processors uses
message-Passing
mechanism
2. Better Scalability
3. Using high-speed
Commodity switched
Network
Clustering Powerful
Work stations
Clustering
Technology
Software Specifications
WWW
Multimedia applications
Implement
performance
Multi core operating system runs multiple programs at
same time
Programming Language and Parallel Programming Libraries
Key Characteristics
Portable Computers
machines
Very powerful mainframes
General purpose machines
Consume Less Power
Easier to produce commercially
User-Friendly interfaces with Multimedia Applications
Combined View
Classification or Types of
Computers
Analog Computers
Digital Computers
Hybrid Computers
Super Computers
They are the best in terms of processing capacity and also the most
expensive ones.
These computers can process billions of instructions per second.
Normally, they will be used for applications which require intensive
numerical computations such as stock analysis, weather forecasting
etc.
Other uses of supercomputers are scientific simulations, (animated)
graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research,
electronic design, and analysis of geological data (e.g. in petrochemical
prospecting).
Perhaps the best known super computer manufacturer is Cray
Research.
Some of the "traditional" companies which produce super computers
are Cray, IBM and Hewlett-Packard.
Note: Refer Notes and Super Computers Presentation by
Saumil
Petroleum Industry
Aerospace Industry
Automobile Industry
Meteorological centers
Film and TV industries
Mainframe Computers
Components
Mini Computers
Micro Computers
Desktop or Personal
Computers(PC)
Today the Desktop computers are the most popular computer systems.
These desktop computers are also known as personal computers or simply
PCs.
They are usually easier to use and more affordable.
They are normally intended for individual users for their word processing and
other small application requirements.
Expansion Slots
Laptop
Laptop computers are portable computers.
They are lightweight computers with a thin screen.
They are also called as notebook computers because of
their small size.
They can operate on batteries and hence are very
popular with travelers.
The screen folds down onto the keyboard when not in
use.
Keyboard, trackball, Hard Disk, CD Drive, I/O Ports etc
are the units
Handheld
1.PDA
Personal Digital Assistants a type of Hand
held Computer (PDAs) are pen-based and also
battery-powered.
They are small and can be carried anywhere.
They use a pen like stylus and accept
handwritten input directly on the screen.
They are not as powerful as desktops or
laptops but they are used for scheduling
appointments, storing addresses and playing
games.
They have touch screens which we use with a
finger or a stylus.
II .Tablet PC
Light Weight
Screen Flip
Handwriting Recognition
Voice Recognition
Special Design for Tablet use
Work Stations
Characteristics
Processing power
Storage Capacity
Display Facility
Processor Design
Operating System
Expansion Slots
Client - Server
File Server
Database server
Print server
Name server
Important Terms
Multiprogramming:
In the early days of computing, CPU
time was expensive, and peripherals were
very slow.
When the computer ran a program that
needed access to a peripheral, the Central
processing unit (CPU) would have to stop
executing program instructions while the
peripheral processed the data.
This was deemed very inefficient