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Laboratory Investigation of Moisture Damage in Rubberized Asphalt

Mixtures Containing Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement


International Journal of Pavement Engineering
(Manuscript ID GPAV-2007-0053)
FEIPENG XIAO* and SERJI N AMIRKHANIAN

Department of Civil Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 296340911, USA
Abstract
In many parts of the world highway officials are utilizing crumb rubber and reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) in order to save money, protect the environment, and improve the life of
asphalt pavement. However, due to the use of these materials, the effects of moisture damage
should be investigated for rubberized asphalt concrete (RAC) mixtures containing RAP. The
objective of this research involved investigating the moisture susceptibility of RAC
containing RAP. The testing conducted included the determination of binder viscosity,
toughness and indirect tensile strength (ITS) analysis. Several mixtures containing different
crumb rubber types, two different RAP sources and various percentages of rubber and RAP
were evaluated. The results indicated that, in general, the additional of RAP was beneficial in
improving the ITS values and reducing the moisture susceptibility of the mixture although the
addition of crumb rubber had a slightly negative effect.

Keyword: Moisture susceptibility; Rubberized asphalt concrete; Reclaimed asphalt pavement;


viscosity; Indirect tensile strength; Toughness

*: Corresponding Author Feipenx@clemson.edu

1. Introduction
Moisture damage, caused by a loss of bond between the asphalt binder or the mastic and the
aggregate under traffic loading, can cause a decrease of strength and durability in asphalt
mixtures. Moisture damage is relatively prone to produce the separation and removal of
asphalt binder from the aggregate surface, thus, leading to stripping in the asphalt pavement
and ultimately causing premature failure. Some researchers identified six contributing
mechanisms that might produce moisture damage: detachment, displacement, spontaneous
emulsification, pore pressure-induced damage, hydraulic scour, and the effects of the
environment on the aggregate-asphalt system (Taylor and Khosla 1983, Kiggundu and
Roberts 1988, Terrel and Al-Swailmi 1994). However, it is apparent that moisture damage is
usually not limited to one mechanism but is the result of a combination of many processes.
From a chemical standpoint, the literature is clear that although neither asphalt nor aggregate
has a net charge, but components of both have nonuniform charge distributions, and both
behave as if they have charges that attract the opposite charge of the other material (Curtis et
al., 1992, Robertson, 2000, Little et al. 1999).
The viscosity of the asphalt binder does play a role in the propensity of the asphalt
mixture to strip. Previous research presented that high viscosity asphalt resists displacement
by moisture better than those that have a low viscosity. High viscosity asphalt provides a
better retention of asphalt on the aggregate surface (Khosla 1993; Xiao et al. 2007). However,
a low viscosity is advantageous during mixing because of increased coat ability, providing a
more uniform film of asphalt over the aggregate particles. Based on the theory of adhesion,
the properties of the binder and aggregate materials directly influence the adhesion developed
between the mix components (Khosla 1993).
In the United States, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) reported that 73
of the 91 million metric tons of asphalt pavement removed each year during resurfacing and
widening projects are reused as part of new roads, roadbeds, shoulders and embankments
(FHWA 2002). The recycling of existing asphalt pavement materials produces new
pavements with considerable savings in material, cost, and energy. Furthermore, mixtures
containing reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) have been found to perform as well as virgin

mixtures. The National Cooperation Highway Research Program (NCHRP) report provided
basic concepts and recommendations concerning the components of mixtures, including new
aggregate and RAP materials (NCHRP 2001).
Approximately 299 million scrap tires were generated in the United States in 2005, 82
percentage of which were recycled or reused (RMA 2006). Rubberized asphalt, the largest
single civil engineering market using crumb rubber, is being used in increasingly large
amounts by many Departments of Transportation (DOTs) around the country. Most roads
comprised of experimental asphalt containing crumb rubber show improvements in durability,
crack reflection, fatigue resistance, skidding resistance, and resistance to rutting (Hicks et al.
1995; Choubane et al. 1999; Way 2003, Amirkhanian 2003).
Previous research (Xiao et al. 2007) results have indicated that the use of RAP
reduced the asphalt binder content and increased cohesive strength while the use of crumb
rubber was beneficial in improving low temperature, reflective, and fatigue crack resistance
of the mixtures. The results showed that it is possible to use crumb rubber and RAP together.
Furthermore, these specific mixtures containing crumb rubber and RAP, have not yet to be
fully investigated for moisture susceptibility. The mix properties such as viscosity of the
asphalt influence cohesive forces of the mixture that are inversely proportional to the
temperature of the mix. Therefore, it has become necessary to seek a more fundamental
understanding of the relationships between moisture damage process and viscosity by
carefully considering the rubberized asphalt concrete (RAC) and RAP that influence the
adhesive, the cohesive strength and durability of the mastics.

2. Experimental program and procedures


2. 1 Materials
The experimental design detailed in this study included the use of two rubber types (ambient
and cryogenic), four rubber contents (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight of virgin binder),
one crumb rubber size (-40 mesh [-0.425 mm]), and four RAP contents (0%, 15%, 25%, and
30% by weight of the modified mixture). Two granite aggregate sources (designated as L and

C) were used for preparing samples, and two binder grades from the same source, PG 64-22
and PG 52-28, were used for this project. The engineering properties of all binders (virgin
and extracted) are shown in Table 1. There were a total of 34 Superpave mix designs.
The RAPs were taken from the same geographical area as the virgin aggregates to
ensure that the aggregates in the RAP have similar properties to the virgin ones. Both RAP
sources (L and C) were mixed with an original binder equivalent to a PG 64-22 grade. Aged
binders extracted from two types of RAP according to ASTM D 5402 (Standard Practice for
Recovery of Asphalt from Solution Using the Rotary Evaporator) and AASHTO TP 2-01
procedures (Standard Test Method for the Quantitative Extraction and Recovery of Asphalt
Binder from Asphalt Mixtures) were only used for characterizing for the modified binders.
A mechanical mixer was used to blend the rubber, the aged and the virgin binder. The
crumb rubber and aged binder were added to the virgin binder using a reaction time of 30
minutes, a reaction temperature of 177 C (350 F), and a mixing speed of 700 rpm (Xiao
2006). The blended components were used for the rheological property tests. These
conditions are the same as field criteria used by South Carolina Department of Transportation
(SC DOT) for producing rubberized mixtures.

2.2 Mix Design


Though the original Superpave mix design system did not address the use of RAP, several
studies were later conducted on this subject. For example, research has resulted in the Black
Rock Study, the use of the Three-Tier Approach, the use of linear blending, and the
development of technician manuals for proper use of RAP (FHWA 1997; McDaniel et al.
2000; NCHRP 2001). For this paper, the Superpave system was used to determine the
optimum binder contents (OBC) for all mixtures.
A nominal maximum size of 9.5 mm Superpave mixture was used for all mix designs.
This particular mix design is used as a primary route surface course mix in many states in the
United States. The SCDOT 9.5 mm Superpave volumetric and compaction specifications,

shown in Table 2, were used. The procedures described in AASHTO PP 19 and AASHTO T
312 regarding the preparation of hot mixture asphalt (HMA) specimens were followed.
The engineering properties of two aggregate sources L and C are shown in Table 3.
Some details of the mix design of two RAP sources are shown in Tables 4 and 5. The RAP
materials were first oven-dried and sieved to obtain particles with target sizes shown in Table
5. These materials were then blended with the virgin aggregate at the specified (target)
mixing temperatures (Xiao 2006). The mixture was heated for approximately one hour in
order to maintain the target mixing temperature. Finally, the modified binder (rubber and
virgin binder) was added to the mixtures and the final mixture was heated for about two hours
prior to compaction.
Hydrated lime, used as an anti-strip additive, was added at a rate of 1% by dry mass
of virgin aggregate. Gradations of the 9.5mm mixtures are illustrated in Figure 1. All mixes
satisfied the requirements as specified in Table 2 and Figure 1. When the rubber contents
were varied for other mix designs, the same gradation of the aggregate, as shown in Figure 1,
was used.

2.3 Property Testing of Modified Binder and Mixture


Three aging states of the virgin and extracted asphalt binders were tested for several
engineering properties (i.e., viscosity, dynamic shear rheometer, bending beam rheometer,
and Gel Permeation Chromatographic). High pressure-gel permeation chromatography
separates an asphalt binder into fractions of various molecular sizes, thus establishing a
profile of molecular size distribution plotted with detector responses on the vertical axis and
elution time on the horizontal. Some researchers (Jennings et al. 1985; Noureldin and Wood
1989; Kim et al. 1993; Wahhab et al. 1999; Shen et al. 2006) reported that the variations in
the molecular size distribution of virgin and recycled asphalt binders are associated with
rheological properties of the binder and engineering properties of the mixture. As shown in
Table 1, the aging process increases the percentage of large molecular size (LMS), as
reported before by many researchers, and reduces the percentage of small molecular size

(SMS). As expected, the aged binders extracted from RAP have the larger amount of LMS
than other virginal binders.
The viscosity of all binders was obtained using the procedures described in AASHTO
T 316 (Viscosity Determination of Asphalt Binder Using Rotational Viscometer). Bulk
specific gravity (BSG) was determined using the ASTM D 2726. Moisture susceptibility was
conducted by comparing the ITS values of various mixture types (ASTM D 4867). Three wet
and three dry samples were tested at room temperature (25 1oC), and the specimens were
compacted to 6-8% air voids with a Marshall hammer. Furthermore, toughness value was
measured and computed to test the moisture sensitivity of these mixtures.

3. Analysis of test results

3.1 Statistical considerations


Results of the viscosity, ITS and toughness values were statistically analyzed with 5% level
of significance. For these comparisons, it should be noted that all specimens were produced at
OBC. Regression analysis was used to develop the correlations of the binder viscosity and the
mixture ITS values in this study.

3.2 Viscosity analysis of modified binders


Viscosity values of various modified binders are shown in Figure 2. The results show that the
viscosity of the modified binder composed of two types of crumb rubber (ambient and
cryogenic), increases as the percentage of RAP increases due to the increasing amount of
LMS in the components. In most cases, binders containing the same percentage crumb rubber
(ambient and cryogenic) exhibited similar viscosity values at the percent of 0%, 5%, and 10%
rubber, while the modified binders containing 15% ambient rubber had a higher viscosity
value than those made with 15% cryogenic rubber regardless of the RAP percentage and
types. Furthermore, the viscosity of the binder blended with a binder graded as PG 64-22
shows a greater value than the binder blended with the soft binder (PG 52-28) when using the

same percentage of RAP (30%RAP). Figure 2(b) presents the ITS values of the modified
mixtures containing RAP C, where the viscosity property of the modified binders is similar to
Figure 2(a).

3.3 Optimum binder content analysis


For this study, the optimum asphalt binder content was defined as the amount required to
achieve 4.0% air voids at a given number of design gyrations (Ndesign= 75). Table 6 shows
OBC for mix designs with various percentages of RAP, rubber, and rubber type. Table 6 also
shows, as expected, that the OBCs of the mixtures decrease slightly as the percentage of RAP
increases for both rubber types (cryogenic and ambient). In most cases, the OBCs of the
cryogenic modified binders are found to be slightly higher than those of the ambient binder.
Table 6 further illustrates that an increase in the percentage of RAP leads to an increase of
aged binder and a decrease of virgin binder in the mixtures. Thus, the higher mixing and
compacting temperatures were needed to lower the viscosity of the age binder in order to coat
the aggregate surface. As the percentage of crumb rubber increased, the OBCs in the mixtures
also slightly increased. Previous research indicated that the rubber particles in modified
binders swell in the presence of the asphalt due to the absorption of some of the lighter
fractions (aromatic oils) of the binder (Airey et al. 2003; Green and Tonlonen 1997;
Heitzman 1992; Bahia and Davis 1994; Zanzotto and Kennepohl 1996; Kim et al. 2001).
These crumb rubber particles form a viscous gel causing an increase in the overall viscosity
of the modified binder. Due to the increased viscosity, more modified binder is needed to
achieve the target air void of the mixture at the specified mixing and compacting
temperatures.

3.4 Bulk specific gravity analysis


In this study, the BSG value of the compacted paving mixtures was measured according to
the AASHTO T166. Previous research indicated that compared to the virgin binders, the high
temperature viscosity, complex modulus and elastic response of rubberized mixtures show

considerable increases (Khedaywi et al. 1993; Airey et al. 2003, Xiao et al. 2008). To achieve
a target air void of the rubberized mixtures during the mixing and compaction process at
design gyrations, the higher temperature, greater compaction pressure or extensively
modified binders will be needed than conventional mixtures. At the same time, the
incorporation of the RAP in the mixtures also affects the BSG values. Table 6 shows that
increasing the percentage of crumb rubber causes a reduction in the BSG values regardless of
the rubber types and aggregate sources.
The increase of crumb rubber also results in a decrease in weight of specimens
possessing identical volumes and air voids with the conventional HMA specimens. This
decrease is due to the fact that the bulk specific gravity of the crumb rubber is significantly
smaller than the fine aggregate in the mixture. However, Table 6 shows that as the percentage
of RAP increases, the BSG value of the mixtures also increase. Therefore, the aged binder in
the mixture plays a key role in achieving the target air voids, mixing and compacting
temperatures. A similar trend is attainable when using the PG 52-28 virgin binder in place of
PG 64-22, mixed with 30%RAP.

3.5 Toughness analysis


Toughness was defined as the area under the tensile stress-deformation curve up to a
deformation of twice that incurred at maximum tensile stress (Freeman et al., 1989, Putman
and Amirkhanian, 2004). As shown in Table 7, statistical analysis of the average toughness
results of the specimens with the same percentage of rubber or RAP shows no significant
differences with the mixtures made with PG64-22 binder. However, in most cases, the
toughness values of specimens containing 15% rubber are significantly lower than those
specimens containing rubber in respective amounts of 0%, 5% and 10% regardless of the
RAP percentage and the rubber type. This shows that the greater percentages of rubber in
specimens results in a greater loss of bond strength between the asphalt binder and the
aggregate. In Table 7, in general, statistical analysis further illustrates that dry specimens, as
expected, show higher toughness values than wet specimens made with the same percentages

of rubber and RAP regardless of the rubber type. However, an analysis of the toughness
results of both wet and dry specimens indicate that the mixture made with PG 52-28 asphalt
binder has a significantly lower toughness values compared to that made with PG 64-22.

3.5 ITS and TSR Analysis


The ITS test is often used to evaluate the moisture susceptibility of an asphalt mixture. A
higher ITS and TSR values typically indicate that the mixture will perform well with a good
resistance to moisture damage. At the same time, mixtures that are able to tolerate higher
strain prior to failure are more likely to resist cracking than those unable to tolerate high
strains. The viscosity is an important factor in determining the mixing and compacting
temperatures of the mixture. Temperature plays a key role in determining asphalt film
thickness, thus, affecting the cohesion and air voids of the mixtures. As such, it is necessary
to analyze the relationship between viscosity and ITS values.
Figure 3 shows that the ITS values of the wet specimens generally decrease as the
rubber percentage of modified mixture increase regardless of the RAP percentage. The
addition of crumb rubber can increase the viscosity of an asphalt rubber binder, which results
from the effects of increase in volume of rubber particles due to the light oil absorption of
rubber. Therefore, this decrease in oil likely inhibits the ability of the modified binder to
adequately coat the surface of the aggregate, thereby lead to the potential loss of bonds
between the rubber, binder and the aggregate. In addition, as the RAP percentages increase in
a mixture, the ITS values of the wet specimens increase. The addition of RAP in a HMA
mixture might require the need for a higher compaction temperature to achieve target air
voids. The specimens made with the aggregate source C, as shown in Figure 3(c), indicated
the same trend ITS values as for aggregate source L.
As shown in Figure 4, the tensile strength ratio (TSR) values of the specimens with
15% rubber (ambient and cryogenic) containing 0% and 15% RAP are less than 85%, a
minimum TSR value set forth by SCDOT. These values illustrate that the specimens
containing 15% rubber have more significant moisture susceptibility. In this case, it might be

necessary to include a higher percentage of RAP to achieve the satisfied TSR values or the
need for additional anti-striping additive to improve the mixtures moisture damage
resistance.
When comparing the specimens made with PG 64-22 binder and the softer binder (PG
52-28), as shown in Figure 3, the ITS values of the specimens made with PG 52-28 is lower.
Figure 3 also shows that the specimens containing ambient rubber produced results very
similar to cryogenic specimens even though there are some differences in manufacturing
process for these two types of crumb rubber.

3.6 Correlation Analysis between Viscosity and ITS


The viscosity of an asphalt binder is often used to determine the mixing and compaction
temperatures of HMA. The mixture blended with higher viscosity binder is produced at a
higher temperature according to ASTM D 2493. This approach is simple and provides
reasonable temperature for the virgin binders. However, some specific modified binders
containing RAP and rubber have exhibited relatively high mixing and compaction
temperatures. This is due to the fact that the modified binders containing rubber particles and
RAP have different properties to shear rate compared to the virgin binder. The previous
research (Xiao 2006) was performed to determine reasonable mixing and compaction
temperatures for these specific mixtures. In this study, the measured viscosity of the modified
binder was not used as the viscosity value of the binder in determining the mixing and
compaction temperatures in accordance with ASTM D 2493. The temperature is an important
factor that directly affect the bulk specific gravity and optimum asphalt content of the mixture
which are associated with the ITS value and moisture susceptibility.
Figure 5(a) illustrates the relationships between the wet ITS value of the mixtures and
viscosity value of the modified binders with respect to RAP percentage. Regression analysis
was performed to develop the predictive models between the ITS and viscosity values at the
same percentages of rubber. It can be seen that, for each individual curve, the increase of
viscosity value results in an increase of the ITS value regardless of the rubber percentage and

10

RAP type. Obviously, this increased viscosity value caused by the additional RAP percentage.
In Figure 5, the ITS value of the mixtures without the RAP and crumb rubber is defined as
the control mixture and it is shown as a straight line. Although Figure 5(a) only presents the
relationship between the wet ITS and viscosity values, the dry ITS specimens exhibited
similar trend. In addition, the specimens made with either ambient or cryogenic crumb
rubbers showed similar ITS and viscosity properties, therefore, the effect of asphalt
composition on the rubber types appears to much less pronounced.
With respect to the effect of rubber percentage, as shown in Figure 5(b), the additional
rubber significantly, as expected, increases the viscosity values; however, this increase does
not result in an increase of ITS values. A decrease of ITS value is found for each curve that
was obtained based on the regression logarithmic analysis. Especially, when using 0% or
15% RAP, the ITS values decrease although the viscosity values increase significantly as the
rubber percentage increased. In most cases, these values were less than the control ITS
values. However, when using 25% and 30% RAP, the ITS values are significantly higher
than the control mixtures. Both RAP sources, C and L, showed similar results. In the
previous study, it can be seen that the additional RAP is beneficial in mitigating the loss of
bond in the mixture caused by the additional rubber. On the other hand, the crumb rubber is
effective in improving the long term performance (fatigue resistance) and diminishing low
temperature and reflective cracking due to the additional RAP (Xiao 2006).

4. Conclusions
The following conclusions were determined based upon the experimental results obtained
from a laboratory investigation of various HMA mixtures which contain both RAP and RAC:
1. Statistical analysis of viscosity showed no significant differences in the viscosity values
of modified binders between two types of rubber (ambient and cryogenic) under identical
conditions (0%, 5%, and 10% rubber). The binders blended with ambient rubber had

11

higher viscosity values than those blended with cryogenic rubber when using 15% rubber
regardless of RAP percentages and types.
2. In comparison with 15% rubber, in general, specimens containing 0%, 5% and 10%
crumb rubber had significantly higher toughness values regardless of the percentage of
RAP and the rubber type (ambient and cryogenic). The toughness values of mixtures
made with the softer binder showed a lower value compared to specimens made with PG
64-22 binder.
3. When using 15% rubber, the specimens exhibited moisture damage, however, the
increased RAP content significantly improves the moisture resistance and increase the
bonds between the aggregate, rubber particle, and modified binder.
4. The viscosity values of modified binder increased, caused by an increase of rubber
content, and the ITS values of both the dry and wet specimens decreased. However, the
increase of the percentage of RAP resulted in an increase in viscosity and ITS values. The
additional RAP plays a key role in mitigating the loss of bond in the mixture due to the
influence of the additional rubber.
5. Two aggregate and RAP sources showed similar effects on the viscosity of the binder and
the ITS values of the mixture although there are some differences in engineering
properties of the aggregates and RAP materials.

Acknowledgements
Financial support was possible through a grant from South Carolinas Department of Health
and Environment Control (DHEC) and the Asphalt Rubber Technology Service (ARTS) of
Clemson University.

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15

Table 1 Engineering properties of asphalt binders


Aging states
No aging
RTFO
PAV

No aging

RTFO

PAV

Test properties
Viscosity @135oC (Pa-s)
G*/sin() @64 oC (kPa)
G*/sin() @64 oC (kPa)
o
G*sin() @25 C (kPa)
Stiffness @-12 oC (MPa)
m-value @-12 oC
LMS (%)
MMS (%)
SMS (%)
LMS (%)
MMS (%)
SMS (%)
LMS (%)
MMS (%)
SMS (%)

Virgin Binder
PG64-22
PG52-28
0.430
0.213
1.279
0.398
2.810
0.825
4074
821
217
60.4
0.307
0.476
21.42
11.94
59.99
51.89
18.59
36.17
22.26
12.74
59.07
52.62
18.67
35.62
30.25
13.65
51.05
52.34
18.70
34.01

Extracted Binder
Source L
Source C
5.982
2.55
58.542
45.625
109.780
95.298
8000
11000
294
277
0.241
0.243
38.45
34.74
34.42
33.53
27.15
31.72
-

Note:
LMS, MMS, and SMS: Large, Medium, and Small Molecular Size

16

Table 2 SCDOT 9.5 mm Superpave volumetric specifications


Superpave 9.5 mm Mix Specifications
% Max. Density at Ndes

96

% VMA

>15.5

%Voids Filled
% Max. Density at Ni

70 - 80
< 89

% Max. Density at Nm

< 98

Dust to Asphalt Ratio

0.6-1.2

17

Table 3 Aggregate engineering properties


Aggregate LA Abrasion Absorption
Source
Loss (%)
(%)

Specific Gravity

Soundness % Loss at 5 Cycles

Dry (BLK) SSD (BLK) Apparent 11/2 to3/4 3/4 to3/8 3/8 to #4
L
C

51
23

0.70
0.50

2.650
2.610

2.660
2.620

2.690
2.640

18

0.3
0.2

0.2
2.4

0.3
1.0

Sand
Hardness
Equivalen
t
76
60

5
6

Table 4 Blends of two aggregate sources

% by weight of
aggregate

Specification
Stone 789
R. S.
M. S.
Lime
-4RAP
+4RAP

0%RAP
L
59
22
18
1
0
0

C
50
18
31
1
0
0

Types of Superpave Mixture


15%RAP
25%RAP
L
C
L
C
52
49
56
12
15
8
19
20
10
1
1
1
9
9
15
6
6
10
-

Note:
L and C: Aggregate Sources L and C
R. S. and M. S.: Regular Screenings and Manufactured Screenings

19

30%RAP
L
C
53
47
8
7
8
14
1
1
18
18
12
12

Table 5 Components of two RAP sources


Aggregate Type of
Source
L
C

RAP
+4 RAP
-4 RAP
+4 RAP
-4 RAP

9.5 mm 4.75 mm 2.36 mm 0.60 mm


3/8"
97
100
84
100

#4
59
100
43
100

#8
45
88
33
90

20

#30
30
57
21
56

0.150
mm
#100

0.075
mm
#200

Asphalt
Binder (%)

14
24
9
16

8
14
5.4
8

4.66
6.96
4.46
5.66

Table 6 Optimum binder content and bulk specific gravity of the mixtures

BSG

OBC

Aggregate L
RAP%
0%
15%
25%
30%
30%*
0%
15%
25%
30%
30%*

0%
5.40
5.25
4.70
4.82
4.65
2.345
2.361
2.364
2.373
2.388

Ambient
5%
10%
5.60
5.85
5.45
5.75
5.02
5.08
4.59
5.12
4.95
4.90
2.336
2.322
2.345
2.330
2.350
2.325
2.376
2.363
2.373
2.372

15%
6.35
5.90
5.65
5.25
5.05
2.299
2.327
2.322
2.354
2.370

5%
5.25
5.25
5.02
4.80
2.340
2.344
2.367
2.372
-

Note:
OBC: Optimum binder content (%)
BSG: Bulk specific gravity
*: PG52-28 asphalt binder
: Percentage of rubber by weight of virgin binder

21

Cryogenic
10%
6.08
5.85
5.18
5.30
2.297
2.318
2.332
2.348
-

15%
6.11
5.30
5.10
5.08
2.305
2.304
2.352
2.367
-

Aggregate C
Ambient
0%
10%
5.00
5.75
5.10
5.53
5.10
4.85
5.00
2.323
2.303
2.347
2.317
2.338
2.346
2.339

Table 7 Toughness values of mixtures

Wet

Dry

Aggregate L
RAP%
0%
15%
25%
30%
30%*
0%
15%
25%
30%
30%*

0%
3.25
3.22
3.09
3.09
2.04
2.79
2.83
2.81
2.55
1.83

Ambient
5%
10%
3.17
3.07
3.04
3.16
3.05
3.05
3.00
3.05
2.00
1.81
2.94
2.99
3.08
3.08
2.96
2.99
2.93
2.87
2.00
2.08

15%
3.03
2.90
2.88
2.89
1.52
3.22
2.86
2.78
2.70
1.63

5%
3.04
2.80
2.92
2.96
2.57
2.22
2.80
2.66
-

Note:
Toughness unit: N/mm
*: PG52-28 asphalt binder
: Percentage of rubber by weight of virgin binder

22

Cryogenic
10%
2.80
2.72
2.88
2.76
2.75
2.64
2.79
2.53
-

15%
2.88
2.19
2.41
2.13
2.66
1.94
2.36
2.45
-

Aggregate C
Ambient
0%
10%
2.99
3.02
3.51
3.12
3.24
2.35
2.35
3.20
3.88
3.66
3.69
3.31
2.17
2.19

100
90

Percent Passing (%)

80
70
60
50
Source L: 0% RAP
Source L: 15% RAP
Source L: 25% RAP
Source L: 30% RAP
Source C: 0%RAP
Source C: 15%RAP
Source C: 30%RAP
Lower Range of Gradation
Upper Range of Gradation

40
30
20
10
0
0 0.075

0.15

0.60

4.75

2.36

9.5

Sieve Size (mm)

Fig. 1. 9.5-mm mixture gradations

23

12.5

4000
0%(A)
0%(C)

3500

5%(A)
5%(C)

10%(A)
10%(C)

Viscosity (cP)

3000

15%(A)
15%(C)
*: PG52-28
|: STD.

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
A: Ambient Rubber; C: Cryogenic Rubber

0
0

15

25

30

30*

Percentage of RAP (%)

(a)
4000
0%(A)
0%(C)

3500

5%(A)
5%(C)

10%(A)
10%(C)

Viscosity (cP)

3000

15%(A)
15%(C)
*: PG52-28
|: STD.

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
A: Ambient Rubber; C: Cryogenic Rubber

0
0

15

25

30

30*

Percentage of RAP (%)

(b)
Fig. 2. Viscosity comparisons of all binders containing PG 64-22 or PG 52-28 and
ambient or cryogenic crumb rubber for RAP sources, (a) L and (b) C

24

1600

Wet ITS Values (kPa)

0%Rub
10%Rub

*: PG52-28
|: STD.

5%Rub
15%Rub

1200

800

400

0
0

15

25

30

30*

Percentage of RAP (%)

(a)

Wet ITS Values (kPa)

1600

0%Rub
10%Rub

5%Rub
15%Rub

*: PG52-28
|: STD.

1200

800

400

0
0

15

25
Percentage of RAP (%)

(b)

25

30

30*

Wet ITS Values (kPa)

1600

0%Rub

10%Rub

*: PG52-28
|: STD.

1200

800

400

0
0

15

25

30*

Percentage of RAP (%)

(c)
Fig. 3. Wet ITS comparisons of all mixtures made with PG 64-22 or PG 52-28 for
specimen containing, (a) ambient crumb rubber, RAP L; (b) cryogenic crumb rubber,
RAP L; and (c) ambient crumb rubber, RAP C

26

120

*: PG52-28; |: STD.

TSR Values (%)

100
80
60
40

0%Rub

5%Rub

10%Rub

15%Rub

20
0
0

15

25

30

30*

Percentage of RAP (%)

(a)

120
*: PG52-28; |: STD.
TSR Values (%)

100
80
60
40

0%Rub

5%Rub

10%Rub

15%Rub

20
0
0

15

25

30

Percentage of RAP (%)

(b)

27

30*

120
*: PG52-28; |: STD.

TSR Values (%)

100
80
60
40

0%Rub

10%Rub

20
0
0

15

25

30*

Percentage of RAP (%)

(c)
Fig. 4. TSR comparison of all mixtures made with PG 64-22 or PG 52-28 for specimen
containing (a) ambient crumb rubber, RAP L; (b) cryogenic crumb rubber, RAP L; and (c)
ambient crumb rubber, RAP C

28

Wet ITS Values (kPa)

1600

(1)

1400

(5)

(3)
(2)

1200

(6)
Control

1000

(9)

(7)

(4)
(8)

800

(1): 0% Rub
b
(2): 0% Rub
(3): 5% Rub (C)a
a
(4): 5% Rub (A)
(5): 10% Rub (A)b
(6): 10% Rub (A)a
(7): 10% Rub (C)a
(8): 15% Rub (C)a
(9): 15% Rub (A)a

a: RAP L; b: RAP C; A: Ambient; C: Cryogenic

600
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Viscosity (cP)

(a)

Wet ITS Values (kPa)

1600
(8)

(6)

1400

(7)

(10)

1200
(9)
Control

1000

(5)

(3)
(4)
(1)
(2)

800
a: RAP L; b: RAP C; A: Ambient; C: Cryogenic

(1): 0% RAP (A)a


(2): 0% RAP (C)a
(3): 15% RAP (A)a
(4): 15% RAP (C)a
a
(5): 25% RAP (A)
a
(6): 25% RAP (C)
a
(7): 30% RAP (A)
(8): 30% RAP (C)a
(9): 0% RAPb
(10): 15% RAPb

600
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Viscosity (cP)

(b)
Fig. 5. Relationship of the wet ITS and viscosity values, (a) RAP effect; (b) rubber effect

29

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