Chapter 1

Introduction
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 3D Geo-mechanical model

Determination of rock properties is very difficult and it requires extreme cautions. In most cases
it is not possible to physically measure such properties Therefore, many prediction are used for
evaluating the rock properties. Spatial estimation of the mechanical properties is an essential
task. Estimated values of mechanical properties can provide important information. In recent
years, advances in the petroleum industry and the development of simulation and modeling
software have changed the way we deal with petroleum industry related problem. These
developed 3D models provide more accurate well and field development planning for areas with
significant topography and faulting.

In general, depletion of oil and gas is likely to cause

changes in the in situ stress field so 3D geo-mechanical models required for understanding of
in situ stresses, pore pressure, and material properties variability with time. Meanwhile it is
critical importance to evaluate and mitigate risk during the drilling, completion, and production
phase of a field development for safety of project, people and environment. (Holland. M, 2010)

3D geo-mechanical model can be build on an existing structural model and augmented with
well data under application of appropriate geo-statistics techniques. (Holland. M, 2010). This
type of 3D geo-mechanical model has a clear advantage over a 1D depth-stretched model. They
map and interpolate rock properties such as density, rock strength, internal friction.
Before the building 3D geo-mechanical model following steps need to be taken

for empirical

correlations to derive mechanical properties from sonic data or petrophysical properties (Kaibin
Qi , 2013)
1. Spatially Continuous Velocity Analysis
2. Petrophysical Evaluation
3. Geomechanical Core Testing
a. Triaxial compression test
b. Ultrasonic test:
c. CT scanning
4. Building 1D MEM

Once above steps taken than following steps are taken for construction of the 3D geomechanical
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model:

Define initial or undisturbed stress state

Build structural model
Build 3D property model
Build 3D finite element (FE) meshPopulate
3D FE mesh with material properties
Obtain initial elastic equilibrium
Calculate perturbed stress state
Visualize and quality check results

The work flow of 3D Geo-mechanical modeling can be seen in below figure.

(figure 1.1 , The workflow of 3D reservoir geomechanics for reservoirs) (K.Fischer ,2012)

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(figure 1.2 , The workflow of 3D reservoir geomechanics for reservoirs) (K.Fischer ,2012)

In 3D

Geo-mechanical model it require to populate Mechanical properties

to the 3D finite-

element grid to reflect horizontal and vertical heterogeneity of the mechanical properties of the
3D model (Kaibin Qi , 2013). There are many ways to populate 3D mechanical properties to a
3D finite-element grid. Our aim is to evaluate most appropriate method for population of Geomechanical modeling. The selection of correct interpolation method depend on sampling design,
sample spatial distribution, data quality, correlation between the primary and secondary
variables, and interaction among various factors.( Jin Li and Andrew D. Heap)
This report aims to provide guidelines and suggestions to anyone who plans to make 3D
Geomechanical model. In this report different interpolation methods evaluated and than
compared based on that

most appropriate method for population of stress and strain property

are suggested. Following this introduction, literature review discusses the research done so far
for evaluation of spatial interpolation methods, Chapter 2 describes commonly used spatial
interpolation methods based on three different categories.

Different spatial interpolation

methods are compared based on their category in Chapter 3. The next chapter follows discussion
related to findings. Based on the finding at the end certain recommendations are provided with
conclusion.

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NON-GEOSTATISTICAL INTERPOLATORS(.( Jin Li and Andrew D. Heap).

1. Nearest Neighbours
2. Triangular IrregularNetwork
3. Natural Neighbours
4. Inverse Distance Weighting
5. Regression Models
6. Trend Surface Analysis
7. Splines and Local Trend Surfaces
8. Thin Plate Splines
9. Classification
10. Regression Tree
11. Lapse Rate

GEOSTATISTICAL INTERPOLATORS ( Jin Li and Andrew D. Heap).

1. Simple Kriging
2. Ordinary Kriging
3. Kriging with a Trend
4. Block Kriging.
5. Factorial Kriging
6. Dual Kriging
7. Simple Kriging with Varying Local Means
8. Kriging with an External Drift. .
9. Cokriging
10. Simple Cokriging
11. Ordinary Cokriging
12. Standardised Ordinary Cokriging
13. Principal Component Kriging
14. Colocated Cokriging
15. Kriging within Strata
16. Multivariate Factorial Kriging
17. Indicator Kriging
18. Indicator Cokriging
19. Probability Kriging
20. Disjunctive Kriging
21. Model-based Kriging
22. Simulation

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