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ENGLISH GRAMMAR
Articles - Kinds, Usage & Common Errors in their uses
An article is a word that is added to a noun to indicate the type
of reference being made by the noun. Its a kind of adjective
which gives some information about a noun.
The word a (becomes an when the word that follows begins
with a vowels - a, e, i, o, u) is called the indefinite article because
the noun it combines with is indefinite or general. The word the
is called the definite article as it indicates some specific thing
I went by a car.
2.
3.
We use, The:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2
6.
7.
8.
9.
the CBI, the FBI, the ISI, the Navy, the Air Force.
(e) Press, clubs, foundations etc.
(i) Ordinals
She wore her jewellery and get ready for the party.
3
(iii) The nouns police, people, cattle, staff, artillery always have
a plural verb. The noun whereabouts can be used either a
singular or plural verb.
(iv) Some nouns always end in s looking as if they are plural
but when we use them as the subject, they take a singular
verb.
The news of Princess Diana was greatly exaggerated.
(v) Other words which confuse include:
She doesnt have a means of control over the company
she inherited.
Politics is not his cup of tea. He is better off in acting.
Statistics was always her worst subject.
Some more words: economics, linguistics, mathematics,
phonetics, physics, gymnastics, athletics, diabetes, measles,
rabies etc. are singular but seem to be plural.
(vi) Nouns used as singular and plural but with different meanings
Fish (collectively): There are not many fish in this pond.
Fishes (separate fishes): Barry cooked all the four fishes
for dinner.
Cloths (kinds or pieces of cloth, not made up into
garments) she cut all cloths into pieces.
Clothes (garments): I sent all the clothes to laundry.
A Quick Review
Remember
Position of Prepositions
Prepositions of place
At is used about a place we think of as a point rather than an area.
We also use at about are event wherethere is a group of people.
The man who came to see you yesterday lives across the
road.
She came across this man when she was working in US and
then they got married.
Up denotes top and down is used to mean descending.
Prepositions of Time
At, on, for, before, after, since, within, till, by, during, from are
some examples of prepositions of time.
At denotes time or hour.
7
When the subject of a sentence is many, both, few, a few,
etc. then the verb is plurals.
Please note that except I, we and you, all nouns and pronouns
fall into the category of third person.
Conditional clauses may be put in three categories.
1. Main clause - future, if ....... present (likely or probable)
He will help you if you ask him.
2. Main clause - conditional, if... past (unlikely, imaginary)
He would help you if your asked him.
3. Main clause - conditional, perfect if... past perfect
(Impossible)
He would have helped you if you had asked him.
The tense is the form of a verb that shows the time, continuance
or completion of an action that is expressed by the verb. He is is
in the present tense, He was is past tense and He will be is
future tense.
When a permanent state or work at present is expressed.
She liked the commerce better than she liked the science.
When there is an expression of past time (yesterday, two days
ago, last night, etc.), the present perfect tense is not used.
Usage of Gerund
Gerund acts as a subject when an action is being considered in
general sense.
Swimming is a sport.
Climbing mountains is a sport, too
Riding is pleasanter than walking.
I hate telling lies.
Verbs such as enjoy, excuse, suggest, help, avoid, dread, prevent,
risk, recollect, stop, detest, finish, mind, dislike, deny, no use, no
good, resent, delay, postpone, defer, forgive, pardon, etc. are
followed by the gerund.
They enjoyed watching TV all day.
Will you excuse us coming late.
Will you stop talking so loudly.
Would you mind moving a bit.
Its no use asking them for a ticket.
He went shopping.
She hates her husbands smoking while the kids are around.
When theres a sense of hesitation, dislike, risk, etc., the
gerund is used.
Usage of Infinitive
Infinitive acts as a noun, an adjective and adverb.
Here are some verbs that are followed by infinitive try, attempt,
care, decide, prepare, undertake, arrange, forget, agree, regret,
remember, promise, consent, neglect, swear, refuse, purpose,
endeavour, fail, hope, hesitate, determine, manage, seen, etc.
Would you care to ask your help to hand over the keys to
me.
The principal told the staff to stay back after school gets
over.
Auxiliary Verbs
A verb that is used with another verb to form a particular tense or
mood, for example - she was pleased, they have left. Sometimes
more than one auxiliary verb is used to form a tense, for example She will be going, They have been warned. Auxiliary verb are
either modal verbs or primary verbs.
Can expresses ability
The police are doing all they can to find the truth.
May denotes permission, doubt or possibility.
She must wear the seat belt if she doesnt want to be penalized.
Their new bungalow must have cost them around `10 million.
Do be alert.
Are you going to appear in the exams this year? Well, no, Im
not (instead of .......Im not going to appear in the exams).
To avoid repeating words from a previous clause, we use an
auxiliary verb (be, have, can, will, would, etc.)
A small child
A tall man
An adjective has three forms which are (a) positive e.g., cold
(b) comparative e.g. colder and (c) Superlative e.g. coldest.
Rules of Comparison
After adjectives such as junior, senior, superior, inferior, posterior,
prior, etc, the preposition to is applied and not than.
10
very clever, very honest, very lucky, very good, very wise, etc.
Much is used with comparative degree.
very much stronger, very much better, very much wiser, etc.
Very and much are also used with superlative degree.
Quite delighted
(= very delighted)
Quite tired
(= very tired)
Quite is also used with positive degree.
quite well, quite wrong, quite chilly, quite warm, quite right,
quite alone, quite cool, etc.
Plenty is followed by of
If that babysitter does not turn up, who will hold the baby?
As ...........as is used with an adjective or adverb in between when
we mean that something or someone is like something or someone
else, or that one situation resembles another.
11
fear, shirk, resist, benefit, etc are not followed by any preposition
when used in the form of active voice.
EXERCISE
Directions (Qs. 1-25) : In this section, you have to identify errors
in sentences. Read each sentence carefully to find out whether
there is any error in any of the parts. Errors, if any, are only in
one of the parts. No sentence has more than one error. When you
spot an error in any of the parts of the sentence. Choose the
corresponding alphabet.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
7.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
8.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
9.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
10. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
11. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
12. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
13. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
12
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(a)
(c)
(e)
(a)
(c)
(e)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(a)
(c)
(e)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(a)
(c)
(e)
13
32.
33.
35.
38.
39.
37.
He is as old as I.
(a) He is as old as me.
(b) He and I are equally old.
36.
(b) am going
(d) in the meeting
14
49.
(A) The lawyers face the same problems in their day to day
lives as do an ordinary man of our society.
53.
51.
52.
(A) Not Vinay and his friends but Seema has surreptitiously
taken your photographs and sent them to her friends.
(a)
(B) None of the six qualifiers who have been given a chance
to join this team play confidently.
(b)
(c)
(d)
The sum of the red and blue lights is equal to the sum
of the green and yellow lights
54.
'Advice' is ________________.
(a)
a verb
(b)
a noun
(c)
an adjective
(d)
15
2.
3.
4.
5.
24.
(c)
25.
26.
(b)
27.
(a)
28.
(b)
29.
(c)
30.
(c)
31.
(a)
32.
(d)
33.
(b)
34.
35.
(d)
36.
6.
37.
7.
38.
39.
(c) and they are is the correct answer since the subject
Scotsmen is in plural hence the pronoun they should
be used.
40.
41.
42.
8.
9.
10.
11.
(e)
12.
43.
13.
44.
(b) The sentence has two errors. First, it should take has
instead of have with every man and woman of the
village. Secondly, everything about his prenatal
existence is correct and not everything on......
45.
46.
47.
(c) The sentence (a) has the error most of the news ....
have been communicated while it should be has been
.... sentence (b) should be structured as Not only
the doctor but also the nurses .... are very kind because
the nurses is in plural and it should agree with the verb
be.
(e)
15.
(a)
16.
(e)
17.
(b)
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
16
48.
49.
50.
(c) Sentence (a) has the error of preposition. With the noun
amendment the preposition to is used and not on.
In sentence (b) instead of adjective pitiable, the noun
pity; is to take place because when you are
disappointed about something then you say, It is a
pity .... It is pity .... etc.
51.
(b)
52.
(c)
53.
(d)
R= B
G =Y
Adding (1) and (2)
R+G=B+Y
This is option (c)
Hence option (a), (b) and (c) are correct
54.
(b)
...(1)
...(2)