Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high or low

pressures and temperatures. Pipe size is specified with two non-dimensional numbers: a nominal pipe size
(NPS) for diameter based on inches, and a schedule (Sched. or Sch.) for wall thickness. NPS is often
incorrectly called National Pipe Size, due to confusion with national pipe thread (NPT)
NB (nominal bore) is the European designation equivalent to NPS is DN (diamtre nominal/nominal
diameter/Durchmesser nach Norm), in which sizes are measured in millimeters. NB (nominal bore) is also
frequently used interchangeably with NPS.
OD is the outside diameter of the pipe and is fixed for a given size.
The NPS is very loosely related to the inside diameter in inches, but only for NPS 1/8 to NPS 12. For NPS
14 and larger, the NPS is equal to the outside diameter (OD) in inches. For a given NPS, the OD stays
constant and the wall thickness increases with larger SCH. For a given SCH, the OD increases with
increasing NPS while the wall thickness increases or stays constant. Pipe sizes are documented by a
number of standards, including API 5L, ANSI/ASME B36.10M in the US, BS 1600 and BS EN 10255 in the
United Kingdom and Europe, and ISO 65 internationally.
For NPS of 5 and larger, the DN is equal to the NPS multiplied by 25 (not 25.4).
Table below shows the relation between Nominal pipe size, Nominal diameter & outside diameter for pipes:
Nominal Pipe size

Nominal Diameter

Outside Diameter

NPS

DN

OD

[inches]

[mm]

[mm]

1/2

15

21.3

3/4

20

26.7

25

33.4

1 1/4

32

42.16

1 1/2

40

48.26

50

60.3

2 1/2

65

73.03

80

88.9

100

114.3

125

141.3

150

168.28

200

219.08

10

250

273.05

12

300

323.85

14

350

355.6

16

400

406.4

18

450

457.2

20

500

508

24

600

609.6

28

700

711.2

32

800

812.8

36

900

914.4

40

1000

1016

42

1050

1066.8

44

1100

1117.6

48

1200

1219.2

52

1300

1320.8

56

1400

1422.4

60

1500

1524

64

1600

1625.6

68

1700

1727.2

72

1800

1828.8

76

1900

1930.4

80

2000

2032

88

2200

2235.2

96

2400

2438.4

104

2600

2641.6

112

2800

2844.8

120

3000

3048

128

3200

3251.2

What is NPT & what are its applications?

NPT is the abbreviation used for National Pipe Thread Taper. It is an American National Standard used to
join pipes & fittings. ASME B1.20.1 is the standard used for NPT which covers dimensions and gaging of
pipe threads for general purpose.
Most commonly used sizes for pipes & fittings by the U.S. suppliers commonly are 1/8, 1/4, 3/8, 1/2, 3/4, 1,
1 , 1 and 2 inch. Smaller sizes than those listed are occasionally used for compressed air. For sizes
larger than 3 inches and above there are other method of joining available so threading is less frequently
used in this sizes.
Sometimes NPT threads are referred to as MPT (Male Pipe Thread), MNPT, or NPT (M) for male (external)
threads and FPT (Female Pipe Thread), FNPT, or NPT (F) for female (internal) threads.
For details on NPT, refer to clause 3 of ASME B1.20.1- SPECIFICATION FOR GENERAL PURPOSE
TAPER PIPE THREADS, NPT

Fig 3 American national standard taper thread notation

Click to enlarge the table

Basic dimensions american national standard taper thread- Table 1

Click to enlarge the table

Basic dimensions american national standard taper thread Table 2

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What is a Pipe End

There are many different types of the pipe ends. The main types are beveled ends, threaded ends and plain
ends.

Bevel End
A bevel is a surface that is not at a right angle (perpendicular) to another surface. The standard
angle on a pipe bevel is 37.5 but other non standard angles can be produced. Beveling of pipe or tubing is to
prepare the ends for welding. However, it can also be used for deburring the cut ends for safety or aesthetic
reasons.
The beveling process is generally automated. This is because a pipe beveling machine can cut the bevel much
faster than hand grinding, flame cutting or turning the pipe on a lathe. Further, the automated process ensures
that there is an accurate and consistant pipe bevel each time. The automated process is much safer as
operating personnel are not exposed to the same hazards as a person beveling the pipe.
Used with pipe, pipe nipples, and swage nipples.

Threaded End
Typically used on pipe 3" and smaller, threaded connections are referred to as screwed pipe. With
tapered grooves cut into the ends of a run of pipe, screwed pipe and screwed fittings can easily be assembled
without welding or other permanent means of attachment. In the United States, the standard pipe thread
is National Pipe Thread (NPT). The reason for this is that as NPT connections are assembled, they become
increasingly more difficult for the process to leak. The standard taper for NPT pipe is 3/4" for every foot.
Threaded fittings have threads that are either male or female. Male threads are cut into the outside of a pipe or
fitting, while female threads are cut into the inside of the fitting. As screwed pipe and fittings are assembled,
two pieces are pulled together. The distance that is pulled together is called the thread engagement.

NPT Thread Datasheet

Plain End
A pain end pipe is a pipe that has been cut at 90 perpendicular to the pipe run. The reason pipe
would be specified as plain end rather than beveled end is when the pipe will be used in a Socket
Weld connection or for use with a Slip-on Flange.

Abbreviations
Common abbreviations for the types of pipe ends are as follows:

Bevel End

Bevel Both Ends

Bevel Large End

Bevel One End

Bevel Small End

Bevel for Welding

Buttweld End

Standards

ASME Standards
o

ASME B1.1 - Unified Inch Screw Threads

ASME B16.25 - Buttwelding Ends

Drawing

Fittings for Threaded Pipe systems

Elbow 90
This Elbows make 90 changes of direction in the run of
pipe.

Tee
This Tee makes 90 branch from the main run of pipe.

Cross
Crosses makes 90 branch from the main run of pipe.

Elbow 45
This Elbows make 45 changes of direction in the run of
pipe.

Full-coupling
A Full Coupling, joins pipe two pipe or to a nipple etc..

Cap (End Cap)

Seals the threaded end of pipe.

Half-coupling
The Half Coupling can be directly welded to the run pipe,
to make a branch connection.

Square head plug

Seals the threaded end of fitting.

Hex head plug

Seals the threaded end of fitting.

Round head plug

Seals the threaded end of fitting.

Hex head bushing

Can be used to reduce a threaded fitting.

Union (MSS SP-83)

Unions are primarily used for maintenance and
installation purposes. It is a screwed joint design and it
consists of three interconnected pieces. Two internally
threads and a centerpiece that draws the ends together
when rotated.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Threaded Fittings

Advantages

Installation productivity is moderately high, and specialized installation skill requirements

are not extensive.
Leakage integrity is good for low-pressure, low-temperature installations where vibration is
not encountered.

Disadvantages

Rapid temperature changes may lead to leaks due to differential thermal expansion

between the pipe and fittings.

Vibration can result in fatigue failures of screwed pipe joints due to the high stress

intensification effects caused by the sharp notches at the base of the threads.
In hazardous piping systems threaded connections should be avoided, if possible. Their
vulnerability to fatigue damage is significant, especially where exposed threads are subject to
corrosion.

Types of elbows
Long radius elbows (LRELL) and short radius elbows (SRELL)

1*NPS

1.5*NPS

Length of Pipes
Piping lengths from the factory not exactly cut to length but are normally delivered as:

Single random length has a length of around 5-7 meter

Double random length has a length of around 11-13 meter

Shorter and longer lengths are available, but for a calculation, it is wise, to use this standard
lengths; other sizes are probably more expensive.

Ends of Pipes

For the ends of pipes are 3 standard versions available.

Plain Ends (PE)

Threaded Ends (TE)

Beveled Ends (BE)

The PE pipes will generally be used for the smaller diameters pipe systems and in combination with
Slip On flanges and Socket Weld fittings and flanges.
The TE implementation speaks for itself, this performance will generally used for small diameters
pipe systems, and the connections will be made with threaded flanges and threaded fittings.

The BE implementation is applied to all diameters of buttweld flanges or buttweld fittings, and will
be directly welded (with a small gap 3-4 mm) to each other or to the pipe. Ends are mostly be
beveled to angle 30 (+ 5 / -0) with a root face of 1.6 mm ( 0.8 mm).

O-lets

1. Elbow 90 long radius

2. Elbow 45

4. Elbow 180 long radius

6. Tee straight

3. Elbow 90 short radius

5. Elbow 180 short radius

7. Tee reducing

8. Reducer concentric
10. End cap

9. Reducer eccentric

11. Lap joint Stub End

Fittings
Fitting is a piping component that functions as a connective pipe with the pipe, the pipe direction, create a branch pipe, the
pipe size, etc..
1. Elbow

Elbow is the type of fitting used to alter the pipe direction retire to a corner 45 or 90 degrees. Review of radius elbow elbow
is available in the following types:
a. Long radius: radius = 1.5 x Diameter
b. Short radius: radius = 1 x Diameter
Method of connection can be: buttweld, Weld socket, and threaded
2. Tee
Is the type of tee fitting 3-hole (3-way fitting) is shaped like the letter "T" used to create a branch perpendicular to the main
pipe. There are 2 types in common use in piping as follows:
a. Stright Tee: Has 3 openings with the same cut size.
b. Reducing Tee: Having a branch with the size of a small section of main pipe.
Method of connection can be: buttweld, Weld socket, and threaded
3. Reducer
Reducer is a kind of fitting that be used for reducing piping size. There are 2 types reducer as follows:
a. Concentric reducer: have a central axis (centerline) of the section between the large and small.
b. Eccentric reducer: the central axis has a different (offset) between a large section and small.
Concentric reducer is most commonly used and often eccentric reducer used in piping in about pump and piperack area.
4. Cap
Cap is the type of fitting used to close the ends of the pipe.
Method of connection can be: butt Weld, Weld socket, treaded.
5. Weldolet
Weldolet is the type of fitting used to create a branch with the smaller size of main pipe. Weldolet usually used in piping
with high pressure and temperature where the connection with the joint type buttweld. The use of reinforcing pad is not
required on weldolet.
6. Miter
Miter is sometimes used to replace the elbow. Miter is fabricated material from the pipe. Use miter for large size pipes can
be cheaper than the elbow. However, lack of which has a higher pressure drop and vulnerable to overstress. With the lack of
consideration, the miter is usually used to piping with large size and low pressure.
7. Coupling
Coupling is the type of fitting used to create a branch (half coupling) on the pipe size 2 "up and to connect straight pipe (full
coupling).
Method of connection can be: Socket Weld, and treaded.
8. Plug
The plug is the type of fitting used to close the open end of the part of the coupling or the tip of the valve from the vent or
drain.
9. Swage
Swage is the type of fixture that has a function similar to the reducer. Swage used if pipe size reduction up to 1-1/2 "and
smaller. Swage is also available in two types, namely concentric and eccentric. Form depending on the end of the
continuation method is needed, as follows:
a. Plan End (PE)
b. Tread End (TE)
c. Bevel End (BE)
Usually the end of the swage in the form of combination, for example; BLE - TSE (Bevel large end - thread small end) k BLE PSE (Bevel large end - Plain small end), etc..

10. Union
Union is basically used for the purpose of removing the fixture, and in some cases be used to connect (assemble) piping.
11. Thredolet & Sockolet
Threadolet and sockolet is fitting that has the same function, namely to make weldolet smaller branches from the main
pipe. The difference is that in addition to the design end of the connection with the method and socketweld thread.
12. Stub-In
Stub-in is not the type of fitting but is a way to create a branch to the main pipe. Branch can be the same size or smaller
than the main pipe. Stub-in with the use of fitting can be avoided only because the regular pipes. Use Stub-in only very
limited services on piping with pressure and temperature because the concentration of low-voltage high enough on the draw.
To strengthen the connection, usually can be added reinforcing pad.

Valve
Valve is widely used in the system to cut piping, transfer, or manage the flow of fluida. Operation of the valve can be
manually or automatically through a control signal from the instrument.
Valve is based on a standard pressure and temperature rating in accordance with ANSI / ASME B16.1 for cast iron material,
material for steel B16.34, B16.24 for bronze material.

1 Valve Category
Stop (Isolation) Valves: Stop valve used to isolate or close the flow of the piping system. Requirements in the design of the
main stop valve is a minimal obstacle fluida at the time of the valve in fully open (fully open) and the density is good at the
time of valve in the fully closed condition (fully close). Type of valve that complies with this requirement include: Gate,
Globe, Ball, Butterfly, Plug, and Diaphragm Valve.
Regulating Valves: Regulating valve is widely used in the piping system to manage the flow of fluida. The flow can be a
controlling flow, pressure, temperature or with the zoom in or out in the flow through the valve responds to signals from the
pressure control equipment, flow, or temperature. Terms of the main valve flow controller is the ability to manage the flow
of the correct position of the valve and a decrease in pressure (pressure drop) fluida in accordance with the required
without any damage. Type of valve that complies with this requirement include: Globe, Needle, Butterfly, Ball, Plug,
Diaphragm Valve, and with special design.
Back - Flow Prevention: In general, Check valve used to prevent the occurrence of reverse flow (back flow). Movement of
the disk check valve that is by itself (self-Actuating) where the disk will be open if the flow of fluida direction of flow is
determined and close quickly when the flow of going back. In the particular, to help drive pneumatik closing disk check

valve in case of reverse flow.

Pressure-Relief Devices: Pressure-Relief Devices used to protect the piping system and other equipment in case of increased
pressure exceeds the design pressure. In general, relief valve equipped with a spring that urges the disk is pressed against
the holder (seat) valve. If the style of fluida wedged against the disc valve exceeds the spring wedged style, automatically
opens the valve will release the excess pressure fluida. Other types of pressure-relief device that is "rupture disk" is not the
type of valve. Rupture disks are designed to open at a specified pressure and have the ability to release the flow of fluida
(flow rate) in large numbers.
Some parameters to consider in selecting the type valve al:
1. Decrease in pressure (pressure drop)
2. Level leakage valve holder (seat leakage)
3. Nature fluida (fluid properties)
4. Leakage level system (system leakage)
5. Terms actuation / settings (actuation requirement)
6. Initial cost (initial cost)
7. Treatment (maintenance)
*

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Labels: Piping Components

Flanges
Flange is piping component that functions to link between the pipes with the other components such as valve, strainer,
expansion joint, tools instruments, etc.. and to close the flow fluida. Besides these functions in the design of special flange
installed for maintenance (break flange). In terms of the strength of the pressure and temperature, is classified in the flange
of the rating are: 150 #, 300 #, 400 #, 600, 900 #, 900 #, 1500 #, and # 2500.
1 Types of Flange
Welding Neck Flange: Flange type is differentiated from the other flange of the hub and a long taper (taper) with a thick
hub gradually decline towards the edges. Hub such as this form of cultivation that gives both the flange of the angle and
strength of the dishing. Besides, is also very beneficial to the SEVIS occurred where bending , which repeatedly caused
expansion pipe or styles that other variables. Welding neck flange is suitable for service with the heavy conditions (severe
condition)
Slip-on flange: It is preferred by contractors because the price is relatively cheap, installation is easier than with welding
neck flange. Welding of pipe with 2 fillet Weld. However, slip-on flange has a limitation on the condition of fatigue more
than one third (1 / 3) of the strength of welding neck
Lap Joint Flange: Flange is a loose type flange where the flange is not linked directly to the pipe. Flange type is usually
combined with other components, called Stub-end. Stub-end components that are directly in the weld to the pipe and also
functions as a flange surface (flange facing) the surface contact with the other flange. Lap joint flange is very easy for
installation and alignment requirement and very economical service to the need for stainless steel flange material can be
carbon steel.
Socket Flange: The flange of the socket, the ends of the pipe is input into the space in the socket and weld on the hub.
Flange type is usually used for small size (small Bore).
Threaded Flange: Flange is installed without the welding which is highly dependent on the thread for sealing. Flange is not
suitable for cyclic conditions (often dead-alive) from the thread where leakage can occur. Seal Weld sometimes used to
overcome the leakage but will not be considered as a satisfactory solution.

Blind Flange: Used to close the end of the piping, valve, Nozzle, and equipment. From the point of internal pressure and
load bolts, blind flange suffer the most high-voltage compared with other types of flange, in which bending stress occurs at
the center of the blind flange.
2 Surface Flange (Flange facing)
Flat face: On the steel flange rating applied for 150 # and 300 #. Use to adjust the main cast iron flange rating 125 # and 250
#. Brittle nature of cast iron is always a problem if piping with the steel material with a valve, pump and equipmen of iron.
By using the steel flange with a flat face to get the full contact surface cracks on the flange so that the iron can be
avoided.
Face raised: It is the form of the surface of the most commonly used in the steel flange. High surface 1 / 16 "to flange rating
150 # and 300 # and " for a higher rating. Fabricated surface with a small spiral-shaped groove with a goal to bite and hold
the gasket.
Ring Joint: This type of use as a seal ring of steel called a ring joint gasket. Fabricated ring groove on the surface of the
flange with the specification that has been set based on international standards. Surface of the ring type joint is very
expensive and most appropriate use for the service with a high pressure because internal pressure increases the sealing
force of the ring joint.
Reference Standard 3
1. ASME B16.5, Pipe Fitting Flange and Flanfed (NPS Through NPS 24)
2. ASME B16.47, Large Diameter Steel Flange (NPS 26Through NPS 60)

Plug Valve 2
1.Design Details
Design detail of plug valve are as follows :
a. There are two basic types of plug valves :
- Lubricated Type
- Nonlubricated Type
b. Plug may be :
- Tapered (More Common) or
- Cylindrical (Less Common)
c. Normally, plugs are tapered downward with bolted access cover to top. Inverted plug valves with bottom access are also
available.
d. The term lubricated refers to sealant being injected under pressure into grooves within valve body and plug. The
sealant helps to prevent internal leakage and also acts as a lubricant to reduce metal-to-metal friction. Nonlubricated valves
depend on a resilient liner for sealing. Stem sealing is accomplished in a variety of ways.
e. Plug valve body configurations are :

Shot Pattern
Regular Pattern
Venturi Pattern
Multiport Patterns

2.Port Configuration
Port openings can be specified in a variety of configurations, such as round, rectangular, oval, trapezoidal, etc., resulting in
restriction to flow characteristics that must be examined for specific applications; e.g., regular pattern valves provide a
flow area of 40 to 100% of the connecting pipe area. Venturi patterns provide a flow area of 36 to 50% of the connecting pipe
area. The area reductions vary with valve type and also with manufacturer. Generally, the greater the opening, the lower
pressure drop, and the higher the cost.
Cylindrical plug valves may have a round opening identical to the pipe opening, thus introducing no additional pressure drop.
They are not readily available and are seldom used, particularly in large sizes, because of the relatively high cost.
3. Actuators
Geared actuators are normally used for 4 inch and larger nonlubricated plug valves and for 6 inch and larger lubricated plug
valves.
4. Limitations
Limitations of plug valves include the following :
a. They are subject to binding and galling.
b. They are not suited for steam service.
c. Lubricated plug valves require periodic lubrication.
d. The lubricant (sealant) may react or contaminate the fluid being carried.
e. Flowing fluid trapped inside the plug port may cause overpressure and failure (cracking) of the plug when the valve is
closed.
f. It should be noted when handling water at freezing temperatures that there is a risk that water trapped inside a closed
plug will freeze and crack the plug. This can be prevented by drilling a small hole in the plug on the downstream side.
5. Typical Applications
Typical applications of plug valves are in petroleum and natural gas for leakproof isolation, and in slurry service.
It should be noted when handling water at freezing temperatures that there is a risk that water trapped inside a closed plug
will freeze and crack the plug. This can be prevented by drilling a small hole in the plug on the downstream side.
6. Eccentric Plug Valves
The eccentric plug valve is a quarter turn nonlubricated type. The valve consist of a body, bonnet, actuating mechanism,
and a rotating vane-like plug disc that is eccentrically located off its trunnion shaft and passes flow by positioning the plug
out of the flow path and stops flow by positioning the plug against as inlet or outlet port. These valves are manufactured in
sizes from inch to 54 inch NPS. Multiported eccentric valves are available in 3 inch to 16 inch pipe sizes.
Eccentric plug valves can be used in on-off operation and in throttling service for waste water, saltwater, corrosive drains,
gas or air contaminated with suspended solids, and for liquid slurries. They have excellent flow characteristics and, when
the valve is wide open the plug is out of the slurry stream, which reduces wear. In slurry service the flow direction is from
under the seat, so that solids do not collect in the valve cavity. The preferred orientation is with the shaft horizontal with
the plug in open position.
Special valves provided by bottom ash handling system vendors are often of the eccentric plug type.
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Labels: Piping Components

T U E S D A Y, J U N E

16,

2009

Plug Valve 1
Basic Design
A plug valves is essentially a ported, tapered or cylindrical plug in a housing. Rotation of the plug by 90 degrees (quarter
turn) changes the position from open to closed or vice versa. Available sizes are from inch to about 12 inch for
nonlubricated valves and up to 30 inch nominal pipe size (NPS) for lubricated valves. The eccentric plug valves are a
special case and are described separately at the end of this section.
Design Features
All two-way plug valves are bidirectional. However, three-way, four-way and five-way valves have a designated inlet. They
require less headroom than most other valves and have a low center of gravity. They are of simple construction and easy to
maintain.
Typical Applications
Plug valves are used as bubble-tight, on-off stop valves in a variety of fluid systems including air, gas, oil and liquid slurries,
but are not used in steam service. In small sizes they are economically competitive with globe valves, while in large sizes
they are more expensive than globe valves.
Because plug sealing methods do not promote crud traps, plug valves are frequently used in slurry service; however, if
throttling accuracy is not important, nonlubricated plug valves can be used when the valves is equipped to hold the plug in
position. Lubricated valves, if used in throttling service, will tend to lose sealant from sealant grooves exposed to fluid flow.
Posted by swhat 2:10 AMNo comments:
Labels: Piping Components

M O N D A Y, M A Y 1 8 ,

2009

Ball Valves
1.Basic Design
The ball valve is basically a ported sphere in a housing. A quarter turn of the stem will cycle the valve from open to closed
or vice-versa.
2.Size Range
Ball valves with are manufactured in sized ranging from inch to 48 inch and higher. Sizes up to 8 inch are used quite
frequently. Ball valves in small sizes are relatively inexpensive.
3.Directional Seating Characteristics
Ball valves with two seats are normally bi-directional while those with a single seat are normally unidirectional. Multiport
ball valves (2-Way, 3-Way, 4-Way) are unidirectional. The multiport ball valve is used frequently for diverting flow to several
directions using a single valve.
4.Typical Applications
Ball valves are used as bubble-tight stop valves for relatively clean fluid systems, such as air, water, and gas. The popularity
of this valve is enhanced by its very small space envelope for a given line size (although this advantage diminishes somewhat
in larger sizes) and its quarter turn operation from the closed to open (or open to close) position. Typical applications
include fuel oil and fuel gas service.
5.Design Features
Ball valves have a very low center of gravity and are simple designs. With few moving, yet accessible parts, this valve design
rates very high with respect to achieving low maintenance costs.
These valves have low pressure drop and low leakage and they are rapid opening. In full port configuration they have the
same flow restriction as a straight piece of pipe and generate little or no additional turbulence.

6.Construction Details
Construction details are as follows :
a. Ball valves are manufactured in three basic designs :
- Floating Ball
- Double Trunnion
b. Port sizes are as follows :
- Full Port
- Reduced Port
- Venturi Pattern
c. The full port ball valve has the lowest pressure drop (Or highest Cv) and the highest price of the three port
configurations.
7. Limitations
Limitation of ball valves are as follows :
a. Standard ball valves should not be used for any sustained throttling service as severe erosion of the ball and seat ring my
result if the ball and seats are not designed for throttling service. Some ball valves have special design features which makes
them suitable for throttling service.
b. Soft-seated ball valves have a generic design problem that exists when suspended solid participles in the fluid system
(resins, oxide particles, etc.) settle-out and become trapped in the cavities below the ball and in the vicinity of the stem or
trunnion areas when the flow has stopped and this crud has had time to become encrusted. One solution to this problem is
to position all valves mounted in a horizontal run of pipe so that the stems or trunnions are in the horizontal position. This
valve position will promote the self-scouring motion when flow returns. Another solution is to drill and tap the body for a
threaded plug under the ball or in the area of crud build-up; the tapped hole can be used for drawings and/or flushing.
c. Fluid trapped in the ball valve in the closed position may caused problems if the valve is not vented (e.g., water freezing
and subsequent cracking the ball).
d. Because the valve can be quick opening and closing, rapid closure may cause water hammer or pressure surges.
e. Typical materials used for seating and seals on ball valves are listed with approximate (they are a function of mechanical
design as well as material properties) recommended maximum service temperatures.
8.Access for Disassembly and maintenance
The internals of most ball valves may be accessed from one of the valve ends; this requires the pipe line to be loosened at
the valve removed. More desirable are top entry designs. Also swing-away designs are available in small sites; this design
allows in-service access, also which does not require dismantling the pipe line.
9.Basic Seat Seal Design
In order to maintain the bubble-tight closure expected of a ball valve, materials used for seating and sealing must be
compatible for the system service temperatures. The majority of the ball valve design used a resilient material seat ring in
contact with the polished surface of the ball disc. This valve seating design is described as nonlubricated and depends on
the natural lubricating qualities of the material to provide low friction operation.
10.Lubricated Seat Designs
Some manufacturers produce valves with secondary seating as well as primary. This is accomplished by the use of sealant
material forces under pressure into machined passages along the periphery of the ball affecting a seal that can be
maintained until the primary seal can be replaced. This design is known as a lubricated seat design.
11.Stem Seals
Stem seal design varies with the valve sizes and service temperatures. Simplified stuffing boxes are used with flat packing
rings compressed by screwed glands and stuffing boxes that us chevron type packing rings that are pressurized with a
sealant. Other designs use a series of O-ring seals backed up by a secondary sealant seal.
12.Metal-To-Metal Seated Ball Valves
Heavy duty, meal-to-metal seated ball valves are available for high temperature, high pressure service.
This type of valve has been seen in increasing usage due to the following advantages :
a. High resistance to erosion, making this design an excellent selection in high solids service;
b. Temperature capability equal to metal seated gate or glove valves in high temperature service;
c. Options for throttling.
The drawbacks of these design are :
a. High initial costs;

b. A high stem torque requirement which means that a gearbox is required in smaller sizes than for a conventional ball
valve.
Posted by swhat 6:01 PM4 comments:
Labels: Piping Components

W E D N E S D A Y, A P R I L

15,

2009

Check Valve
1 Typical Usage
Check valves are used to block the pipe flow in one direction while permitting flow in the other direction. A typical
application of a check valve is at the discharge of a pump. If the pump is idle on stand-by the check valve prevents reverse
flow though this pump; the moment the pump start the flow can lift the check valve and go in the downstream direction.
2 Primary Function
The primary function of a check valve is to prevent flow reversal. Check valves pass fluid freely in one direction and, if
pressure reverses, close to stop flow in the other direction. Therefore, the principal force on the check valve is a water or
steam hammer transient load.
3 Application Objectives
The major engineering concern in design and selection of check valves is to achieve, at normal flow condition, a low
pressure drop across the valve, a reasonable wear rate on the valve element, and a stable operating mode. The design and
selection of the check valve should also include the attainment of an acceptably low transient load and a tolerable leakage
rate during and after valve closure.

Raised Face (RF)

The Raised Face flange is the most common type used in process plant applications, and is easily
to identify. It is referred to as a raised face because the gasket surfaces are raised above the
bolting circle face. This face type allows the use of a wide combination of gasket designs, including
flat ring sheet types and metallic composites such as spiral wound and double jacketed types.
The purpose of a RF flange is to concentrate more pressure on a smaller gasket area and thereby
increase the pressure containment capability of the joint. Diameter and height are in ASME B16.5
defined, by pressure class and diameter. Pressure rating of the flange determines the height of the
raised face.
The typical flange face finish for ASME B16.5 RF flanges is 125 to 250 in Ra (3 to 6 m

Flat Face (FF)

The Flat Face flange has a gasket surface in the same plane as the bolting circle face. Applications
using flat face flanges are frequently those in which the mating flange or flanged fitting is made
from a casting.
Flat face flanges are never to be bolted to a raised face flange. ASME B31.1 says that when
connecting flat face cast iron flanges to carbon steel flanges, the raised face on the carbon steel
flange must be removed, and that a full face gasket is required. This is to keep the thin, bittle cast
iron flange from being sprung into the gap caused by the raised face of the carbon steel flange.

Ring-Type Joint (RTJ)

The Ring Type Joint flanges are typically used in high pressure (Class 600 and higher rating)
and/or high temperature services above 800F (427C). They have grooves cut into their faces
which steel ring gaskets. The flanges seal when tightened bolts compress the gasket between the
flanges into the grooves, deforming (or Coining) the gasket to make intimate contact inside the
grooves, creating a metal to metal seal.
An RTJ flange may have a raised face with a ring groove machined into it. This raised face does not
serve as any part of the sealing means. For RTJ flanges that seal with ring gaskets, the raised
faces of the connected and tightened flanges may contact each other. In this case the compressed
gasket will not bear additional load beyond the bolt tension, vibration and movement cannot
further crush the gasket and lessen the connecting tension.

Ring Type Joint gaskets

Ring Type Joint gaskets are metallic sealing rings, suitable for high-pressure and high-temperature
applications. They are always applied to special, accompanying flanges which ensure good, reliable
sealing with the correct choice of profiles and material.
Ring Type Joint gaskets are designed to seal by "initial line contact" or wedging action between the
mating flange and the gasket. By applying pressure on the seal interface through bolt force, the
"softer" metal of the gasket flows into the microfine structure of the harder flange material, and
creating a very tight and efficient seal.

Most applied type is style

R ring that is manufactured in accordance with ASME B16.20 used with

ASME B16.5 flanges, class 150 to 2500. Style "R" ring type joints are manufactured in both oval
and octagonal configurations.
The octagonal cross section has a higher sealing efficiency than the oval and would be the
preferred gasket. However, only the oval cross section can be used in the old type round bottom
groove. The newer flat bottom groove design will accept either the oval or the octagonal cross
section.
The sealing surfaces on the ring joint grooves must be smoothly finished to 63 Microinches and be
free of objectionable ridges, tool or chatter marks. They seal by an initial line contact or a wedging
action as the compressive forces are applied. The hardness of the ring should always be less than
the hardness of the flanges.
Style R ring type joints are designed to seal pressure up to 6,250 psi in accordance wi

What are Flanges & Types of Flanges

23 March 2013 at 05:08

A flange is a forged or cast ring of steel designed to connect sections of pipe or join pipe to a pressure Vessel,
pump or any other integral flanges assembly.

Flanges are joined to each other by bolting and joined to the piping system by welding or threading.

The basic types of flanges are; Slip on, Blind, Weld Neck, Threaded, Socket Weld, Lap Joint and Orifice.

Flanges are designed to the following pressure ratings; 150lb, 300lb, 400lb, 600lb, 900lb, 1500lb and 2500lb.

The most common facings machined on flanges are:

(a) Raised face, 1/16 inch for 150lb and 300lb, inch for 400lb and heavier.
(b) Flat face, for 150lb and 300lb only, other may be flat face on request.
(c) Ring type joint, may be applied to all pressure ratings.

TYPES & APPLICATIONS

Slip-On Flange
The flange is slipped over the pipe and then welded both inside and outside to provide sufficient Strength and
prevent leakage. This flange is used in preference to weld necks by many users because of its lower cost and the
fact that less accuracy is required when cutting pipe to length.

Blind Flanges
This is a flange without a bore and is used to shut off a piping system or vessel opening. It also permits Easy
access to vessels or piping systems for inspection purposes. Blind flange can be supplied with or without hubs at
the manufacturers option.

Weld-Neck flange
This is designed to be joined to a piping system by buttwelding. It is relatively expensive because of Its long neck,
but is preferred for high stress applications. The neck, or hub transmits stresses to the the base of the hub to the
wall thickness at the butt weld, provide important reinforcement of the flange. The bore of the flange matches the
bore of the pipe, reducing turbulence and erosion.

Threaded Flange
This is similar to a slip-on flange in outline, but the bore is threaded, thus enabling assembly without welding. This
obviously limits its application to relatively low pressure piping systems. The flange may be welded around the
joint after assembly, but this is not considered a satisfactory method of increasing its applications.

Socket Weld Flanges

This is similar to a slip-on flange in outline, but the bore is counter-bored to accept pipe. The diameter of the
remaining bore is the same as the inside diameter of the pipe. The flange is attached to the pipe by a fillet weld
around the hub of the flange. An optional interval weld may be applied in high stress applications. Its biggest use
is in high pressure systems such as hydraulic and steam lines.

Spectacle Flanges
This is a pressure retaining plate with one solid end and one open end connected with a web or tie-bar. In normal
operation, the open end forms the seal between two flanges and permits normal flow of fluid through pipe work. If
the solid end is swung into position it effectively blanks of the pipe and halts the flow.

Lap-Joint Flanges
This is again similar to a slip-on flange, but it has a radius at the intersection of the bore and the flange face to
accommodate a lap stub end. The face on the stub end forms the gasket face on the flange. This type of flange is
used in applications where section of piping systems need to be dismantle quickly and easily for inspection or
replacement.

Orifice Flanges
The function of an orifice flange is to provide access to a line for metering of gases or liquids. An orifice plate is
clamped between a pair of flanges when installed in a line and the whole assembly is refer to as an orifice flange
union. Jack-screws within the assembly facilitate removal of the orifice plate. The orifice plate, the metering
device, consists of a thin plate with a concentric, square edge, circular hole in the centre. Two pressure tap-holes
are drilled in each flange to measure pressure difference through the orifice.

Groove & Tongue Flanges

The Groove and Tongue faces of these flanges must be matched. One flange face has a raised ring (Tongue)
machined onto the flange face while the mating flange has a matching depression (Groove) machined into it's
face.

Tongue-and-groove facings are standardized in both large and small types. They differ from male-and-female in
that the inside diameters of the tongue-and-groove do not extend into the flange base, thus retaining the gasket
on its inner and outer diameter. These are commonly found on pump covers and Valve Bonnets.

Tongue-and-groove joints also have an advantage in that they are self-aligning and act as a reservoir for the
adhesive. The scarf joint keeps the axis of loading in line with the joint and does not require a major machining
operation.

General flange faces such as the RTJ, T&G and the F&M shall never be bolted together. The reason for this is
that the contact surfaces do not match and there is no gasket that has one type on one side and another type on
the other side.

Long Neck Flanges

Owing to our rich industrial experience, we are offering a comprehensive range of Long Weld Neck Flanges. The
professionals of our organization source these neck flanges from trusted vendors. These flanges are unique due
to their simple connectivity with other pipes. Moreover, our products are extensively used in refining industries for
linking purposes. Our esteemed patrons can avail these qualitative range of flanges from us at industry-leading
prices.

Flat Face Flanges

The Flat Face (FF) flange has a gasket surface in the same plane as the bolting circle face. Applications using
flat face flanges are frequently those in which the mating flange or flanged fitting is made from a casting.

Flat face flanges are never to be bolted to a raised face flange. ASME B31.1 says that when connecting flat face
cast iron flanges to carbon steel flanges, the raised face on the carbon steel flange must be removed, and that a
full face gasket is required. This is to keep the thin, bittle cast iron flange from being sprung into the gap caused
by the raised face of the carbon steel flange.

Raised Face Flanges

The Raised Face (RF) type is the most applied flange face, and is easily to identify. It is referred to as a raised
face because the gasket surfaces are raised above the bolting circle face.

Specifications covering the manufacture and dimensions of flanges:

ASTM SPECIFICATIONS
ASTM specifications regulate approved raw materials for which flanges can be made and specifications .

For stainless flanges are:

ASTM A.182 - Forged or Rolled Alloy Steel Pipe Flanges & Fittings for high temperature service.

ANSI AND MSS SPECIFICATIONS

The standards govern the dimensions and tolerances to which fitting are manufactured:
ANSI B. 16.5

- Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings ( inch to 24 inch nominal diameter)

MSS SP.6

- Flange Facings

MSS SP.25

- Marking of flanges

MSS SP.39

- Bolts and Nuts for Flanges

MSS SP.44

- Large Diameter Pipeline Flanges. (Over 24 inch dia)

API-605

- Large Diameter Flanges for petroleum Usage. (Over 24 inch dia)

The ASME Code is not a standard as such but section VIII provides the procedure for calculating dimensions
For all pressurised vessels flanges.
The following are not flange specifications but they influence the manufacture of forged steel flange
ANSI B. 31.10

- Code for Pressure Piping

ANSI B. 31.3

- Petroleum Refinery Piping

ANSI B. 31.4

- Oil Transportation Piping

ANSI B. 31.5

- Refrigeration Piping Systems

ANSI B. 31.7

- Nuclear Power Piping

ANSI B. 31.8

- Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping systems

ANSI B. 36.10

- Standard for Wrought Steel pipe

ANSI B. 36.19

- Standard for Stainless Steel Pipe

ANSI B. 16.10

- Valve Dimensions Face & End

ANSI B. 16.11

- Forged Fittings Socket Weld & Threaded

Blind Flanges

Flanges

Groove & Tongue Flanges

Lap Joint Flanges

Long Neck Flanges

Orifice Flanges

Raised Flanges

Slip-On Flanges

Socket Weld Flanges

Spectale Blind Flanges

Thread Flanges

Weld-Neck Flanges

Reference

How to read a METRIC pipe schedule