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Table
MENDELEEV:
Arranged by atomic mass
Similar properties
Left gaps for elements yet
to be discovered
Periodic
Table
Periodic
Table
Stored in oil,
as reacts with
oxygen in air
Periodic
Table
Group 7 Halogens
HALOGEN
DISPLACEMENT
A more reactive
halogen will
displace a less
reactive one from a
compound
Periodic
Table
Transition Metals
Water
Water
evaporates due
to Suns thermal
energy.
Condenses to
form clouds
Precipitation (
rain/snow/sleet)
occurs.
Water Cycle
Ionic compounds are soluble, but
covalent ones are not.
Water
Hard Water
SCUM
When hard water
reacts with soap.
SCALE
When hard water
is heated.
SCALE is basically limescale which is Calcium
Carbonate which is a solid ppt and forms on
metal appliances reducing efficiency.
+ve
- Ca for
bones/teeth
-ve
- Kettles furrow up
less efficient
Water
Ion
Exchange
(water
softener)
Filled with resin.
Contain Sodium/Hydrogen Ions
As the water is passed through
the resin, the Na/H ions are
EXCHANGED with the Ca/Mg
ions.
Needs to be topped up with Na
ions so NaCl is poured in to
replenish.
Water
Water Treatment
Made safe to drink by removing
solids and micro-organisms
Distillation =
PURE WATER
Periodic
Table
Analysis
Water
C3
Energy
Acids &
Alkalis
Acids
&
Alkalis
Strong/Weak Acids/Alkalis
TESTING whether strong or weakuse Universal Indicator
Acids
&
Alkalis
NEUTRAL pH7
Titration
END POINT
Unknown
volume
Acid-base
reaction is
complete
Phenolphthalein STRONG
ALKALI and WEAK ACID
Known
volume
and conc
Acids
Energy
&
Alkalis
4.2J raises
temp of 1 g
of water by
1 degree
A+BC
If 0.1 mole of reactants. Total mass of A and B is
100g.
Temp start is 19.6, temp max is 26.1
Work out diff.6.5
Energy change = mass x 4.2 x temp change
Bomb
calorimeter
Acids
Energy
&
Alkalis
Energy changes
Reaction = bond breaking ( endo) and bond making ( exo)
ENDOTHERMIC
EXOTHERMIC
CATALYST.
Lowers activation
energy
H = - ve
Acids
Energy
&
Alkalis
Bond energies
Identify the bonds..stick diagrams!
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)
Bond
Bond energy
kJ/mol
H-H
436
Cl-Cl
242
H-Cl
431
O-H
464
C-C
347
C-O
335
O=O
498
2H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Add up on the bonds in the reactants.
This is bond energy needed to break the bonds
Add up on the bonds in the products.
This is bond energy needed to make new bonds.
REMEMBER making new bonds is an exothermic
reactionso it is always a ve number
Acids
Analysis
Energy
&
Alkalis
Positive Ions
Add
Sodium
Hydroxide
Fe 3+
FLAME TESTS
metal
barium
apple green
calcium
brick red
potassium
lilac
lithium
bright red
sodium
orange
Fe 2+
Cu 2+
Acids
Energy
&
Analysis
Alkalis
Negative Ions
SULPHATES
( add HCl to removes
any carbonate ions)
Add Barium Chloride
white ppt
Br
NITRATES
Analysis
Titration Calculations
2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O
V = 30cm3 Conc = ?
3. Look at the
equation for the
ratio. Here, it is 2:1
So we calculate
moles of acid here
and then multiply
this by 2
What is ammonia?
Ammonia is an important compound
in the manufacture of fertilizer and
other chemicals such as cleaning
fluids and floor waxes.
It is made industrially by reacting
nitrogen with hydrogen in the Haber
process. It is a reversible reaction,
so it never goes to completion.
Why is this a problem for companies
making ammonia?
nitrogen
hydrogen
ammonia
N2 (g)
3H2 (g)
2NH3 (g)
What is yield?
The amount of product made in a reaction is called the
yield and is usually expressed as a percentage.
pressure (atm)
energy
equipment
wages
Maximizing productivity
What else can be done to maximise productivity in the
manufacture of ammonia?
An iron catalyst is used to increase the rate of
reaction. It speeds up both the forward and backward
reaction, so the position of equilibrium is not affected.
reactant B
product
+
Dynamic equilibrium can only take place in a closed system,
otherwise the products would escape.
Opposing change
Whenever a change is made to a reversible reaction in
dynamic equilibrium, the equilibrium will shift to try and
oppose the change.
Condition
Effect
Temperature
decreasing the
concentration of
substance A
equilibrium shifts to
decrease the amount of
substance A
equilibrium shifts to
increase the amount of
substance A
Alcohols
What Are Alcohols?
Alcohols are organic chemical compounds which form
a homologous series.
They are compounds in which one or more hydrogen
atoms in an alkane (saturated hydrocarbon) are
replaced by hydroxyl (OH) groups.
The hydroxyl group (OH) is the part of the molecule
that is responsible for the characteristic reactions and
chemical properties of the alcohol. This is otherwise
known as the 'functional group'
Ethanol
Ethanol is an alcohol.
Ethanol can be represented in a number of
different forms:
C2H5OH
CH3CH2OH
Methanol
Methanol is another alcohol, which as we
know, is also a member of the homologous
series.
Methanol can be represented as a formula:
CH3OH
Methanol
The molecular structure of methanol look like
this:
Carboxylic acid
A carboxylic acid is an organic acid that
contains one or more carboxyl groups. They
usually have higher boiling points than water
and are usually quite weak acids. These longer
chain acids tend to be rather soluble in lesspolar solvents such as ethers and alcohols.
Ethanoic Acid
Ethanoic acid can be found in your kitchen,
any ideas? Yes, its vinegar! Ethanoic acid is
one of the simplest carboxylic acids.
The COOH part of ethanoic acid is sometimes
referred to as the functional group
Esters
Esters are chemical compounds made by
condensing acids with alcohols. Esters with
low molecular weight are commonly used as
fragrances and found in essential oils and
pheromones.
Making an Ester
Ethyl ethanoate is synthesized in industry mainly via the
classic Fischer esterification reaction of an ethanol (alcohol)
and a ethanoic acid (carboxylic acid). This mixture converts to
the ester in about 65% yield at room temperature:
CH3CH2OH + CH3COOH CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O