TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO ELECTRICITY COMMISSION

Protection and SCADA

SCADA Notes
Year 2
11/19/2008

PARASNATH SINGH
1

Table of Contents
1.0
SCADA Section ..................................................................................................................... 4
1.1
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 4
1.2
Supervisory Control ......................................................................................................... 4
1.3
Data Acquisition .............................................................................................................. 4
1.4
T&TEC SCADA system ...................................................................................................... 6
1.5
Remote Terminal Unit ..................................................................................................... 7
1.5.1
CPU .......................................................................................................................... 7
1.5.2
Digital Output Card .................................................................................................. 8
1.5.3
Analog Input Card .................................................................................................... 9
1.5.4
Modem .................................................................................................................... 9
1.5.5
Master Station ....................................................................................................... 10
2.0
Definitions ......................................................................................................................... 14
3.0
Scada Design ...................................................................................................................... 17
4.0
Point lists ........................................................................................................................... 18
5.0
Installation of RTU (positioning, programming, commissioning) ...................................... 24
6.0
Master Architecture .......................................................................................................... 32
7.0
Substation integration system design ............................................................................... 37
8.0
SEL 2032-Programming and Commissioning ..................................................................... 43
9.0
SCADA backup change over procedure ............................................................................. 47
10.0 SCADA Maintenance.......................................................................................................... 48
11.0 IEC 61850- Process bus research ....................................................................................... 51
12.0 Appendices ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

List of Figures
Figure 1: T&TEC SCADA system block diagram (need to be updated) ............................................ 5
Figure 2: Typical connection of DI card to external switches and relay contacts ........................... 8
Figure 3: Typical connection of DO card to external equipment .................................................... 8
Figure 4: Typical connection of AI card to transducers ................................................................... 9
Figure 5: Block diagram of typical RTU setup .................................................................................. 9
Figure 6: Block diagram showing components of master station ................................................. 11
Figure 7: Typical RTU layout for the older Legacy RTUs ............................................................... 12
Figure 8: Typical RTU layout for newer RTUs ............................................................................... 13
Figure 9: Protocol Types ................................................................................................................ 26
Figure 10: RTU Configuration Screen ............................................................................................ 27
Figure 11: Analog Configuration Window ..................................................................................... 28
Figure 12: Digital Input Configuration Window............................................................................. 29
Figure 13: SBO Configuration ........................................................................................................ 30
Figure 14: Communication Port COnfiguration ............................................................................. 31
Figure 15: Typical SCADA master station system configuration at a control center..................... 32
Figure 16: Master layout ............................................................................................................... 34
Figure 17: Options for Relay Integration ....................................................................................... 38
Figure 18: Application of the front end processor ........................................................................ 39
2

Figure 19: Relay Integration design using the Cybectec SMP-CP at Chaguanas East Distribution41
Figure 20: Typical Integrated Substation System .......................................................................... 44

List of Tables
Table 1: Table showing list of points for Chaguanas East Substation categorized by feeder/device
....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Table 2: table showing List of Point for Barataria S/S as programmed in at the Master stations 20
Table 3: Communication type ....................................................................................................... 46

1.0 SCADA Section

1.1 Introduction
SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) is an industrial measurement and control
system consisting of a central host or master (usually called a Master Station, Master Terminal
Unit or MTU); one or more field data gathering devices and control units or remotes (usually
called remote stations, remote terminal units, or RTU's); and a collection of standard and/or
custom software used to monitor and control remotely located field data elements. SCADA
systems generally cover large geographic areas, and rely on a variety of communications media
for the transmission of data between the Master Station and RTUs.

1.2 Supervisory Control

Supervisory control provides selective control and supervision for the opening and closing of
breakers and for the changing of taps on transformers using a Master Station located in the
Control room in the Stanley P. Ottley building Mt. Hope. The Master Station sends data along
communication channels to the RTUs located at various substations and power stations.

1.3 Data Acquisition

Information is obtained by the RTUs located at substations and power stations and transmitted
to the Control Rooms Master Station. The data can be telemetry readings such as power,
current, volts and power factor or digital status readings for protection alarm indications,
breaker status, RTU alarms and transformer tap status.

Figure 1: T&TEC SCADA system block diagram (need to be updated)

1.4 T&TEC SCADA system

The T&TEC SCADA system is shown in the block diagram above. It consists of the following basic SCADA
elements:
1. Master Terminal Unit or Master Station
2. Remote Terminal Units
3. Communication medium
4. Database server
5. Backup power source (UPS)
6. Satellite clock

The Master station communicates with RTUs using both SC1801 and DNP3 communications protocols
over pilot wire, digital microwave radio communication links, TSTT low speed lease data lines and Fiber
Optic cables. The Master Station Polls the RTUs in a fixed time interval (seconds) and only RTUs with
information responds. Each channel has a number of RTUs daisy chained as shown in the diagram. The
MTU gets information from each RTU, which is distinguished by a unique address. As mentioned before
the data could be analog such as currents and voltages or digital as is the case with alarms or status
information. The map board is a single line representation of the transmission and sub-transmission
system. On this board the breaker status is modeled as an indicator that can display GREEN to indicate
open and RED to indicate closed. Because of the large number of displays, four RTUs located at the
back of the map board in the Control room updates the required indicator to the appropriate colour.

1.5 Remote Terminal Unit

An RTU is basically a microcomputer-based system consisting of the following component cards:
1. Digital Input Card or XTs
2. Analog Input Card or XTs
3. Digital Output Card or XTs
4. Central Processing Unit (CPU) or Baseboard
5. Modem
6. Relay Panel (trip and close are one circuit)
At present there are two types of RTUs used by T&TEC i.e. Legacy RTUs from the older SCADA system
and Telvent RTUs.

1.5.1

CPU

An Intel 386, 486 or 586 series CPU is the brain of the newer RTUs. It stores the information collected
by all the interface cards in RAM and communicates this information to the Master Station during the
poll cycle. The 486 and 585 series can support DNP over TCP/IP communication and thus allows for
engineering access to remote IEDs.

Digital Input (DI) Card

The DI Card collects information on Protection Alarms, RTU alarms (e.g. ac fail), breaker and transformer
tap status.

RTU

Digital
Input Card

Protection Relay
Contact or
Circuit breaker
status
(contacts wired
represent a status:
Open/Close,
Fail or Operate)

Figure 2: Typical connection of DI card to external switches and relay contacts

1.5.2

Digital Output Card

This card performs the actual supervisory control function upon command from the Master Station. It is
this card that interfaces with the closing and opening circuits of the circuit breakers and is also
responsible for the changing of tap positions on transformers. This card is directly connected to
mechanical relays, which operate the controlled equipment.

Figure 3: Typical connection of DO card to external equipment

1.5.3

Analog Input Card

This card collects information on the values of MW, Amps, Voltage and power factor at the substation or
power stations. This card is wired to terminal blocks then to transducers which output 0-5V signals. An
analog to digital (A/D) converter converts the analog signals into digital signals.

Measured
Quantity
Voltage, MW.
Current e.t.c.

Transducer
Votage to
Current

RTU
Analog
Input Card

Figure 4: Typical connection of AI card to transducers

1.5.4

Modem

All signals entering or leaving the RTU pass through the modem. It converts the digital signals into pulse
rate modulated signals of fixed frequency and finite bandwidth. The information stored in this signal is
then transmitted to the Master Station.

IEDs:
Analog and Digital
Soft points

Transducers
MW, Volts
Amps, P.F.

Relay Contacts

CB Trip and
Closing Coil,
Remote Tap
Changing Control

Data
Concentrator
Engineering
Access

Analog Input
Card

Digital Input Card

CPU

Modem

Microwave link
Pilot wire
TSTT line
Fibre Optic

Digital Output
Card

Figure 5: Block diagram of typical RTU setup

1.5.5

Master Station

The master station has the following components:

1. Visual display units
2. Printers and input devices such as keyboards and mouse
3. Map board
4. RAID - Array of independent disc (72.8 GB)
5. Workstations
6. Servers
7. GPS true time
The real time server at the master station polls/requests information from the RTUs through an Ethernet
switch, terminal server, digital bridge, modem and communication channel. The response/reply from
the RTU follows the same path but in opposite fashion i.ee the communication channel, modem, digital
bridge, terminal server and Ethernet switch.

10

Figure 6: Block diagram showing components of master station

11

Figure 7: Typical RTU layout for the older Legacy RTUs

12

Power
Supply

2030 Com
Processor
Mux fiber
optic control

User
Input

Analog
Input
Card

Processor

Digital
Input
Card
Mother board

SBO
Select before
Operate

DI Board

Relays and Kinfe Switches

Relays and Knife Switches

Battery
12V x 2

Figure 8: Typical RTU layout for newer RTUs

13

2.0 Definitions
Availability: The measure of time a parameter measurement is available to users and algorithms. It is
customary to express availability in percentage, usually as 99.xxx where xxx is an expressed fraction of a
percentage point. It is sometimes more useful to express unavailability as a maximum period of time
during which the variable is unavailaible, e.g. 4 hrs per month. Availability = uptime/(uptime +
downtime).
Chatter Filter: A facility that is used to disable a digital input point if the number of state changes of that
point during a defined time interval is excessively high.
Debounce Period: The amount of time for which the state of a digital input point shall be detected in a
valid on or off condition before it is considered to be in that position.
Latency: The time between when sensor outputs are present at the physical interface of a measuring
device until its value is available to the first user or program.
PING: Acronym for Packet Internet Groper, a utility that can test the reach ability of destinations on an
IP network. It uses an ICMP echo request, and waits for its reply.
Pseudo Points: System data points generated internally by a software application. They often represent
the results of a calculation, or the internal state of a process.
Resolution: The smallest increment of a value that can be resolved, often expressed as percent of full
scale. It is better expressed in engineering units of the measured value.
Scan (interrogation): The process by which a data acquisition system interrogates RTUs for points of
data.
Scan cycle: The time in seconds required to obtain a collection of data (e.g. all data from one RTU, all
data from all RTUs, or all data of a particular type from all RTUs).
Scan Enable: A feature that allows or disallows a particular input point to be scanned.
Select Before Operate: Two-part command sequence used to achieve high communications security and
hardware verification before the control is actually executed.
Single point/multiple point: Control of a single point versus global control of multiple points.
Software Debouncing: A method used to determine whether a digital input has actually changed state,
or whether a perceived change of state was actually contact bounce or other line
Time Skew: The elapsed time between when the first value in a set of measurements is taken until the
last value of the same set of measurements is taken. The data set may consist of measurements made
in a close proximity, as within a single substation, or across a large geographic area as in the flow
measurements for a large transmission network.
14

Unavailability: The ratios of downtime to uptime, or downtime/(uptime + downtime).

Update Periodicity: The unit time between updates, sometimes expressed as the rate at which a
measurement is updated (frequency).
Local Area Network (LAN): A LAN is a general-purpose technology normally designed for a limited
geographical area, such as a utility substation or an office area. It is generally capable of transmitting
data, voice, and image and video information. In most cases a LAN is considered to be an integral part of
the facility, and is owned by the facility owner. A substation LAN may have sub-networks or segments to
manage information flow and access. Segments may also be added to accommodate passing messages
over distances exceeding the basic messaging distance inherent in the media. Serial networks can often
be implemented over a LAN by embedding the serial messages in a network protocol.
Wide Area Network (WAN): A WAN provides long-distance transmission of data, voice, and image and
video information over a large geographical area. A WAN can be owned by a utility or WAN services can
be leased from telecommunication providers. WANs connect LANs together. For automating
substations, an enterprise WAN connection may become the pathway to link the substation to the
enterprise.
DNP3 (Distributed Network Protocol): DNP3 is essentially a three-layer protocol using the layers 1, 2,
and 7 of the ISO/OSI communications profile set. It is specifically designed for data acquisition and
control applications, and focuses its application information in the area of electric utility data
transmission.
It makes particularly heavy use of Cyclic Redundancy Checks (CRCs) embedded in its data packets, in an
attempt to deal with the very noisy environments in which it is typically used. Many modern
applications can now carry DNP3 messages over TCP/IP.
DNP3 was developed with the following goals:
High data integrity. The DNP3 data link layer uses a variation of the IEC 60870-5-1 (1990-02) frame
format FT3. Both data link layer frames and application layer messages may be transmittedusing
confirmed service.
Flexible structure. The DNP3 application layer is object-based, with a structure that allows a range of
implementations while retaining interoperability.
Multiple applications. DNP3 can be used in several modes, including
1) Polled only,
2) Polled report-by-exception,
3) Unsolicited report-by-exception (quiescent mode), and
4) Mixture of modes 1) through 3).
15

It can also be used with several physical layers, and as a layered protocol is suitable for operation over
local and some wide area networks.

Minimized overhead. DNP3 was designed for existing wire-pair data links with operating bit rates as low
as 1200 bit/s and attempts to use a minimum of overhead while retaining flexibility. Selection of a data
reporting method, such as report-by-exception, further reduces overhead.
Open standard. DNP3 is a nonproprietary, evolving standard controlled by a users group whose
members include RTU, IED, and master station vendors, and representatives of the electric utility and
system consulting community.

Configure: To initialize a device so that it operates in a particular way. For instance, a customer may
configure a device so the device never requests data link confirmations, using a variety of mechanisms
(e.g., parameters in NVRAM, parameters in ROM, dip switches, or hardware jumpers).

cyclic redundancy check (CRC):An error-detection scheme that checks the integrity of a transmitted
message for errors introduced during transmission.

master: A device that initiates communications requests to gather data or perform controls.

remote terminal unit (RTU): A piece of equipment located at a distance from a master station to
monitor and control the state of outlying power equipment and to communicate the information back
to the master station or host.

parse: To resolve a request or response into component parts. In the context of messages, a device can
break the message into pieces, each of which consists of a header and sometimes some corresponding
data. If a device is able to parse a message, it can recognize each piece of a message. It does not
necessarily make use of the data found in that message. However, it shall make any confirmation
responses or other responses that the message requires.

16

3.0 Scada Design

Requirements:
SCADA and Substation Automation systems can be viewed as providing specific key functions, such as:

Measurements

Status monitoring

Control

Protection

Ancillary services

Time synchronism

Programmed logic functions

Typical performance requirements include:

Update Periodicity (Seconds)

Accuracy (%)

Availability (Hours/month)

Latency (Seconds)

Resolution (%)

Time skew (Seconds)

17

4.0 Point lists

A point is defined a status or measurement that needs to be monitored or a process/device that needs
to be controlled, for the purpose of making decisions on system operation from a remote location.
The project section determines the points of interest for monitoring.
Points can be outputs from the RTU for the purpose of control or points can be inputs to the RTU for the
purpose remote monitoring. Inputs are either of type status e.g CB status, contacts etc or analog e.g.
currents and voltages.

Table 1: Table showing list of points for Chaguanas East Substation categorized by feeder/device
Feeder
Central Feeder

Longdenville

Chaguanas West

Bus Protection

TF#1

Points
A 1 Central 66kV CB Status
A 2 Central 66kV CB Spring Status
A 3 Central 66kV Supervisory Selector Switch Status
A 4 Central SEL 321 Distance Relay Operate
A 5 Central SEL 321 Distance Relay Fail
A 6 Central SEL 321 Distance Relay VT fuse fail
A 7 Central Razoa Distance Relay Operate
A 8 Central Razoa Distance Relay Fail
B 1 Longdenville 66kV CB Status
B 2 Longdenville 66kV CB Spring Status
B 3 Longdenville 66kV Supervisory Selector Switch Status
B 4 Longdenville SEL 311L Line Diff. Relay Operate
B 5 Longdenville SEL 311L Line Diff. Relay Fail
B 6 Longdenville SEL 311L Line Diff. Relay VT fuse fail 13
B 7 Longdenville SEL 311L Line Diff. Relay Comm. Channel Fail 14
B 8 Longdenville Qmho Distance Relay Operate 15
C1 Longdenville Qmho Distance Relay Fail 16
C2 Longdenville Qmho Distance Relay VTS Alarm 17
C3 Chaguanas West 66kV CB Status 18
C4 Chaguanas West 66kV CB Spring Status 19
C5 Chaguanas West 66kV Supervisory Selector Switch Status 20
C6 Chaguanas West REF Relay Operate 21
C7 Chaguanas West SEL 351A Overcurrent Relay Operate 22
C8 Chaguanas West SEL 351A Overcurrent Relay Fail 23
D1 Chaguanas West SEL 351A Overcurrent Relay VT fuse fail 24
D2 Chaguanas West 66kV CB Alarm 25
D3 Bus Protection Hiset Relay Operate 26
D4 Bus Protection Overcurrent Relay Operate 27
D5 Bus Protection 1st Stage Operate 28
D6 Bus Protection 2nd Stage Operate 29
D7 Bus Protection Lock Out Trip Relay Operate 30
D8 66/12kV TF#1 Differential Relay Operate 31
A 1 66/12kV TF#1 HVREF Relay Operate 32
A 2 66/12kV TF#1 LVREF Relay Operate 33
A 3 66/12kV TF#1 Buchholz Operate 34

18

TF#2

Montrose

Ramsaran

Bus section 12kV

Chaguanas
Carlsen Field

BATTERY
SPARE

A 4 66/12kV TF#1 PRV Operate 35

A 5 66/12kV TF#1 Main Tank Buchholz Alarm 36
A 6 66/12kV TF#1 Temperature Alarm 37
A 7 66/12kV TF#1 Temperature Trip 38
A 8 66/12kV TF#2 Differential Relay Operate 39
B 1 66/12kV TF#2 HVREF Relay Operate 40
B 2 66/12kV TF#2 LVREF Relay Operate 41
B 3 66/12kV TF#2 Buchholz Operate 42
B 4 66/12kV TF#2 PRV Operate 43
B 5 66/12kV TF#2 Main Tank Buchholz Alarm 44
B 6 66/12kV TF#2 Temperature Alarm 45
B 7 66/12kV TF#2 Temperature Trip 46
B 8 Montrose 12kV CB Status 47
C1 Montrose 12kV CB Spring Status 48
C2 Montrose 12kV Supervisory Selector Switch Status 49
C3 Ramsaran St. 12kV CB Status 50
C4 Ramsaran St. 12kV CB Spring Status 51
C5 Ramsaran 12kV Supervisory Selector Switch Status 52
C6 TF#1 12kV CB Status 53
C7 Bus Section 12kV CB Status 54
C8 TF#2 12kV CB Status 55
D1 Chaguanas 12kV CB Status 56
D2 Chaguanas 12kV CB Spring Status 57
D3 Chaguanas 12kV Supervisory Selector Switch Status 58
D4 Carlsen Field 12kV CB Status 59
D5 Carlsen Field 12kV CB Spring Status 60
D6 Carlsen Field 12kV Supervisory Selector Switch Status 61
D7 Station Battery Charge AC Fail 62
D8 Spare

Outputs
Feeder
Central Feeder
Longdenville
Chaguanas West
Montrose 12kV
Ramsaran St. 12kV
Chaguanas 12kV
Carlsen Field 12kV

Outputs
C1 Central 66kV CB Open 0
C2 Central 66kV CB Close 1
C3 Longdenville 66kV CB Open 2
C4 Longdenville 66kV CB Close 3
C5 Chaguanas West 66kV CB Open 4
C6 Chaguanas West 66kV CB Close 5
C7 Montrose 12kV CB Open 6
C8 Montrose 12kV CB Close 7
D1 Ramsaran St. 12kV CB Open 8
D2 Ramsaran St. 12kV CB Close 9
D3 Chaguanas 12kV CB Open 10
D4 Chaguanas 12kV CB Close 11
D5 Carlsen Field 12kV CB Open 12
D6 Carlsen Field 12kV CB Close 13
D7 Spare 14
D8 Spare

19

Analog inputs (measurements) were sent as soft point, from the various IEDS through RS232 to SMP-CP
data concentrator for this substation.
Barataria Substation Points List
Table 2: table showing List of Point for Barataria S/S as programmed in at the Master stations
name
BAT000ACBAR
BAT001ACBAR
RTU001ACBAR
NIC999CFBAR
SJN999CHBAR
XFD001DCBAR
XFD001DFBAR
WAS999DFBAR
POS002DGBAR
POS004DGBAR
WAS999DGBAR
BAM001DOBAR
BAM002DOBAR
NIC999DOBAR
POS002DOBAR
POS004DOBAR
WAS999DOBAR
WAS999DTBAR
BAM001FTBAR
BAM002FTBAR
CFL999GOBAR
XFD001HFBAR
XFI002HVBAR
XFD001HVBAR
XFI001HVBAR
ELS999IGBAR
MTH999IGBAR
SJN999IGBAR
NIC999LGBAR
XFD001LOBAR
NIC999LOBAR
XFD001LTBAR
XFI002LVBAR
XFD001LVBAR
XFI001LVBAR
BAM001MFBAR
BAM002MFBAR
BAM001MMBAR
BAM002MMBAR
BAM001MSBAR
BAM002MSBAR

rtu
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA

description
ALTERNATE PROT. BATTERY CHARGER AC FAIL
PREFERRED PROT. BATTERY CHARGER AC FAIL
RTU BATTERY CHARGER AC FAIL
NICHOLAS TOWERS SEL 311L LINE DIFF. RELAY COMM.
SAN JUAN SEL 311L COMM CH FAIL
33/12KV T/F #1 DC FAIL
33/12KV T/F #1 DIFFERENTIAL RELAY FAIL
WASA SEL311 LINE DIFF. COMM. CHANNEL FAIL
POS #2 DIRECTIONAL GROUND OVERCURRENT
POS #4 DIRECTIONAL GROUND OVERCURRENT
WASA DIRECTIONAL GROUND OVERCURRENT
BAMBOO #1 DIRECTIONAL PHASE OVERCURRENT
BAMBOO #2 DIRECTIONAL PHASE OVERCURRENT
NICHOLAS TOWERS SEL 351A DOCEF RELAY FAIL
POS #2 DIRECTIONAL PHASE OVERCURRENT
POS #4 DIRECTIONAL PHASE OVERCURRENT
WASA DIRECTIONAL PHASE OVERCURRENT
WASA SEL311 LINE DIFF. TRIP
BAMBOO #1 FAULT THROW SWITCH OPERATED
BAMBOO #2 FAULT THROW SWITCH OPERATED
CHAMPS FLEURS GROUND OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
33/12KV T/F #1 HYDRAN FAIL ALARM
100 MVA TRANSFORMER #2 HV REF
33/12KV T/F #1 HV REF
BAMBOO #1 100 MVA XFR HV REF
EL SOCORRO EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
MT. HOPE EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
SAN JUAN EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
NICHOLAS TOWERS GCB LOW SF6 GAS ALARM
33/12KV T/F #1 LOW OIL LEVEL ALARM
NICHOLAS TOWERS SEL 351A OPERATE
33/12KV T/F #1 LOCK OUT TRIP RELAY (86) OPERA
100 MVA TRANSFORMER #2 LV REF
33/12KV T/F #1 LV REF
BAMBOO #1 100 MVA XFR LV REF
BAMBOO #1 MICROMHO DC FAIL
BAMBOO #2 MICRMHO DC FAIL
BAMBOO #1 MICROMHO PROTECTION TRIP
BAMBOO #2 MICRMHO PROTECTION TRIP
BAMBOO #1 MICROMHO VTS FAIL
BAMBOO #2 MICROMHO VTS FAIL

20

BRK000OCBAR
BRK010OCBAR
BRK020OCBAR
BRK030OCBAR
BRK040OCBAR
BRK050OCBAR
BRK060OCBAR
BRK070OCBAR
BRK080OCBAR
BRK090OCBAR
NIC999OCBAR
XFD001OFBAR
MTH999PFBAR
CFL999POBAR
ELS999POBAR
MTH999POBAR
SJN999POBAR
XFD001PRBAR
XFI002PTBAR
XFI001PTBAR
NIC999RFBAR
SJN999RFBAR
RTU001RMBAR
NIC999ROBAR
SJN999ROBAR
CFL999SCBAR
ELS999SCBAR
NIC999SCBAR
POS002SCBAR
POS004SCBAR
CFL999SFBAR
POS002SFBAR
POS004SFBAR
WAS999SFBAR
ELS999SKBAR
ELS999SOBAR
MTH999SOBAR
BRK000SSBAR
BRK010SSBAR
BRK020SSBAR
BRK030SSBAR
BRK040SSBAR
BRK050SSBAR
BRK060SSBAR
BRK070SSBAR
BRK080SSBAR
BRK090SSBAR
NIC999SSBAR

TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA

33kV OCB#0
33kV OCB#10
33kV OCB#20
33kV OCB#30
33kV OCB#40
33kV OCB#50
33kV OCB#60
33kV OCB#70
33kV OCB#80
33kV OCB#90
NICHOLAS TOWERS 33KV GCB
33/12KV T/F #1 OVERCURRENT RELAY FAIL
MT. HOPE SEL 311L DIFF RELAY COMM CH FAIL
CHAMPS FLEURS PHASE OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
EL SOCORRO PHASE OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
MT. HOPE OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
SAN JUAN OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
33/12KV T/F #1 PRV OPERATE
100 MVA TRANSFORMER #2 PROTECTION TRIP
BAMBOO #1 100MVA PROTECTION TRIP
NICHOLAS TOWERS SEL 311L LINE DIFF. RELAY FAIL
SAN JUAN SEL 311L LINE DIFF RELAY FAIL
RTU REMOTE / LOCAL SWITCH ON LOCAL
NICHOLAS TOWERS SEL 311L LINE DIFF. RELAY OPERA
SAN JUAN SEL 311L LINE DIFF RELAY OPERATE
CHAMPS FLEURS SEL 311 LINE COMMUNICATION FAIL
EL SOCORRO PILOT WIRE SUPERVISION FAIL
NICHOLAS TOWERS SEL 311 LINE COMMUNICATION FAIL
POS #2 SEL 311 LINE COMMUNICATION FAIL
POS #4 SEL 311 LINE COMMUNICATION FAIL
CHAMPS FLEURS SEL 311 LINE DIFF. RELAY FAIL
POS #2 SEL 311 LINE DIFF. RELAY FAIL
POS #4 SEL 311 LINE DIFF. RELAY FAIL
WASA SEL 311 LINE DIFF. FAIL
EL SOCORRO SOLKOR SWITCH OUT
EL SOCORRO SOLKOR PROTECTION
MT. HOPE SEL 311L LINE DIFF RELAY OPERATE
33kV OCB#0 SPRING STATUS
33kV OCB#10 SPRING STATUS
33kV OCB#20 SPRING STATUS
33kV OCB#30 SPRING STATUS
33kV OCB#40 SPRING STATUS
33kV OCB#50 SPRING STATUS
33kV OCB#60 SPRING STATUS
33kV OCB#70 SPRING STATUS
33kV OCB#80 SPRING STATUS
33kV OCB#90 SPRING STATUS
NICHOLAS TOWERS 33KV GCB SPRING STATUS

21

CFL999STBAR
POS002STBAR
POS004STBAR
BRK020SUBAR
BRK030SUBAR
BRK040SUBAR
BRK050SUBAR
BRK060SUBAR
BRK070SUBAR
BRK080SUBAR
BRK090SUBAR
BRK000SUBAR
BRK010SUBAR
MTH999SWBAR
XFI001T0BAR
XFI002T0BAR
XFI001T1BAR
XFI002T1BAR
XFI002T2BAR
XFI001T2BAR
XFI001T3BAR
XFI002T3BAR
XFI002T4BAR
XFI001T4BAR
XFI001T5BAR
XFI002T5BAR
XFD001TABAR
XFI001TCBAR
XFI002TCBAR
NIC999TFBAR
BRK000TFBAR
BRK020TFBAR
BAM001THBAR
BAM002THBAR
BAM001TNBAR
BAM002TPBAR
XFD001TTBAR
BAM001TVBAR
BAM002TVBAR
NIC999VFBAR
NIC999VTBAR
XFI002XDBAR
XFI001XDBAR
XFI002XTBAR
XFI001XTBAR
XFD001ZABAR
XFD001ZTBAR

TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA
TTEC_BARATARIA

CHAMPS FLEURS SEL 311 LINE DIFF. RELAY TRIP

POS #2 SEL 311 LINE DIFF. RELAY TRIP
POS #4 SEL 311 LINE DIFF. RELAY TRIP
OCB #20 SUPERVISORY SELECTOR SWITCH STATUS
OCB #30 SUPERVISORY SELECTOR SWITCH STATUS
OCB #40 SUPERVISORY SELECTOR SWITCH STATUS
OCB #50 SUPERVISORY SELECTOR SWITCH STATUS
OCB #60 SUPERVISORY SELECTOR SWITCH STATUS
OCB #70 SUPERVISORY SELECTOR SWITCH STATUS
OCB #80 SUPERVISORY SELECTOR SWITCH STATUS
OCB #90 SUPERVISORY SELECTOR SWITCH STATUS
OCB#0 SUPERVISORY SELECTOR SWITCH STATUS
OCB#10 SUPERVISORY SELECTOR SWITCH STATUS
MT. HOPE SEL311L LINE DIFF RELAY FAIL
BAMBOO #1 100MVA TAP CH. POINT 1
BAMBOO #2 100MVA TAP CH. POINT 1
BAMBOO #1 100MVA TAP CHANGER POINT 1
BAMBOO #2 100MVA TAP CHANGER POINT 1
BAMBOO #2 100MVA TAP CH. POINT 2
Bmboo #1 100MVA TAP CH. POINT 2
BAMBOO #1 100MVA TAP CH. POINT 3
BAMBOO #2 100MVA TAP CH. POINT 3
BAMBOO #2 100MVA TAP CH. POINT 4
BAMBOO#1 100MVA TAP CH. POINT 4
BAMBOO #1 100MVA TAP CH. POINT 5
BAMBOO #2 100MVA TAP CH. POINT 5
33/12KV T/F #1 OIL/WINDING TEMPERATURE ALARM
BAMBOO #1 100MVA TAP CHANGE
BAMBOO #2 100MVA TAP CHANGE
NICHOLAS TOWERS GCB TRIP CIRCUIT FAIL
OCB#0 TRIP CIRCUIT FAIL
OCB#20 TRIP CIRCUIT FAIL
BAMBOO #1 THR SWITCH PROTECTION
BAMBOO #2 THR SWITCHED
BAMBOO #1 THR POWER PACK FAIL
BAMBOO #2 THR POWER PACK FAIL
33/12KV T/F #1 OIL/WINDING TEMPERATURE TRIP
BAMBOO #1 THR SWITCH VTS FAIL
BAMBOO #2 THR SWITCH VTS FAIL
NICHOLAS TOWERS SEL 351A VT FUSE FAIL
NICHOLAS TOWERS SEL 311L LINE DIFF. RELAY VT FU
100 MVA TRANSFORMER #2 DIFFERENTIAL
BAMBOO #1 100 MVA XFR DIFFERENTIAL
100 MVA TRANSFORMER #2 PROTECTION ALARM
BAMBOO #1 100MVA PROTECTION ALARM
33/12KV T/F #1 BUCCHOLZ ALARM
33/12KV T/F #1 BUCCHOLZ TRIP

22

Points labeled at the master follows a defined format as follows:

Label: BAM001DOBAR
BAM- Feeder is from Bamboo Substation
01- Means it the first feeder or Feeder #1 from Bamboo Substation
DO- these letters indicate the type of protection in this case Direction Overcurrent operate ( e.g. MM is
micro-mho operate)
BAR- this part of the label identifies the substation the point originates from. In this case BAR stands for
Barataria

23

5.0 Installation of RTU (positioning, programming,

commissioning)
STEP ONE
The first step in installation, programming and commissioning an RTU is to first the position and
mounting of the device:
The mounting can either be:
1. Wall mounted
2. Or cabinet
The position can also depend on the quantity of point needed to be controlled and monitored.
Points can either be soft wired (no external expansion cards needed and thus less space occupied)
Or points can be hard wired in which case an external board might be needed and hence the need more
space.
Space requirement are dependant on the no of (XTs) externals expansion cards-analog inputs, digital
inputs and control outputs.
The base board of the new RTUs has 8 analog inputs, 16 digital inputs. The relays on the board are not
used for control purposes because they must be supplied by 32 V and not the provided 125 V.

STEP TWO
The RTU is set up to be polled by the master station. This is to verify that communications are good.

STEP THREE

Protection gives list of points and their ferrule numbers

All wiring to interface box is determined.

All wiring to from Interface panel to XTs and RTU is done

Pre-commissioning tests are done to verify wiring (RTU is set on offscan mode).

STEP FOUR

Point are programmed at the master using the database management tool

Diagram of substation is drawn using Autocad software and then converted from the dwg to dxf
format for use by the XOS workstations. Circuit breaker status points and various analog points are

24

programmed to be display on this diagram using data gathered from the polling of the substations
RTU. All diagrams are stored in a local workstation.

STEP FIVE

Commission tests are done on all points.

o

Analog input points are calibrated using a fluke calibration meter.

Digital input points are shorted to simulated contact closure or lifted to simulate contact
opening

Control output points are testing by opening knife switches and ensuring contact operation at
the RTU location following a trip/close command sent from the Master station.

Live trip and close test are done. This activity requires the supervision of the control engineer.

TELVENT RTU SPECIFICATIONS

Operating System
Windows 98SE, NT, 2000, XP
Analog Inputs
INPUT TYPE: Differential
INPUT RANGES: 5VDC, 0-5VDC, 1-5VDC, 1mA, 0-1mA, 4-20mA, 10-50mA
RESOLUTION: 13 bits (12 bits plus sign)
BASEBOARD POINTS: 8
MAX INPUTS: 232
XT DIMENSIONS: 16pt 5x8 inch & 16pt 5.25x19 inch
Analog Outputs
OUTPUT RANGE: 0-1mA, 4-20mA, 10-50mA, 5V, 10V
ISOLATION: Optical, 1500 VDC, per board
RESOLUTION: 12 bits
POWER LOSS PROTECTION: Outputs powered by external supply areprotected from RTU power loss
MAX OUTPUTS: 12
XT DIMENSIONS: 4pt 5x8 inch

25

Status Inputs
ISOLATION: Optically isolated, 1500VDC
LOOP VOLTAGES: 12, 24, 48, and 129VDC
DEBOUNCE: 20 msec nominal
CONFIGURATION: 2 terminals per point (+ and -)
BASEBOARD POINTS: 16
MAX INPUTS: 240
POWER: Baseboard and XT excitation
INDICATORS: One LED per point.
XT DIMENSIONS: 16pt 5x8 inch, 32pt 5x8 inch & 32pt 7x19 inch

Power Requirements
INPUT VOLTAG:E 10 to 33VDC required by the Baseboard
OPTIONAL POWER SOURCES: 120/240VAC with added supply/battery charger; 12VDC, 48VDC, 129VDC
with added DC/DC supply

RTU Protocols
There are two types of protocols that the RTU deals with: Remote and Master. Master protocol means
that the RTU is gathering data from an IED. Remote protocol means that the RTU is talking to a Master
Station.

Figure 9: Protocol Types

26

RTU Configuration

At the top of the configuration diagram are five tabs that allow one to jump between the Configuration
page, Data Display page, Command page, Up/Download page, and Admin page. Grayed-out tabs
indicate no privilege for that particular function.
The block diagrams as shown on the Configuration, Data Display, and Command pages are almost the
same. However, the navigation will differ depending on which diagram one is on.

Figure 10: RTU Configuration Screen

Configuration should follow the sequence shown below:

Configure Hardware I/O
Configure IEDs
Configure Master Station interface ports

27

Analog Inputs Configuration

Click on the Analog Inputs button to enter the total number of DC hardware analog points. See Figure
10.
Click Continue to configure the points. This open the Analog Configuration screen see figure 11.

The Analog Configuration screen allows you to name each analog point, select the type of input from a
drop-down menu, and set the engineering scaling.

Click Submit when you are satisfied with the configuration, or Cancel to back out of the function without
saving.

Figure 11: Analog Configuration Window

28

Digital Inputs Configuration

Click Digital Inputs button to enter the total number of hardware digital points (see figure 10)
Enter the total number of DI points. This includes both status points and accumulator points.
Click Continue to configure the points this open the input configuration window. (see figure 12)
On the Digital Input Configuration screen, type in a name for each point or accept the default names.
Select whether the point is to be Spare, Status, Form A Accumulator, or Form C Accumulator.

Figure 12: Digital Input Configuration Window

29

Control Configuration

Click on Control button, then type in the number of control points. Select either SBO, Skip BB SBO, or BB
DO (BB means baseboard). (See figure 10)

Enter the name of the SBO point and the Execute Time for each SBO, or accept the defaults. (See figure
13)

Click Submit when you are satisfied with the configuration, or Cancel to back out of thefunction without
saving.

Figure 13: SBO Configuration

30

Serial Communication Configuration

To begin serial communications configuration, select Serial Comm (see figure 10)

Figure 14: Communication Port COnfiguration

Port name: Click the default port under Name to name the port (or accept the default). Click Submit to
accept the name, as shown in Figure 14.
Select the desired protocol from the drop-down list.
Select configure protocol

31

6.0 Master Architecture

Figure 15: Typical SCADA master station system configuration at a control center

Modern SCADA master stations have both software and hardware in a distributed architecture. The
processing power is distributed among various computers and servers that communicate with each
other through a real-time dedicated Local Area Network (LAN) in the control center.

Modern SCADA master station systems use open architecture features that support interconnections
with other systems. Open system standards also support interfaces with other vendors products.

The main elements of the SCADA Master station illustrated in Figure 10 are:

Human-Machine Interface (HMI): This interface comprises the mimic board and multi VDU (Video
Display Unit) workstations:
o Mapboard: The map board (or mimic board) is intended to give an overview of the power
system. It shows a simplified representation of the power system preserving as much detail as
32

possible with the geographical orientation of the system. Two different map board technologies
are used in control centers. The mosaic type mimic board uses small mosaic tiles with the static
type information etched or taped on the tiles. Indicators are used for dynamic information such
as breaker status. A matrix of LEDs can also be inserted in the mimic board to offer animation
capability. If a modification is needed, tiles must be removed and replaced by new ones a timeconsuming activity. Today, Large Screen Displays (Projection systems, Large-scale LCD systems,
Plasma systems, etc.) are more commonly used in control centers. The system software should
prepare and send to the mapboard controller the pictures to be displayed. This type of mapboard
requires much less effort when the electric network configuration is modified. A new picture is
edited and propagated to the mapboard.
The main reason given for preferring the mosaic tile mapboard is the fact that the network
orientation and topology remains visible to a user even in the event of a total power failure, or a
malfunction of the VDU driver or VDU itself.
o Multi-VDU Interface: Workstations that are used to view the status of power system devices in
more detail. In modern SCADA systems, multi-VDU workstations give operators easy access to a
wide variety of application and control functions. These workstations can support 4 or more
physical or virtual VDUs and offer full graphic capability with multi-window techniques such as
pan, zoom, pop-up/pull-down menu and drag and drop. Interactive menu selection speeds up
switching between applications.

Application Servers: SCADA systems have several different servers:

o

Core SCADA subsystems: This server is used mainly for data processing functions and real-time
database storage.

Database subsystems: This server supports the historical database.

Advanced Application subsystems: These servers support all EMS or DMS applications. The
main characteristic of this server is its processing power. More than one server may be used for
these applications.

Historical and future databases: These servers support the database that contains all historical
data. This information can also be used for system studies or operators training. Data are
forecasted or estimated for future values.

Configuration and administration: This server is used for the control, management and
maintenance of the whole SCADA system. From this server, the operation mode of each server
can be controlled and system backup functions can be ordered.
33

Communication front-end: This system is used for data acquisition from Remote Terminal Units
(RTUs) and field equipment. It provides functions such as control and monitoring of the RTU data,
protocol conversion, security check, storage of analog and digital data, and detection of analog
value and switch state changes.

External Communication Server: This server provides data exchange with other control centers. As
this server provides a window into the master station, special attention should be paid to protecting
unauthorized access via this server, and to the protection of the data residing in the master station
database from unauthorized access or modification.

SEE APPENDIX
Figure 16: Master layout

WORSTATIONS
There 8 computing stations. These are as follows:

Training server- OTS (There is no Control at this station)

Real time Server- 2 Workstations

Development Server An Engineering workstation

Workstation for screen projector

Workstations 6,7,8 are at the backup site

SUMMARIES
At the master workstations are used to view reports and summaries on data acquired form RTUs. The
following is a list of all the System displays available to the operator:

System Display window:- This widow is a list of the various reports/summaries. Buttons such as Analog,
Status, Remote, Alarm, Events and Connection can be selected for viewing of their summaries.

There is also a Display Index Window that lists all the substations on SCADA. Each button in this window
link to a one line diagram of the substation selected. All one line diagrams were developed in Auto cad
and formatted and programmed to be used on the Master software DNA OaSys.
34

Analog Summary-gives the status of all analog points

Fields: Name, Description, State, Current Value.

Status Summary-gives the status of all digital points

Fields: Name, Description, State.

Remote Summary-gives the status of all RTU Stations

Fields: Name, Owing Systems, Control, On Scan, ON Interrogate, Time Interrogate, Status

Connection Summary-displays health of all the channels

Fields: Name, Owing Systems, Control, Control state, Active Status, Good State time, Bad State time,
Active Signal Configurations
Sub records: Channel Redundancy
A and B are for Master Station at Mt Hope
C and D- are for back up site at King Village
(A) is the normally active channel and this is indicated by this record being green in colour

Alarm Summary-lists all the high and low alarms (Analog point) and the change of state alarms (Digital/
Status Points)
Fields: Time, Point, Description, Comment
Alarms can be cleared.

Event Summary-Records all events e.g. alarms etc

Fields: Time,Table, Point, Description, Message

35

Programming Points at the Master

The data management tool (DMT) is used to add a new point or edit existing points at the master.

Adding new point:

-Open the DMT window
-Enter the name of point e.g. DEC999COBRC
- Enter description of point
-Find the RTU name
-Tick appropriate box: for input point check has input box and for and output point check output box
-Enter coordinates of the point being program. This coordinate links the programmed point the correct
point on the DNP map list of the selected RTU.
-Click add

Editing existing point:

-Open the DMT window
-Search for point by entering the name of point
- Change the name
- Change description of point
- Re-enter new coordinates of the point if it has change
- Click change when finish

36

7.0 Substation integration system design

The term integration is defined as the process of blending disparate parts into a unified whole. In a
substation environment this means providing communications pathways so that the individual IEDs
(Intelligent Electronic Devices) function as a single substation monitoring, control, protection, and
automation system

Substation integration is the process of providing communication and other connections between IEDs
to take advantage of distributed functions that the IEDs offer

The goal of substation integration is to access and communicate to remote microprocessor devices
through a centralised device

Engineering access/ tunneling and SCADA are two products of integration

Cybectec Definition:
Integration is all about information Making the correct information, available to the correct user at the
correct time

37

Integration can be achieved in the following ways:

Master
Station

RTU

Communication
Processor

IEDs

I/O
Hardwired points

Master
Station

RTU

IEDs

I/O
Hardwired points

Master
Station

Front End
Processor

IEDs

I/O
Hardwired points

Master
Station

RTU

Front End
Processor

IEDs

I/O
Hardwired points

Figure 17: Options for Relay Integration

38

BENEFITS
Integration and automation provides utilities with the following benefits
> Systems operate more efficiently with fewer outages
> Assets are better utilized and maintained
> Costs are reduced
> Reliability is improved
> Customer satisfaction is improved

The substation contains a large number of IEDs

> Connected using RS-232, RS-485 and LAN
> From many vendors
> Using many protocols
> With many data types
> With many data formats
> With little or no security
> With no capability for spontaneous data reporting

Figure 18: Application of the front end processor

The front end processor differs from the normal RTU and Communication Processor in that it has more
features, it expandable, upgradeable, and installs in less time

39

Features:
> A protocol translator
Polls each device using the device protocol
Stores device data in a normalized format, with timestamp and quality
Makes data available to control centers, using the control center protocol
> A data concentrator
Provides a secure single point of access to all substation devices
Reduces communications bandwidth
> A data distributor
Make data available to multiple applications simultaneously
> An automation processor
Built-in automation functions and Soft PLC
> A port switch
Securely connect remote users to substation devices

Definitions
Transparency-pretending that your in front the equipment. DNP/TCPIP- DNP become transparent
because of TCP/IP

40

Figure 19: Substation Integration design using the Cybectec SMP-CP at Chaguanas East Distribution

Front End Processor (FEP) Solution

SCADA technology has advanced to the point where a full computer with specialized hardware and
software (FEP) and designed to withstand the substation environment can be installed in the substation.
Cybectec offers such a solution in the form of their SMP line of Products. The SMP-CP 16 model was
recently installed at Chaguanas East Substation as a pilot project. The figure above shows how
substation integration was achieved with the device.

41

Data was communicated serially via RS232 connections between the SMP and the various SEL devices
using SEL ASCII protocol. Pass through was also achieved

Data was communicated serially via RS485 connection (and also an Ethernet connection) between the
SMP and the GE D60 device using DNP protocol.

Communication was also achieved to the K series relay on the 12 KV board. The integration was
achieved at both transmission and distribution levels. The K Series relay were daisy chained to a Kitz
101. The Kitz 101 converted the K bus protocol of the K-Series to the Courier protocol. Thus the master
protocol at the SMP was set up to talk Courier with the Kitz 101 device.

All data communicated thus far represent soft points for processing by the SMP. For hardwired points
input/output modules were used to interface these points with the SMP device. Points were either input
status points or output control points.

The issue can be raised as to the point of isolation between the output card and the trip coil of the
circuit breaker or transformer taps does being non existent i.e. no knife switches. However isolation can
be achieved by lifting the wire at the interface panel to the SMP I/O device. In this was isolation is
achieved from the master.

42

8.0 SEL 2032-Programming and Commissioning

INTEGRATION
The communication processing and database capability of the SEL-2032 are designed to collect and store
data from numerous devices, parse it into useful pieces, and distribute just the needed data to other
devices or systems. This is the fundamental purpose of substation integration, making the SEL-2032 a
natural choice for this application. Its networking capabilities allow it to be the communication network
for small substation integration projects, or it can serve as a subnetwork integrator with one or more
ties to a larger substation network.

SCADA
The SEL-2032 can be interfaced with a variety of devices, including RTU and HMIs. The SEL-2032 can
serve as a data concentrator, to be polled by local RTU, or it can be connected to a dedicated SCADA
communication circuit and polled by a central device.

TIME SYNCRONISATION SOURCE

The SEL-2032 transmits a demodulated IRIG-B signal on Ports 116. You can connect this signal to SEL
and non-SEL devices. The SEL-2810 multiplexes the IRIG-B signal on the single fiber pair along with other
communications.
The source for the transmitted IRIG-B signal is either the IRIG-B input to the SEL-2032 or the SEL-2032
internal clock. You can time synchronize the SEL-2032 clock in several different ways.
You can set the SEL-2032 clock using the TIME and DATE commands. A battery maintains the clock
operation during loss of power to the SEL-2032.
You can also synchronize the SEL-2032 via a modulated or demodulated IRIG-B signal input on the BNC
connector labeled IRIG-B IN.
You can also use time synchronization through serial protocols such as DNP3 and hardware protocol
cards.

43

Substation integration
IEDs perform multiple functions and can contain measurement data, status, control, settings, historical
information, and alarms. Each IED often performs the functions of several devices within a substation,
but for a portion of the substation associated with a single bay or circuit breaker. A function that is
performed by many devices each working on a small part of the whole is called a distributed function.
Substation integration is the process of providing communication and other connections between IEDs
to take advantage of distributed functions that the IEDs offer. Figure 11 is a diagram of a typical
integrated substation. The IEDs are integrated into a system by the SEL-2032.

Figure 20: Typical Integrated Substation System

Soft points (i.e. point from the SEL 2032 to RTU) reflects saving in time and cost this is due to the fact
that there is no multi- core, telephone wire and expansion board required.

44

INTEGRATION PROCESS
Step 1. Determine data requirements. List data terminals that require time synchronization,
measurement, status, engineering, and control pathways.

Step 2. Compile station IED information. Station IEDs typically are chosen by function like protective
relays, battery chargers and others. Make a list of devices and collect communications information
including protocols, communications media, and data transmission rates.

Step 3. Design station architecture. Lay out the devices and begin to connect them with
communications paths. Connect IEDs to SEL-2032s using a star network. Master devices may have
specific protocol or connection requirements. Decide whether fiber-optic cables or metallic cables for
SEL-2032-to-IED connections.

Step 4. Determine IED protocol information. For SEL devices, use the SEL protocol and take advantage
of autoconfiguration and interleaved protocols. For non-SEL devices, determine the protocol
information necessary to collect the data that the data consumers require.

Step 5. Determine detailed information lists for master devices. For connections to masters like SCADA
systems and HMIs, determine exactly what information points are required and how they will be scaled
and presented. This will allow one to configure the SEL-2032 to move and scale collected data into an
optimized data set for each master.

Step 6. Determine required SEL-2032 port configurations. Use the information about the IEDs and
communications links to determine communications link parameters including communications speed,
parity, stop bits, and handshaking.

Step 7. Determine SEL-2032 data collection messages. For SEL IEDs, use the shorthand 20 messages
to collect and parse data automatically. For non-SEL devices use the information gathered in Step 4 to
determine the outgoing control and data request messages and response parsing methods.

45

Step 8. Determine SEL-2032 data math/movement settings. This step connects the data collected in
Step 7 to the master data requirements from Step 5. Math/movement settings concentrate, scale, and
manipulate collected data for master devices.

Step 9. Install and commission system.

Table 3: Communication type

46

9.0 SCADA backup change over procedure

There must be a plan of change over to the backup site in the event of SCADA failure to Mt. Hope.
Failure can be brought about by natural disasters , fire , explosion, loss of SCADA, and loss of normal and
secondary electricity supply.
The backup facility is located in King Village, Couva. It is connected to the main facility, at the Stanley
Ottley building in Mt.Hope.
The backup control room will operate in a Hot standby mode
The failover plan involves the Control, SCADA, and Communication sections. However, other
stakeholders, including the Distribution areas, Protection Section, will be informed of the intent to
initiate the plan.
The plan assumes that:

There will be a healthy Communication link between Mt.Hope and King Village (main and backup).

All communication channels will also point/be routed to the King Village backup site.

In the event of a natural disaster or Act of God, that pathways and access to the backup site are
useable. For example, flooding may limit accessibility.

Pathways and access to the Communication switches are useable.

T&TECs mobile radio system and/or 3rd party mobile phone service remains intact during and after
the failover.

The backup site remains intact with no damage to the backup Control room or the equipment
contained within.

There are no complications with the SCADA software system during failover.

There are no complications with the Communications equipment.

47

10.0 SCADA Maintenance

The objective of SCADA maintenance is to ensure that the Control Engineer and Operator at the master
station receives an accurate real time representation of the substation conditions and is able to respond
appropriately to events on the power system. The best way to ensure correct control, status and
indication of the SCADA points is to operate the protective relays and switchgear at the substation.
However, this is not practical.

Instruction
Protection and SCADA staff shall prepare and plan in advance of the SCADA maintenance to ensure that:
i)

Specific plans have been developed to perform the work safely and efficiently with due regards for
personnel and equipment safety.

ii) In advance of the SCADA maintenance that the Schedule of SCADA Points database for the
substation, supporting documentation and test equipment are available.
iii) The controlling authority is notified of the planned maintenance.

Isolation

On arrival at the work location, contact the controlling authority. (A discussion on the scheduled
maintenance is done on the day of the job prior to leaving headquarters). Hold a brief discussion with
the working team regarding the nature of the work to be done and any safety hazard that may exist.

Proceed to isolate the control circuits by -:

i)

Identifying the isolating switches in the RTU associated with the SCADA control points.

ii)

Opening all control isolating switches in the RTU.

Power Supply and Battery Checks

The following checks are intended to monitor the condition of the RTU power supply and
the adequacy of the back-up battery:

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i)

Measure and record the as found voltage level readings of the various power supply voltages in
the RTU.

ii) Inspect the condition of the batteries and note their specific gravity.
iii) Measure and record the no-load voltage level of the batteries.
iv) Remove the AC supply fuses and record the on-load battery voltage and the power supply
voltages with the battery as the main supply.
v) With the AC supply fuses out and the RTU operating on the battery supply, proceed with the SCADA
maintenance testing. This procedure will serve as a check on the battery on-load performance.
(The battery should be capable of providing up to four (4) hours of backup service during failure of
the AC supply).

Testing Isolated Control Points

This test identifies any inconsistencies in configuration, incorrect labeling of interposing/latching relays
and the integrity of the relay initiating contacts.

To check the control points, proceed as follows -:

i)

At the master station, initiate a control command to simulate the operation of a device.

ii) At the remote end, observe the operation of the correct interposing/latching relay, and verify the
change of state of the initiating contacts. **(Measure contact resistance or voltage presence??)
iii)

Continue with i) & ii) until all the control points are checked.

Select-Before-Operate
This type of command has a three-step sequence:
1. Device selection
2. Operation selection
3. Operation execution
This method is used to minimize the possibility of inadvertent operation. SBO commands permit the
operator to examine the requested action for security. When the operator selects a device, he waits for
confirmation of device selection and if he is satisfied he can request its operation. SBO controls are
timed. If the delay between device selection and device operation is too long, then the control sequence
will be aborted and the selection will be cancelled.
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Testing of Alarm and Status Points

The alarm and status point tests are intended to identify:

1) Any relay contact inconsistencies (e.g. protection modification or relay change out).
2) Incorrect point descriptions at the master end.
3) Verification of the wiring between the relay panel and the RTU.

To check the alarm and status points, continue with the following steps -:

i)

Identify the relay contact points listed on the Schedule of SCADA Points data sheet and ensure the
correct panel location.

ii) For a point activated by a normally open contact, jumper the contact momentarily with a fused lead
and verify the correct alarm description at the master end.
iii) For a point triggered by a normally close contact, disconnect one conductor and verify the correct
alarm point description at the master end.
iv) Continue steps i), ii) & iii) until all the status points are checked.

Analog Points Verification

The test is done using a voltage calibrator meter. 0-5V can be injected at the analog input point to
verify that the point is calibrated accurately. 5V represent full scale deflection.

3.0 Restoration
Approximately four hours after the battery has been on load, restore the AC supply fuses and measure
the as left voltage reading of the RTU power supply.

Control isolating switches are restored to their normal position; by first measuring across the open
switch to confirm no tripping potential exist before closing the switch.

Record the work done in the station logbook and inform the controlling authority that the RTU is back
in-service.
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11.0 Work Request System

All work in the SCADA section have a work request number. Work can be initiated from various sources
which include
-

Emails of trouble reports

Emails from Control,

Email from Communication department

or from the protection section

The engineer fills out a work request sheet and assigns it a number.
He then gives it the SCADA supervisor. The supervisor plans out the work with his technicians. The job
can be split among the technician depending one it complexity and size. The job most likely is divided in
to sub tasks and may or may not be completed in a day.
He then issues Daily Job Instruction Sheets that outline to the technician their role in getting the job
done. These forms contain the work request number for tracking of jobs and accountability. Thus a
work request can have multiple Daily Job Instruction Sheets in getting the job done.
When the job is complete all sheets are signed by the supervisor and return to the engineer for review
and ultimate his signature of approval to indicate a successful completion of the requested job.
All documents associated with the job are filed away for records keeping.

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