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September, 2015

Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.

LTE-U/LAA, MuLTEfire and


Wi-Fi; making best use of
unlicensed spectrum

2013-2015 Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its affiliated companies. All Rights Reserved.

Making the best use of licensed and unlicensed spectrum

Higher efficiency
More spectrum

More small cells

For both licensed & unlicensed spectrum


More licensed spectrum is the top priority
Use unlicensed spectrum opportunistically

Technologies for hyper-densification


2

Multiple technologies will co-exist for best use of all spectrum


LTE Advanced

LTE Unlicensed

Wi-Fi ac/ad/ax

Licensed spectrum foundation, augmented with


unlicensed spectrum solutions

LTE-based technologies in unlicensed spectrum,


LTE-U, LAA, MuLTEfire

802.11-based technology solely operating in


unlicensed spectrum

Mobile broadband services for best


performance and quality-of-experience

Broadens LTE ecosystem to enhanced


and new deployment opportunities

Also evolving for enhanced performance


and expanding to new usage models

LTE Unlicensed: LTE-U/LAA aggregation with an LTE licensed spectrum anchor, whereas MuLTEfire can operate solely in unlicensed spectrum MuLTEfire is an initiative of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
3

Extending the benefits of LTE to unlicensed spectrum


LTE Carrier Aggregation
with licensed anchor channel

LTE-U1 to boost downlink


Targeting mobile operators deployments in USA,
Korea, India, etc. based on 3GPP Rel. 10/11/12

Licensed Spectrum
Exclusive use

LAA (Licensed-Assisted Access)


Targeting mobile operator deployments in Europe,
Japan, and beyond2 based on 3GPP Rel. 13 and beyond

Unlicensed Spectrum
Shared use

LTE-based technology
without licensed anchor channel

MuLTEfire
Broadening LTE technology and ecosystem to new
deployment opportunities

Downlink only in unlicensed spectrum (SDL). RF specs and coexistence tests defined by LTE-U forum: coexistence and fair sharing can be obtained using techniques such as channel selection and CSAT (Carrier Sensing Adaptive
Transmission). 2 These regions mandate specific access procedures, including Listen Before Talk (LBT),. LAA R14 targets enhancements to support aggregation for both uplink and downlink
4

Aggregation with licensed spectrum provides best performance


LTE - Wi-Fi Link Aggregation (LWA)
for carrier Wi-Fi deployments1
Wi-Fi in
Unlicensed
Link
Aggregation

2.4 & 5 GHz

Better capacity and


coverage

Licensed

400MHz to 3.8GHz

Mobile operators LTE


anchor spectrum

Enhanced user
experience

LTE in
Unlicensed
5 GHz

Unified network
Carrier
Aggregation

Fair coexistence

LTE in unlicensed (LTE-U/LAA)


for new small cell deployments
5

Unlicensed 5 GHz spectrum ideal for small cells


LTE-U, LAA, MuLTEfire, Wi-Fi (802.11ac/ax) will coexist to meet various needs

Venues

Pico/Enterprises
Small Businesses

Residential / Neighborhood

Opportunistic use

Large amount of spectrum

Shared spectrum but free, technology neutral

Could be ~500MHz but regionally dependent

Shorter range

Wide bands available for sharing

Lower transmit power per regulations

Efficiently shared amongst multiple users


6

Multiple technologies to support all deployment scenarios


LTE-U/LAA
802.11ai
aggregation Fast Roaming
Carrier Wi-Fi AP

Small Cell

MuLTEfire
Neutral host
offload

Dual-connectivity
LTE/Wi-Fi Link
Aggregation

LTE advanced
Carrier Aggregation

802.11ac/ad
MuLTEfire/
Wi-Fi
access

LTE Unlicensed Solutions

LTE/Wi-Fi
Call Continuity

LTE/Wi-Fi Technology Solutions


LTE in Licensed Spectrum
LTE in Unlicensed Spectrum
802.11ac Wi-Fi
802.11ad WiGig

Wi-Fi
access

802.11ac
MU-MIMO

802.11ad
(WiGig)

Carrier Wi-Fi Solutions


7

Fair Wi-Fi coexistence a key principle in LTE unlicensed design


Extensive over-the-air testing performed in the lab and in the field

>2x

1x

1x

Operator
A
Wi-Fi

Operator
B
Wi-Fi

1x
Operator B switches
Wi-Fi to LTE
in unlicensed

Operator
A
Wi-Fi

Operator
B
LTE in
unlicensed

Gain
(Median throughput)

In many cases a better neighbor


to Wi-Fi than Wi-Fi itself
Assumptions: Two operators. 48 Pico+108 Femto cells per operator. 300 users per operator with 70% indoor. 3GPP Bursty model. 12x40MHz @ 5GHz for unlicensed spectrum.
LTE 10 MHz channel at 2 GHz;. 2x2 MIMO, Rank 1 transmission, eICIC enabled; LTE-U - Phase II., 2x2 MIMO (no MU-MIMO).; Wi-Fi - 802.11ac 2x2 MIMO (no MU-MIMO), LDPC codes and 256QAM).

Ensuring fair coexistence between LTE unlicensed and Wi-Fi


Working together across the mobile and Wi-Fi industries

Minimum requirements

Going above and beyond minimum requirements

Spectrum regulations

Standards & specifications

Conformance testing

Power, bandwidth and emission levels


Additional specific access procedures
required in Europe and Japan (Listen
Before Talk features)

LTE-U for USA, Korea, India, other


markets based on LTE R10/11/121
LAA for Europe, Japan and beyond
defined in 3GPP R132

1 With dynamic channel selection and CSAT - Carrier Sensing Adaptive Transmission required in the small cell..
2 LAA Licensed Assisted Access, Work item approved in 3GPP R13 June 15. In addition, New RF band support (e.g. 5GHz) needed at both device and small cell

Coexistence and fairness test


Expected to be more rigorous than
Wi-Fi testing today
Still allowing for differentiation
Example: LTE-U forum specifications

LTE Unlicensed development through industry collaboration

LTE-U Forum
Founding members Alcatel-Lucent, Ericsson,
LGE, Qualcomm Technologies Inc., Samsung,
Verizon all have stakes in LTE and Wi-Fi
Coexistence specs published March 2nd 2015,
updated June based on feedback, e.g. adding
uplink and VoIP test cases

Fair co-existence between


Wi-Fi and LTE unlicensed

LTE
Unlicensed

3GPP LAA
Being standardized in 3GPP release 13
for completion 1H 2016 (ASN.1 freeze)
Enhancements planned for release R14
and beyond
3GPP will develop coexistence /
performance requirements and tests

Wi-Fi

Collaboration and engagement

Presented LTE-U to Wi-Fi Alliance and IEEE at standards meetings


An LTE-U workshop for key cellular and Wi-Fi vendors/operators
was held on May 28, 2015 with deep dive of technology
Further collaboration on coexistence with industry is ongoing
one-on-one and in industry groups

Dialogue between 3GPP and IEEE802.11 & WFA throughout the LAA
standards development via presentations & liaison statements
Open industry LAA workshop held 8/29/2015 in Beijing with
presentations from IEEE 802.11, WFA and other key stakeholders
Started dialogue between 3GPP and WFA on coexistence testing
10

Spearheading LTE-U commercialization


Industrys first UE solution
for LTE-U

Industrys first LTE-U


small cell solution

X12 LTE

FSM9955

LTE
Unlicensed (5 GHz)
Licensed Anchor

LTE/
LTE-U

WTR3950

Carrier
aggregation
WTR3925

LTE

Converged SOC
with CSAT (R 10) based LTE/Wi-Fi fair
coexistence

X12 LTE supporting LTE-U


with WTR 3950

WTR RF transceiver chips and FSM small cell solutions are products of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
11

FSM9955 brings LTE-U to small cells


For LTE-U commercial launches in 2016
Ease of deployment and management

Converged multi-mode SoC


Announced: LTE-U

CSAT

Hosted: Wi-Fi 802.11ac

Hotspot 2.0

FSM9955
UltraSON elCIC1

Foundation: 3G, LTE

Industry-leading RF, power management, security


Dedicated network listenacross technologies

LTE Unlicensed / Wi-Fi coexistence like CSAT


UltraSON interference and mobility management
Advanced interference management like eICIC

FSM small cell solutions and UltraSON are products of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.. 1 eICIC is enhanced Inter Cell Interference Coordination defined by 3GPP.
12

Making best use of unlicensed spectrum for 1000x

3
Wi-Fi
802.11ac/ad/ax
LTE-U/LAA
MuLTEfire

Multiple solutions will coexist


to support all use cases and
deployment scenarios

Aggregation with licensed


spectrum for best performance:

LTE-U/LAA carrier aggregation


LTE - Wi-Fi link aggregation

LTE

Wi-Fi

LTE Unlicensed coexists fairly


with Wi-Ficoexistence is an
industry wide collaboration

4
Committed to LTE Unlicensed,
the Wi-Fi evolution, and LTE Wi-Fi
convergence solutions
13

LTE - Wi-Fi link aggregation


Part of larger LTE - Wi-Fi convergence

14

LTE - Wi-Fi link aggregation for existing and new carrier Wi-Fi
Leverages new/existing, also
non-collocated carrier Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi

2.4 & 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum

Enhanced user experience


Control

Licensed anchor for control and mobility

Traffic
Link
Aggregation

Unified network
Operator LTE network in full control of Wi-Fi

Better performance
Simultaneously using both LTE & Wi-Fi links

Modem-level aggregation
for superior performance
Work item in 3GPP Rel. 13

LTE Anchor
Licensed Spectrum
Notes: Aggregation on modem level (PDCP level), also leveraging dual connectivity defined inR12; Control over X2-like interface needs to be supported by Wi-Fi AP. No change to LTE & WiFi PHY/MAC. No change to core network
15

Operators assets determine solutionmany will do both

LTE-U
LAA

Wi-Fi

LTE - Wi-Fi
link aggregation

Enhanced user
experience

Unified
network

Better capacity
and coverage

Existing, new, also non-collocated


carrier Wi-Fi deployments

LTE-U/LAA
carrier aggregation
For new small
cell deployments

Deeper aggregation and better performance

Notes: Aggregation at modem-level (PDCP level) is a R13 candidate, (dual connectivity defined in R12 for licensed) ; LTE-U based on R10 for certain countries, defined as LAA R13 for other countries
16

Modem-level aggregation for superior performance


HTTP Combining

LTE/Wi-Fi link aggregation

APP

APP

Better load-balancing, across nodes


based on information on both links

HLOS

HTTP

HTTP
HLOS

TCP
Modem

PDCP

Dynamically adapts to
radio/traffic conditions
Work item in 3GPP Rel. 13

Wi-Fi
LTE
17

Aggregation part of the larger LTE - Carrier Wi-Fi convergence


Wi-Fi Discovery

Service Continuity

Faster connections

LTE (LTE R8 to R9, LTE Advanced R10 - R13)

Link
aggregation

Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11ac, MU-MIMO, ai, k, v, ax)


Hotspot 2.0

Link Aggregation

Seamless services
More capacity

Optimized Connectivity
Experience (OCE)

Fast
Roaming

Reduced
Overhead

Load
Balancing
18

Continuing to improve carrier Wi-Fi


802.11 g/n

802.11 ac

MU - MIMO

Breaking the Gbps barrier

Next wave of efficiency

Hotspot 2.0

802.11 ax

Carrier Wi-Fi Enhancements


Optimized Connectivity Experience (OCE) based on 11ai,k,v

20-30x faster roaming

Reduced overhead

Load balancing

Enabling seamless real-time services

In dense Wi-Fi deployments

Steering Wi-Fi connection


based on signal quality & load

Today

Optimized
Up to 50% ~2%

Today

Optimized

High Load

Low Load

Management
Overhead

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi

19
Notes: Faster roaming: Based on Qualcomm Technologies prototype, in typical conditions, after full authentication with the target operator; Reduced overhead: Scenario such as airport/train stations/conferences (100s of users), 4 to 16 APs visible per STA, 2.4GHz band, 1 Mbps management traffic

802.11ax for improved densification and outdoor performance

5 GHz
Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi

802.11ac
Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi

Densification

Better capacityespecially in
dense scenarios

Uplink and downlink OFDMA


Adding uplink MU-MIMO

802.11n

2.4GHz

Outdoor deployments

Backward compatible

Improved outdoor performance

Supports both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz

Longer cyclic prefix and longer


OFDM symbol duration

Backward compatible with legacy


802.11 (n/ac)

20

LTE Wi-Fi convergence - going beyond interworking


CONNECTIVITY
ENGINE (CnE)

COEXISTENCE
MANAGER

CARRIER
SERVICES

SPECTRUM
INTEGRATION

Faster
connections

LTE-A

Seamless
services

11ac/ad/ax
Optimized
connection

Interference
mitigation

Data offload/handoff,
VoLTE and VT
interworking

LTE-U,
LTE-Wi-Fi
aggregation

Spectrum &
network
efficiency

INCREASING CONVERGENCE
Qualcomm Snapdragon
21

MuLTEfire for 5 GHz unlicensed


spectrumno licensed anchor

22

MuLTEfire: LTE-like performance with Wi-Fi-like simplicity


LTE-based technology for unlicensed spectrum without licensed anchor channel

MuLTEfire
4G LTE-like performance

Wi-Fi-like deployment simplicity

Enhanced capacity and range

Operates in unlicensed spectrum

Improved mobility, quality-of-experience

Leaner, self-contained network architecture

Hyper-dense, self-optimizing deployments

Suitable for neutral host deployments


Harmoniously coexist with
Wi-Fi, LTE-U/LAA

Broadens LTE technology & ecosystem to new deployment opportunities

23

MuLTEfire expands small cell deployment opportunities


With seamless mobility within muLTEfire deployments

Venues

Enterprises
Small Businesses

Residential / Neighborhood

Unlicensed Spectrum

Self-contained

Neutral host

Operates solely in unlicensed spectrum


without licensed anchor channel

Simplified network architecture


suitable for end-user deployments

Any deployment can service any


deviceno SIM required

24

MuLTEfire broadens the LTE ecosystem to more entities


Such as Internet Service Providers, Cable Operators, and enterprise/venue owners

Enhanced hotspot / enterprise services

Fixed broadband

Offering SIM-less, nomadic Internet access

Leverage
deployment assets

Augment mobile broadband


Providing neutral host offload to mobile networks

Improved end-user experience


Better capacity, range, and mobility than Wi-Fi
(especially in hyper-dense environments)
Physical location

Customer relationships
25

MuLTEfire delivers enhanced offload for mobile networks


High-performance, neutral host offload capabilities with expanded reach to new markets

Traditional mobile deployments


Separate spectrum bands and deployments may prohibit
reaching all venues, enterprises and homes

Neutral host deployments


Common spectrum and common deployment
provides neutral host services (Wi-Fi like)
26

MuLTEfire benefits mobile operators as a true neutral host


Neighborhood
Could also be part of
providers offering (e.g. ISP)

Fixed broadband/ISP
Also for own MVNO or ISP
service offering

Enterprises

Full mobility with handovers


within MuLTEfire networks

Also to provide access


through issued certificate

Venues
Also to enhance venue
experiencefree or fee

Mobile operators
E.g. if licensed spectrum is not
available at certain locations

Offload agreements
with Mobile operators

Service continuity between


MuLTEfire and mobile networks
27

LTE-U/LAA for 5 GHz unlicensed


spectrum with licensed anchor

28

LTE Unlicensed in 5 GHz for new small cell deployments


~2x capacity and range
Compared to Wi-Fi3

Unlicensed

Enhanced user experience

(5 GHz)

Carrier
aggregation

LTE &
LTE-U/LAA

Single unified LTE network


Common management

Licensed Anchor

LTE Unlicensed
small cell

Licensed anchor for control and mobility

(400 MHz 3.8 GHz)

Initial LTE- and LAA: Supplemental


Downlink (SDL) to boost downlink 1

Later LAA phases: Carrier aggregation to


boost both downlink and uplink 2

A good Wi-Fi neighbor


In many cases, better neighbor to Wi-Fi
than Wi-Fi itself

Later LAA phases: aggregation across noncollocated nodes with dual-connectivity


1 LTE-U

and LAA R-13 will be downlink only. Both TDD or FDD aggregation is possible with SDL; 2 Target for R14 LAA using TDD + TDD aggregation, or FDD + TDD aggregation using TDD for unlicensed spectrum
operators. 48 Pico+108 Femto cells per operator. 300 users per operator with 70% indoor. 3GPP Bursty model. 12x40MHz @ 5GHz for unlicensed spectrum; LTE 10 MHz channel at 2 GHz;. 2x2 MIMO, Rank 1 transmission, eICIC enabled;
LTE-U LAA R13, 2x2 MIMO (no MU-MIMO).; Wi-Fi - 802.11ac 2x2 MIMO (no MU-MIMO), LDPC codes and 256QAM).
3Assumptions: Two

29

4/x

LTE Unlicensed improves coverage compared to Wi-Fi


20/2
2 4 / 26
26/23
2/x

16/2

29/16

3/x
27/27

14/3

6/x
15/9

LTE / Wi-Fi
5GHz access point

9/1

Indoor 3rd floor

35/27
LTE Thrpt ( Mbps) / Wi-Fi Thrpt ( Mbps)
Source: Qualcomm Research. Example from our LTE Unlicensed testing in San Diego to validate coverage and performance advantages.

30

Unlicensed 5 GHz spectrum is ideal for small cells


US, Korea, China, Europe,
Japan, India
20
MHz
5.15
GHz
UNII-1
5150-5250 MHz

US, Korea, India, China2,


considered in EU3

US1, Korea5, Europe, Japan

*
5.33
GHz

UNII-2
5250-5350 MHz

120 MHz
could be available
in e.g. the US4/EU3

20
MHz

5.49
GHz

*
5.71
GHz

UNII-2 5470-5725 MHz

20
MHz
5.735
GHz

5.835
GHz

UNII-3 5725 5850 MHz


ISM 5725 5850 MHz

LTE-U will use UNII-1 & UNII-3 (200MHz ) per LTE-U forum
LAA expected to cover additional 5 GHz bands

1 Channel 120, 124 and 128 (5.6-5.65 GHz) currently not permitted in the US. 2 5725MHz-5850MHz has been assigned to ISM services in China 3 Study of 5350MHz-5470MHz and 5725MHz-5925MHz use for license exempt is being planned in EU.
4 5470-5650 MHz in Korea* These 5GHz channels typically require DFS, Dynamic Frequency Selection

31

LTE-U/LAA protects Wi-Fi to ensure fair sharing of spectrum


1

Select clear channel: Dynamically avoid Wi-Fi


Unlicensed
5 GHz band

........

20
MHz

If no clear channel: Fair sharing with Wi-Fi


LTE-U adaptive duty cycle (CSAT)1

LAA Listen Before Talk (LBT) with adaptive utilization2

for deployments in USA, Korea, India etc. using 3GPP Rel. 10/11/12

for deployments in Europe, Japan and beyond using 3GPP Rel. 13 LAA
Variable on, max 10ms continuously

Variable on, max 50ms continuously

Wi-Fi medium
utilization estimation

3
1 CSAT
2 Part

Up to 500 MHz
available

20
MHz

LTE
is on

LTE
is off

LTE
is on

LTE
is off

Time

Sensing channel
availability per CCA

Time

Release unlicensed channel at low traffic

- Carrier Sensing Adaptive Transmission required in the small cell Meeting regulatory requirements, in addition ensures fairness as defined by LTE-U forum
of 3GPP Rel 13, Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) for regions with specific access procedures and CCA Clear Channel Assessment, aka Listen Before Talk (LBT)

32

Going beyond Listen Before Talk (LBT) for fair sharing with Wi-Fi
For Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) deployments using 3GPP Rel. 13
Adaptive ON 1ms to 10ms
based on loadsimilar to CSAT

LTE
OFF

LTE
ON

LTE
OFF

Sensing channel
availability per LBT

Hold off when detecting


other user per LBT

Every 20us per CCA


(Clear Channel Assessment)

Sense every 20us and decrement random counter


before transmitting per extended CCA

LTE
ON

LTE
ON

LTE
ON

LTE
ON

Time

33

LAA Rel. 13
Live Demo
Operator 1
Operator 2

All sites
LTE + Wi-Fi

Note: The data rates shown are only for the unlicensed spectrum, with only control and signaling traffic going over licensed spectrum

34

LAA Rel. 13
Live Demo

LAA

LAA

Operator 1
Operator 2

Operator 1:
still on Wii-Fi
Wi-Fi performance
not adversely
affected

Operator 2:
One site changed
to LTE Unlicensed
~ 2x Improvement

Note: The data rates shown are only for the unlicensed spectrum, with only control and signaling traffic going over licensed spectrum

35

LTE-U forum develops coexistence specifications


For LTE-U products based on 3GPP Release 10 and beyond, see www.lteuforum.org
20
MHz
5.15
GHz
UNII-1
5150-5250 MHz

20
MHz

5.33
GHz

5.49
GHz

*
5.835
GHz

UNII-2
5250-5350 MHz

UNII-2 5470-5725 MHz

U-NII-1 and U-NII-3


5 GHz unlicensed spectrum

UNII-3 5725 5850 MHz

Licensed spectrum
F1

To ensure fair-sharing coexistence between Wi-Fi and


LTE-U, and between LTE-U
Formed by Alcatel-Lucent, Ericsson, LGE, Qualcomm
Technologies Inc., Samsung, Verizon
Specifications published March 2nd 2015 and have been
updated based on feedback from Wi-Fi industry

Supplemental
downlink

Downlink

Uplink

* These 5GHz channels typically require DFS, Dynamic Frequency Selection


36

LTE-U/Wi-Fi co-channel coexistence using adaptive duty cycle


Carrier Sensing Adaptive Transmission (CSAT) example
LTE-U

LTE OFF
From 10ms to 100ms timeframe

Initially and
periodically: Sensing
channel utilization
LTE-U estimates # of active
Wi-Fi APs and determines
utilization1

LTE-U

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi

LTE ON

LTE OFF

LTE ON

2/6th of the time in the


example shown

4/6th of the time in the


example shown

2/6th of the time in the


example shown

Variable on, max 50 ms continuously

Share channel with Wi-Fi


proportionally to active
numbers of access points2

Provision for latency sensitive apps


(e.g. Voice over Wi-Fi)
1LTE

reads Wi-Fi preamble to determine # of Wi-Fi APs and their usage; 2.Proportional time , here 2/6th of time is the upper limit for LTE ON.

Time
37

Stress testing LTE/Wi-Fi co-channel in very harsh conditions


Qualcomm Technologies LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber

Hyper dense network

Up to 9 Access Points (AP) placed ~1m apart

All APs set to the same channel

Commercial, off-the-shelf Wi-Fi and test LTE-U APs

Extreme interference for devices

No isolation between neighboring APs and devices

38

Wi-Fi performance not adversely affected by LTE-U


Using adaptive duty cycle (CSAT) for fair coexistence
Wi-Fi Average
throughput

Wi-Fi performance
improved

7 Wi-Fi + 1 Wi-Fi

7 Wi-Fi + 1 LTE-U

6 Wi-Fi + 2 LTE-U

4 Wi-Fi + 4 LTE-U

Increasing LTE-U penetration


39

Better performance of LTE-U while protecting Wi-Fi


Using adaptive duty cycle (CSAT)
Wi-Fi average
throughput
LTE - U

Average throughput

Target AP with
LTE-U

LTE-U
(6.7 Mbps)

Wi-Fi
(3.3 Mbps)

Target AP with
Wi-Fi

8 Wi-Fi + 1 Wi-Fi

8 Wi-Fi + 1 LTE-U

Target AP
40

Fair LTE-U coexistence for Voice and Data


regardless of Wi-Fi vendor variation

41

Stress tests showing wide Wi-Fi vendor variation


Qualcomm Technologies LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber

Hyper dense network on same channel


Up to 8 Access Points (AP) placed ~1m apart
No isolation between neighboring APs and devices
Up to 8 devices placed ~1m apart

Vendor variation tests

Test 1) Vendor A and B enterprise grade Wi-Fi APs


with controller. 8 Aps with test APWi-Fi or LTE-U
Test 2) 5 top-selling retail APs (11ac) based on bestseller lists. Mix of 4 APs from different vendors

42

Implementation variation among Enterprise Wi-Fi vendors


Using Qualcomm Technologies LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber

Stress Test:
8 Wi-Fi + LTE-U

Baseline:
8 Wi-Fi + Wi-Fi

Vendor B

Vendor A

Mixture of Vendor A and


Bs enterprise Wi-Fi APs

Wi-Fi vendor B
more aggressive

Wi-Fi vendor A
less aggressive

Vendor A and B enterprise grade Wi-Fi APs with controller. 8 Aps with test APWi-Fi or LTE-U
43

LTE-U is a good neighbor regardless of Wi-Fi vendor


Using Qualcomm Technologies LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber

Vendor A

8X
Wi-Fi

with

Vendor B

8 Wi-Fi + Wi-Fi

6.5

8 Wi-Fi + LTE-U

6.5

8 Wi-Fi + Wi-Fi

3.9

8 Wi-Fi + LTE-U

4.9

or
Wi-Fi

LTE-U

Mix of
vendor A/B

8 Wi-Fi + Wi-Fi

5.8

8 Wi-Fi + LTE-U

5.8

LTE-U maintains
overall Wi-Fi
performance

Average Wi-Fi throughput (Mbps)


Vendor A and B enterprise grade Wi-Fi APs with controller. 8 Aps with test APWi-Fi or LTE-U
44

Significant implementation variation in retail Wi-Fi access point


Using Qualcomm Technologies LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber
Mix of vendors in a
network of 4 Wi-Fi APs

Wide variationalso without


most aggressive Wi-Fi AP

APs

5 top-selling
retail APs
determined from top
industry magazines
and online-retailers

Throughput (Mbps)

AP 1

AP 2

AP 3

AP 4

AP 1

AP 2

AP 3

AP 4

Aggregate
(Mbps)

40.9

3.9

5.6

3.4

53.7

19.4

8.2

7.4

12.9

47.9

3.7

2.2

3.6

49.8

59.3

4.8

4.6

40.8

4.7

54.9

3.9

49.0

2.4

4.3

59.6

Product diversity of 5 OEMs and 3 chipset-vendors. One common STA (11ac, 1x1) a top-selling mobile-device used for all cases

One Wi-Fi AP grabbing


~10x more resources

45

LTE-U ensures fair time sharing of the unlicensed channel


Using Qualcomm Technologies LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence test chamber
Duty cycle distribution
Duty Cycle
1
0.9
0.8

Wi-Fi

with

Wi-Fi

W in 1W+1W
W in 1W+1L
L in 1W+1L

Wide variation in
Wi-Fi to Wi-Fi sharing

0.7
0.6
CDF

Or

LTE-U ensures a fair


~50% sharing

0.5
0.4
0.3

Anomaly due to one


Wi-Fi not following spec

0.2

LTE-U

with

Wi-Fi

Average across 4 Wi-Fi AP models

0.1
0
0

Testing pair-wise airtime sharing across 4 Wi-Fi AP models and between Wi-Fi/LTE-U Points
corresponding to all 4 Wi-Fi AP models

10

20

30

40
50
Percentage

60

70

80

90

46

Over-the-air campus network for testing LTE-U


OTA Campus Network

Building WC

Building WB
LTE-U eNB

Wi-Fi AP1
(Above CCA-ED)

Wi-Fi AP2
(Below CCA-ED)

Note: Wi-Fi AP 1 is above CCA-ED (CCA energy detect level at -62dBm where Wi-Fi backs off for other non-Wi0Di users). and Wi-Fi AP 2 is below CCA-ED,, which is used for some of the following test to show that LTE-U CSAT works well below Wi-Fis ED
47

Over-the-air Wi-Fi VoIP coexistence and quality ensured


Using Qualcomm Technologies over-the-air outdoor campus network
Probability of
Jitter > 50ms

Downlink
(Max one-way delay)

Wi-Fi + Wi-Wi
Wi-Fi + LTE-U

Uplink

Wi-Fi + Wi-Wi

(Max one-way delay)

Wi-Fi + LTE-U
40ms

LTE ON

48ms
42ms

Packet loss
rate

No change
0%

No change
0%

Increased
to 0.76%

Increased
to 0.08%

40ms

50ms

Compliant with
WFAs requirements1

40ms

LTE OFF

LTE ON

Time

Provision for Wi-Fi VoIP


2ms puncturing introduces gaps to help Wi-Fi flush delay-sensitive data that may be queued due to LTE-U
1 Compliant with Wi-Fi Alliance's VoIP Enterprise specification: One way Delay < 50 ms maximum, maximum Jitter < 50ms maximum, Packet loss < 1%, Consecutive lost packets, no more than 3. Overall statics from 5 pairs of WiFi VoIP with LTE-U Presence.

48

The role of energy detection in Wi-Fi and LTE-U


Received
signal

Wi-Fi

Energy Detect
Threshold for backing off to LTE-U

Example
-62dbm1

By detecting non-Wi-Fi energy. (Clear Channel


Assessment Energy Detect CCA-ED).

Wi-Fi detects Wi-Fi signals and backs


off for other usersnot for LTE-U
Detect and decode a Wi-Fi signal (and Wi-Fi
preamble) to determine if channel is busy
carrier sensing.

1 Per 20MHz bandwidth

CCA-CS: required threshold


for Wi-Fi to detect other Wi-Fi

Receiver cannot detect


anything below noise floor

Example
-82dbm1

LTE-U
LTE-U design will ensure fair sharing
with Wi-Fi below ED level, e.g. with
Wi-Fi network listen

LTE-U detects a Wi-Fi signal to


account for fair sharing
Detect and decode a Wi-Fi signal (Wi-Fi
preamble) e.g. to estimate active Wi-Fi APs

Example
-90dbm1
49

LTE-U is a good neighbor below Energy Detect levels


Using Qualcomm Technologies over-the-air outdoor campus network
Vendor A

Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi

30.2
48

Wi-Fi with LTE-U

Wi-Fi

with

Wi-Fi

Vendor B

Or

LTE-U

with

Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi

34.5
52.6

Wi-Fi with LTE-U

Wi-Fi

The APs are below Energy Detect


-62dbm levels to each other

Vendor C

Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi

30.0

Wi-Fi with LTE-U

37.9

Wi-Fi better off


with LTE-U as
neighbor

Downlink throughput (Mbps)


50

LTE-U is a good neighbor above Energy Detect levels


Using Qualcomm Technologies over-the-air outdoor campus network
Vendor A

Wi-Fi

with

with

23.7

Wi-Fi with LTE-U

24.1

Wi-Fi

Vendor B

Or

LTE-U

Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi

30.7

Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi

28.0

Wi-Fi with LTE-U

Wi-Fi

The APs are above Energy Detect


-62dbm levels to each other

Vendor C

Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi


Wi-Fi with LTE-U

LTE-U is a good
neighbor to Wi-Fi

20.2

25.2

Downlink throughput (Mbps)


51

LTE-U is a good neighbor also for the uplink


Using Qualcomm Technologies over-the-air outdoor campus network
Vendor A

Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi


Wi-Fi with LTE-U

Wi-Fi

with

Wi-Fi

Vendor B

Or

LTE-U

with

Wi-Fi

The APs are above Energy Detect


-62dbm levels to each other

Vendor C

20.6
36.8

Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi

34.8

Wi-Fi with LTE-U

33.5

Wi-Fi with other Wi-Fi


Wi-Fi with LTE-U

LTE-U is a good
neighbor to Wi-Fi
39.2

37.2

Uplink throughput (Mbps)


52

LTE Unlicensed is a good neighbor to Wi-Fi

3
LTE-U/LAA

Wi-Fi

MuLTEfire

Fair coexistence with Wi-Fi a key


principle in the design of LTE
unlicensed

LTE-U
Forum
3GPP

Extensive collaboration on
coexistence across mobile and
Wi-Fi industries.

2
LTE

Wi-Fi

Extensive LTE-U over-the-air


testing in lab/field proves fair
coexistence with Wi-Fi

Committed to LTE Unlicensed,


the Wi-Fi evolution, and LTE Wi-Fi
convergence solutions

53

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www.qualcomm.com/wireless

BLOG

www.qualcomm.com/news/onq
@Qualcomm_tech
http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8AD95E4F585237C1&feature=plcp
http://www.slideshare.net/qualcommwirelessevolution

54

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Qualcomm is a trademark of Qualcomm Incorporated, registered in the United States and other countries. MuLTEfire and UltraSon are trademarks of Qualcomm
Incorporated. Other product and brand names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.
References in this presentation to Qualcomm may mean Qualcomm Incorporated, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., and/or other subsi diaries or business units within the
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Qualcomm Incorporated includes Qualcomms licensing business, QTL, and the vast majority of its patent portfolio. Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary
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55

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