Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
by
Takahiro Aoyagi
B.E. in Civil Engineering
Signature of Author
-'J
- u
Department of Civil and EnVironmentalEngineenng
Certified by
Chaimm
MAA-liS
INSTITUTE
JUN 2 7 1995
LIbRAHMES
8aWb
rbag
Abstract
The basic purpose of Decision Aids for Tunneling (DAT) is to deal with uncertain
conditions in planning a tunnel project and to give effective information on construction
cost and duration. Since the DAT have been developed for tunneling in hard rock, the
program can not consider ground movement in soft ground tunneling. In this thesis, a
program which allows one to predict ground movements in soft ground tunneling by
using the DAT, was developed.
The factors influencing ground movement are associated with the geological
conditions, tunnel dimensions, and construction methods. Among the many ground
movements, this thesis focuses on the settlement profile. The empirical equation proposed
by O'Reilly and New (1982) is used as a predictive model to relate the settlement profile
to factors of ground movement. This settlement model is developed by associating the
parameters of the equation, the volume of lost ground and the width of the settlement
trough, with the ground conditions and construction procedures. The settlement model
has been coded in the C programming language and incorporated in the existing DAT
program which was developed at MIT.
It is possible to illustrate a settlement profile in a transverse section and in a
longitudinal section on the graphic interface. Such predicted settlement profiles provide
significant information in the selection of the construction methods and procedures
affecting the cost and duration of tunnel projects.
Thesis Supervisor:
Title:
Acknowledgments
I would like to express my special thanks to all the people and friends who have
encouraged me not only in fulfilling this research but also in getting through my life at
MIT.
Above all, I would like to thank Professor Herbert Einstein for his valuable comments
and suggestions despite his busy schedule. I highly appreciate his approachable nature
which allowed frequent and friendly discussions to tale place any time of the day. I am
also grateful to Mr. Vijaya Halabe, a Ph.D. student,
SIMSUPER simulations and was always available for
achieve this research without his continuous supports.
among Geotech friends, I could have a sort of life in this
May 1995,
Cambridge,
Massachusetts
Table of Contents
Pages
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
10
Chapter 1 Introduction
11
14
2.1 General
14
16
16
18
22
27
30
40
3.1 General
40
41
43
44
47
49
50
4.1 General
50
51
51
52
55
55
55
63
63
63
63
64
65
66
65
67
70
74
75
78
82
5.5 Outputs
84
84
87
93
6.1 General
93
6.1.1 General
93
94
94
94
100
106
106
112
118
7.1 Conclusions
118
119
Bibliography
Appendix I
120
Program Code of Settlement Model
123
List of Figures
Pages
Figure
2.1
16
Figure 2.2
17
Figure 2.3
19
20
Figure 2.6
23
Figure 2.7
24
26
Figure 2.8
Figure 2.9
28
Figure 2.10
29
Figure 2.11
31
Figure 2.12
32
Figure 2.13
33
Figure 2.14
34
Figure 2.15
35
37
38
Figure 3.1
Figure 3.2
45
Figure 4.1
57
Figure 4.2
59
Figure 2.16
Figure 2.17
Figure 2.18
36
42
Figure 4.3
Schematic of SIMSUPER
61
Figure 4.4
62
Figure 5.1
66
Figure 5.2
Structure of monitor.dat
68
Figure 5.3
69
Figure 5.4
groundX.var Structure
71
Figure 5.5
72
Figure 5.6
groundX.var File
72
Figure 5.7
73
Figure 5.8
constructionX.var File
73
Figure 5.9
74
Figure 5.10
75
Figure 5.11
75
Figure 5.12
76
Figure 5.13
76
Figure 5.14
77
Figure 5.15
77
Figure 5.16
79
Figure 5.17
Group Structure
80
Figure 5.18
m Group Structure
80
Figure 5.19
s Group Structure
81
Figure 5.20
A Sample data of
Figure 5.21
83
Figure 5.22
83
Figure 5.23
Settleseg.out
84
Figure 5.24
Parts of Settleseg.out
Figure 5.25
86
Figure 5.26
87
Figure 5.27
88
Figure 5.28
88
Figure 5.29
89
Figure 5.30
90
, m, and s Group
File Structure
File
82
85
Figure 5.31
90
Figure 5.32
91
Figure 5.33
92
Figure 6.1
Figure 6.2
Figure
95
98
99
6.3
Figure 6.4
Figure 6.5
100
104
Figure
105
Figure 6.7
106
Figure
110
Figure 6.9
111
Figure 6.10
112
Figure 6.11
116
Figure 6.12
117
6.6
6.8
List of Tables
Pages
Table 2.1
27
Table 2.2
Table 3.1
Table 3.2
Table 3.3
Table 4.1
Table 4.2
30
46
48
48
52
54
Table 6.1
Case Studies
93
Table 6.2
Table 6.3
Table 6.4
96
96
102
Table 6.5
102
Table 6.6
108
Table 6.7
108
Table 6.8
Table 6.9
114
114
10
Chapter
Introduction
One of the goals of tunnel designs is to plan a construction method by which the
required work can be carried out in a certain amount of time at minimum cost. A
decision strategy and cost estimating method are, thus, required in order to allow one
to evaluate a project during the planning or early design phase. The controlling factors
influencing the cost and duration of an underground project, such as geology,
geometry, construction, labor productivity and equipment availability, vary for each
job. Therefore, few general conclusions can be drawn regarding the "true" cost of a
project.
Tunneling is affected by a variety of uncertainties. For example, the geological
conditions at the tunnel level are largely unknown before construction; but even during
construction the parameters that affect excavation and support are known only to a
limited extent.
In the past decade, a wide variety of groups have been interested in developing an
applicable "decision support tool" to predict construction cost and duration by
considering the above-mentioned factors. Although a variety of modeling tools have
been applied to analyze several tunnel projects, they have limitations in that these
models need further processing of the construction data and the special knowledge of
an engineer. In order to overcome these limitations, the Decision Aids for Tunneling
(DAT) have been created at MIT to deal with the tunnel project with specified geologic
conditions, tunnel dimensions, resource allocation, and construction methods. The
DAT have been applied so far to various tunnel projects. However, the application of
the DAT has been limited to rock tunneling.
Soft ground tunneling, unlike hard rock tunneling, usually produces ground
movement. None of the existing modules of the DAT, so far, has considered the
11
control of the ground movements despite the recently increasing number of tunnels in
urban areas, which are mostly located in soft ground.
forecasting the ground conditions and selecting construction procedures that will
permit control of ground movements are critical. These procedures also affect the
duration and the cost of the whole tunnel project. Therefore, there is a need for a
program that can reflect the effects of ground movement.
As mentioned above, soft ground tunneling is associated with ground movements
such as surface settlement and face stability. This study focuses on the surface
settlement. First, empirical equations that have been developed for the settlement
profile are examined. Among various empirical equations, the generalized equation
of O'Reilly and New (1982) is selected as a predictive equation to relate the settlement
profile to the controlling factors of ground movement. In this equation, there are two
parameters defining a transverse profile: the volume of settlement trough and width of
the settlement trough. Second, in order to incorporate the settlement model into the
DAT, these parameters are associated with the ground conditions and tunnel
configurations. The settlement model has been coded in the C programming language
and is run as a tunnel activity in the DAT.
The DAT is composed of two main programs (GEOLOGY and SIMSUPER) and a
user interface (NETWORK).
12
13
Chapter 2
Literature Review
2.1 General
The basic aim of settlement prediction methods in soft ground tunneling is to
produce an accurate assessment of ground settlement induced by the tunnel advance
as well as to appraise the associated effects on surface structures and ground
conditions. In general, most of the studies developing such predictive methods have
relied on a large number of case studies and evaluated observations.
One major
accepted as the basic form of the settlement profile by many researchers (Cording
(1972), Attewell(1978), andO'Reilly(1991)etal.).
Amoregeneralizedform of the
error function curve, the three dimensional form which considers the direction of
tunnel advance, was derived by Attewell and Woodman (1982).
Since Peck's
research, many researchers have concentrated on evaluating the volume of ground loss
due to tunneling and the shape of the surface trough in different soil types.
Second, with the advent of powerful computing tools, numerical methods have
prevailed in recent years. The application of numerical methods to the problem of
ground settlement induced by tunneling is appropriate.
14
applied not only to the ground settlement prediction but also to the entire tunnel design
procedures, including simulation of the excavation sequence and placing of the lining,
soil - tunnel lining interaction, effects of nearby tunnels, seepage, and consolidation.
One of the more refined numerical methods is the Finite Element Method (FEM).
Clough and Leca (1989) reviewed recent work using the FEM as a means to analyze
soft ground tunnels. They pointed out that soil tunneling problems have proved
difficult for FEM modeling because they are complex, often involving many
parameters that are poorly estimated or indefinite if one does not properly model both
the soil and the construction procedure. There are also many cases in which the
available information about the soil properties is scarce and does not justify the use of
a complex constitutive model and a sophisticated numerical method. However, the
flexibility of FEM models can be exploited in performing back analyses of ground
movements, and can assist in understanding the ground movements at particular sites.
Finally, theoretical models exist which are based on the fundamental equations of
the elastic and continuum theories. Sagaseta (1987) presented closed form solutions
for obtaining the strain field in initially isotropic, homogeneous and incompressible
soil due to near-surface ground loss. He showed that the calculated movements agree
with the experimental observations and compare favorably with commonly used
numerical methods. Although the simplified theoretical model can predict the general
tendency of ground movement, it has yet to reach the stage where it can describe
more complicated soil behavior such as high shear strain and consolidation.
This chapter concentrates on empirically derived relationships of ground
settlement, since this is the method applied to the model used in the research presented
in my thesis.
15
exp(-x2 /2i2 ),
(2.1)
where S is the vertical settlement of a point which is at a distance x from the vertical
plane containing the tunnel axis (see Figure 2.1), S
directly above the tunnel, and i is a parameter which defines the width of the
settlement trough.
!i
Figure 2.1 Surface settlement represented by the error curve (from Peck (1969))
16
If settlement occurs with no change in the volume of the soil, then the volume of
the soil (V,) between the settlement trough and the original ground surface is obtained
by the integration of Equation (2.1), that is,
V, =
(2.2)
/(2n) i SM,
where V. is the volume of the settlement trough per unit length of tunnel, i is a
parameter which defines the width of the settlement trough, and S,, is the settlement
of the point directly above the tunnel.
Peck also produced a dimensionless plot of the observed width of the settlement
profile where different types of soil are compared to the depth of the tunnel axis.(see
Figure 2.2).
2i/D
U
1
l
= (D)Os
0
3
Figure 2.2 Relation between trough width and tunnel depth (from Peck (1969))
The relationship that can fit Peck's plot (broken lines in Figure 2.2) was given by
Schmidt as follows:
17
(2.3)
where D is the diameter of the tunnel, i is a parameter which defines the width of the
settlement trough, and Z is the depth of the tunnel (see Figure 2.1).
(1) One estimates the volume of settlement trough (Vs) on the basis of experience with
similar tunneling techniques in similar soils.
(2) The value of i is obtained by using Peck's chart (Figure 2.2) or Eq. (2.3) or a
similar relationship.
(3) Once both the volume of the settlement trough (V.) and the trough width parameter
(i) are calculated, Eq.(2.2) is used to find Sm. Then Eq.(2. 1) can predict the surface
settlement at any point (x).
2.2.2
1989)
Cording and Hansmire (1972, 1975, 1989) at the University of Illinois are Peck's
successors. They concentrated on estimating the volume of ground loss that causes
surface settlement. They have stated that the difference between the volume lost into
the tunnel and the volume of the surface settlement trough is largely due to
compression of the soil at the side of the tunnel and the volume increase of granular
materials over the crown.
They modified the trough width relation by using a vertical angle (3, which is the
angle between the vertical line and the line drawn from springline to the edge of
surface trough (See Figure 2.4).
18
S = S.
(2.4)
where S is the vertical settlement of a point which is at a distance x from the vertical
plane containing the tunnel axis, S,,
tunnel, and i is a parameter which defines the width of the settlement trough.
The correlation of ( i ) with tunnel radius, depth, and soil type is shown in Figure
&
2.3.
Ground
Surface
cr
- 2.5i: w
-i
.5i w
max
Point Of
Inflection
Leged
+
Vs = 2.5i
2-
l~
2R/Z F
100
1 i
.. r
15.0
~~~
II
2R/Z
Groundwater /
Level
II
1I /
Suggesterd_ by Peck, 1969
/ Soft to1
Stiff Clay
I 110
A4L
A16
a
2
175
_Sands Above
Boundarie_
IL
Sands
81a
~~i'7'
'1
-o
_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
low
Groun-dwater Leve
/
'T'1/t3 -~4,
,.i
San Francisco
W
R..
and Clay
7.5
5.0
w bmox
max
settlement trough can be computed as a triangle with the base (2w) and a height
(8max) as follows:
Vs- 2 2w6. - -,
(2.5)
where V, is the volume of the settlement trough per unit length of tunnel, w is the half
width of the base of the triangular trough, and 6b is the maximum displacement of
the trough. When superposed on a normal distribution curve, the width (w) is equal
to 2.5 i.
Moreover, Cording and Hansmire (1975) stated that the relation between
springline of the tunnel to the defined width (w) of the settlement trough at the surface
(see Figure 2.4 (a) and (b)). Figure 2.4 (b) relates
Figure 2.4 (a) Relation of S5to trough width (from Cording and Hansmire (1975))
20
25
50
75 Ri
12
15i0
17-
2R
In addition, Cording and Hansmire (1975) stated that some settlement data, in
particular granular soil, might not fit the normal distribution curve. The settlement at
the edge of the trough did not continue to increase in proportion to the settlement at
the center of the trough, after settlement at the center became large. Rather, as bmax
increased, further settlement was concentrated just above the tunnel where the zone of
high shear strain exists. After that, the settlement trough no longer fits the normal
probability curve, and the calculated values of i decrease gradually. When applying
the normal distribution curve in predicting the surface settlement, one should know
the limitations, especially for cohesionless soil in which localized yield zones rapidly
propagate from the tunnel sidewalls to the surface.
21
2.2.3
periphery of the tunnel migrates through the soil and appears as surface settlement.
The magnitude and the shape of the trough of surface settlement can be related
empirically to the settlement of the tunnel crown, the depth of burial, and the
characteristics of both sand and clay. Through model tests, they proposed a relation
between trough width parameter(i), overburden depth from surface to the tunnel
crown (C), and tunnel diameter (D).
between maximum surface settlement (S,)
exp(-x2/2i2),
(2.6)
where S is the vertical settlement of a point which is a distance x from the vertical
plane containing the tunnel axis, S,
tunnel, and i is a parameter which defines the width of the settlement trough.
22
roi
of
r
slope
I--
lur vture
I :
d
PO"t of
V'I '
.o
Ic
Figure 2.5 Geometry of tunnel and surface deformations observed for circular tunnel
(from Atkinson and Potts (1977))
depth of the tunnel, model tests were conducted with and without surface surcharge.
For settlements above tunnels in medium sand without surface surcharge, i is
evaluated as follows:
i= 0.25(C+D),
(2.7)
where i is a parameter which defines the width of the settlement profile, C is the
depth of cover to the tunnel crown shown in Figure 2.5, and D is the tunnel diameter.
For settlements above tunnels in dense sand and in overconsolidated Kaolinite with
surcharge,
(2.8)
where i is a parameter which defines the width of the settlement trough, C is the
depth of cover to the tunnel crown shown in Figure 2.5, and D is the tunnel diameter.
23
2L
10
/D - 0
I
I
o O.C.kolin, s,>0
* dense and;cs>0
0 loosesand, r - 0
*0
l0
2-0
4.tq
.~~~~~~~
r>~
~
4
to stiff
~Sott
clays
Sands above
the water table
.c
Figure 2.6 Variation of maximum surface settlement profile with depth for model
tunnels (from Atkinson (1977))
x"iS.,
(2.9)
where V. is the volume of the settlement trough per unit length of tunnel, i is a
parameter which defines the width of the settlement trough, and S.= is the settlement
of the point directly above the tunnel.
If it is then assumed that the tunnel deforms as indicated in Figure 2.5 and that the
magnitude of the crown settlement is relatively small compared to the tunnel diameter,
the volume of ground lost in the tunnel per unit length is
24
(2.10)
VT=2DSC,,
where VTis the ground loss during excavation, D is the tunnel diameter, and Sc is the
settlement of the tunnel crown.
Thus, the ratio of the volume of ground lost at the surface and in the tunnel is
V
VT
2X(
(2.11)
2a)( $
where Vs is the volume of the settlement trough per unit length of tunnel, VT is the
ground loss during excavation, a is the half-width of the opening, i is a parameter
which defines the width of the settlement trough, Sc is the vertical settlement at the
crown of the tunnel, and S,
tunnel.
(4)
Settlement
Atkinson and Potts (1977) assumed that the magnitude of S./S
for a tunnel
depends on the depth of burial, the presence of a surface surcharge, and any
compression and dilation in the soil around the tunnel. Figure 2.7 shows the variation
of maximum surface settlement with crown settlement for tunnels in both sand and
clay. In this Figure, the relationship between S,
tunnels in both sand and clay: (a) Dense sand; (b) Sands;
(c) Overconsolidated
Kaolinite.
25
02
04
04
06
-06
sT
sc
Figure 2.7 Variation of maximum surface settlement with crown settlement for
tunnels in sand and clay (from Atkinson (1977))
10
0 5
o,
10
1~~~~51,,
ScA
0o5
A dense sand
centrifugec
'~(b)
0
I-m'
Sands
~
~.-040
1~~0
C5
-~~
~,
oS[ s I, i
0
1.0
The relationship between maximum surface settlement and crown settlement can be
described by the following equation;
S
S.m,
, 1.0_a
(2.12)
where Sm is the maximum settlement that occurs above the tunnel axis, Sc is the
crown settlement, C is the overburden depth from surface to tunnel crown, D is the
26
Figure 2.8).
Table 2.1 also defines the values of a used in Eq. (2.12).
Value of a
0.57
Large dilation
0.40
OverconsolidatedKaolinite
0.13
i = aK.[z/2a] n ,
(2.13)
27
w
a
aa
L./
28
jI
Figure 2.10 Tunnel coordinate system (from Attewell and Woodman (1982))
Figure 2.10 shows the coordinate system to be adopted: x - parallel to the tunnel
center line; y - transverse to the tunnel center line; z - vertical axis through tunnel
center.
V v
(XX")
wf-expL
[j2
+y2
~'l dx
we 2ni~xze2i
-n e
[G
(2.14)
}'
where
G~~~~c1)
2 dp
G(a)
- ex2.fexp aiep
X-X
fi
(2.15)
29
A .
-A
i
(x-xI)/i
0.0
0.1
0.2
).3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
.500
.540
.579
.618
.655
.691
.726
.758
.788
.816
.841
.864
.885
.903
.919
.933
.945
.955
.964
.971
.977
.982
.986
.989
.992
.994
.995
.997
.997
.998
.999
.504
.544
.583
.622
.659
.695
.729
.761
.791
.819
.844
.867
.887
.905
.921
.934
.946
.956
.965
.972
.978
.983
.986
.990
.992
.994
.995
.997
.998
.998
.999
.508
.548
.587
.626
.663
.698
.732
.764
.794
.821
.846
.869
.889
.907
.922
.936
.947
.957
.966
.973
.978
.983
.987
.990
.992
.994
.996
.997
.998
.998
.999
.512
.552
.591
.629
.666
.702
.736
.767
.797
.824
.848
.871
.891
.908
.924
.937
.948
.958
.966
.973
.979
.983
.987
.990
.992
.994
.996
.997
.998
.998
.999
.516
.556
.595
.633
.670
.706
.739
,.770
.800
.826
.851
.873
.893
.910
.925
.938
.949
.959
.967
.974
.979
.984
.987
.990
.993
.994
.996
.997
.998
998
999
.520
:560
.599
.637
.674
.709
.742
.773
.802
.829
.853
.875
.894
.911
.926
.939
.951
.960
.968
.974
.980
.984
.988
.991
.993
.995
.996
.997
.998
.998
.999
.524
.564
.603
.641
.677
.712
.'45
.776
.805
.831
.855
877
.896
.913
.928
.941
.952
.961
.969
.975
.980
.985
.988
991
.993
.995
.996
.997
.998
.998
.999
.528
.567
.606
.644
.681
.716
.749
.779
.808
.834
.858
.879
.898
.915
.929
.942
.953
.962
.969
.976
.981
.985
.988
.991
.993
.995
.996
.997
.998
.999
.999
.532
.571
.610
.648
.684
.719
.752
.782
.811
.836
.860
881
.900
.916
.931
.943
.954
.962
.970
.976
.981
985
.989
.991
.993
.995
.996
.997
.998
.999
.999
.536
.575
.614
.652
.688
.722
.755
.785
.813
.839
.862
.883
.901
.918
.932
.944
.964
.963
.971
.977
.982
.986
.989
.992
.994
.995
.996
.997
.998
.999
.999
30
for both cohesive and cohesionless soil using effective width (i) and soil constant (K)
on the basis of the three dimensional equation proposed by Attewell (1978).
exp(-x2 /2i2 ),
(2.16)
where S is the vertical settlement of a point which is at a distance x from the vertical
plane containing the tunnel axis, S.
tunnel, and i is a parameter which defines the width of the settlement trough.
Figure 2.11 Surface settlement by the error function curve (from Peck (1969))
31
that the width of the zone of deformed ground decreases linearly with depth below the
ground surface. Therefore, the trough width parameter is simply derived as Eq.
(2.17).
i - KZ,
(2.17)
where i is a parameter which defines the width of the settlement trough, K can be
defined from the slope by plotting i against Z by using field data, and Z is the depth of
tunnel center.
~~~~~~~~~~~~
.
**
I , .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
X ;s+;#
;;;;
. . . .
. . ..
,,,/
..
. ..
....
.....
. : . .\
.
.
..
:::::..
..
..
...
..
....
horizontal
and verticalcomponents of displacement. Similarly,Glossop's (1977)
Figure 2.12 Soil displacement around model tunnel in clay (from Mair (]1979))
Furtherore,
stochastic
identical
displacements above
above tabular
tabular openings.
openings. The
The general
general equation
equation can
can bebe expressed
expressed asas
displacements
follows:
follows:
/'yz)
'
Y'~Z)'
32
(2.18)
where H(y, z), and S(y, z) are, respectively, the horizontal and vertical components at
a transverse distance( y ) and at a vertical distance( z ) from the tunnel axis.
Settlement = S(y z)
Horizontal
Horizontal displacement =
nt
Z
Figure 2.13 Patterns of horizontal displacement (from Sagaseta (1989))
The width of the settlement trough is defined using the distance from the tunnel
center to the point of the inflection (y= i ). Multiple linear regression analyses were
performed on field data (21 cohesive soils, 16 cohesionless soils) to build the
relationship between the trough parameter and depth for both cohesive and
cohesionless soils. Figure 2.14 shows the trough width parameter plotted against
tunnel axis depth for both ground types. Finally, Eq. (2.19) defines the trough width
parameter for both soil types.
i
where i is the trough width parameter, and Z is the depth to the tunnel axis.
33
(2.19)
. =
Of
lo
14
_~~~~~~~~~~~
12
-7
i=0.43Z+ 1.1
10
a
6
q '
ee
a) cohesivesoils
/.
i
4
0
of
a I
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
1&~~
2.6
./
1.0'
Ca 2.2
1.8
1.4
9.
i - 0.28Z- 0.12
0.6
b) granularsoils
0.2
.
10
Figure 2.14 Relation of trough width parameter to tunnel depth (from O'Reilly
(1982))
(2.20)
where i is a parameter which defines the width of the settlement trough, Z.,is the depth
of the tunnel axis beneath the interface, and 4 is the thickness of the surface layer.
34
a1
Zb
Surface layer
Second layer
I~Scn
Za
-q
iN =KZ+KZ+KZ+
N 1I1
2 2
3 ................ +KZ
N N'
(2.21)
Field data analysis indicates K varies from about 0.4 for stiff clays to about 0.7 for
soft and silty clays.
,2 .2
IS
....
I,
exp(-y'/2(KZ)')
35
exp(-y 2 /2(KZ) 2 )
VY
v~~~~(2~"
x ggp
/2g) 2) , (2.22)
where S(' z)and He.y) are the vertical and horizontal components of displacement at a
transverse distance y and a vertical distance z,
settlement trough width, V is the volume of the settlement trough per unit length of
tunnel, and K can be determined as the slope in the graph plotting i against Z.
y *3i
2.5i
transveredistancefromn
cntrline
i
.r
~~~~~~~~~~~~I
I volume(per unitadvance)
Settlement
V, ,% /sm I
d S2
dV
0,44 Sx
i?
S-Sm'exp (V /
'Maximum horizontalstrainItensile)
dH ( ,
dr2v
om
'
_ I
"
/1\
0.2
/42
..
_i_
0.4
. ~~~~~0.6W
!"
I
' 2-'2'
~~0.4
I~~~~~~~~~~~~
/~
0.446 Smax
0.
(xt1i1X
Point
oflinflexion(y i S 0.606 Smr'
Maximum slope- dS- 0.60
S X
Maximumhorizontaldisplacement
- Hy z
0.6 06
Smax (V.z
2
Maximumcurvature'segging' d Smx\
2
dy
i2
'Maximumhorizontal
strain
(com preuive)
- dH. zz
dy
Smx(V. 1
z
Tunnmlxis ll
Figure 2.16 Settlement semi-profile with error function form (from O'Reilly (1988))
(ii) Twin Tunnels
The two dimensional equations for twin tunnels are:
I I-g
v
_.I
a
it
L,
s(y,) -
36
d/
II
/( Y
[yexp(_-y2/2(KZ)2)+(y - d)exp(-(y
d)2 /2(KZ)2)]
(2.23)
where Sy ) and Hy, z) are the vertical and horizontal components of displacement,
respectively, at a transverse distance y and a vertical distance z from the tunnel axis, i
is a parameter which defines settlement trough width, V is the volume of the
settlement trough per unit length of tunnel, and K can be determined as the slope in
the graph plotting i against Z, and d is the axial separation of the tunnels.
V
C'A!
Figure 2.17 Surface settlement profile for twin tunnels (from O'Reilly (1988))
The vertical and horizontal displacements for any point with coordinates X, Y, Z
follow the assumption of a normal probability form for the transverse profile, while
the longitudinal profile (x direction) should take a cumulative probability form; this
has been reasonably validated by examining field study reports (Attewell and
Woodman, 1982).
37
If
(,z
) [F(
S(y")zz)Vs exp(- y2/2(KZ)2kKZ/
}
XK
_-
H(Y Z) =YS(Y'Z)
(4
(2.24)
VI exp( (X- X)
2-
y2 )/2(KZ) 2 -exp(-(X-
X1 )
y2)/2(KZ)2]
where Sy ' z) and Hy z) are the vertical and horizontal components of displacement,
respectively, at a transverse distance y and a vertical distance z from the tunnel axis, i
is a parameter which defines settlement trough width, V is the volume of the
settlement trough per unit length of tunnel, K is an empirical constant which depends
on ground conditions, X, and Xf are respectively the starting and final locations of the
tunnel face. The function F( ) represents a cumulative distribution function of a
standardized normal random variable, that is,
a
F(a) -od)
A7g=~=e
38
2
2
dt
X- Xs,f
- KZ
KZ
(2.25)
39
Chapter 3
40
N-
(3.1)
Su
41
the tunnel opening, there can be relatively rapid reduction in ground strength and an
increase in deformation.
Wong and Kaiser (1987) showed different types of yield zone propagation and
stress redistribution for cohesive soils and cohesionless soils (see Figure 3.1).
U
-
,,,,
,.
S_
_C = Crown
.. .. ettlement
>
MODE I
(a )
RI-z
*I
MODE II
(b)
The soil above the roof still does not yield and moves
As a result, the
magnitude of settlement in cohesionless soils is larger than that of cohesive soils, and
the settlement trough width for cohesionless soils tends to be smaller than that in
cohesive soils.
42
S(y
- 2 2)
7z) = S(y,z)eexp(-y/2i
exp(-y
2 /2(KZ) 2 )
S(mXy.z) (
exp(-y 2 /2(KZ) 2 )
/2i') /
y-)(3.2)
where St, z)and H., z)are the vertical and horizontal components of displacement at a
transverse distance y and a vertical distance z,
settlement trough width, V. is the volume of the settlement trough per unit length of
tunnel, and K can be determined as the slope in the graph plotting i against Z (see
Figure 2.14 ).
When computing the maximum surface settlement, which often becomes the
significant parameter regarding structural damages,
substituting y = 0 in Eq.(3.2).
S.
s=-
V,
K,
43
(3.3)
where S,
defines the width of the settlement trough, and Vs is the volume of the settlement
trough per unit length of tunnel.
In Eq.(3.3), the values of the trough width parameteri (= KZ), and the volume of
the settlement trough Vs, are the two critical constants that define the maximum surface
settlement. Therefore, there is a need to provide the appropriate values for i and V,
so that the settlement profile can be uniquely defined.
O'Reilly and New (1991) clearly defined one of the primary constants, trough
width parameteri, in the form of a linear equation (see Eq.(3.7)). The other critical
constant Vs. was expressed in the form of a percentage of the volume of excavation
based on the field data.
44
It
(3.4)
where i is the trough width parameter, and Z is the depth of the tunnel center.
Figure 2.14 shows the trough width parameter plotted against the tunnel axis depth
for both cohesive and cohesionless ground. Data for cohesionless soils are more
scattered and reflect the unpredictable consequences of tunneling in such ground.
The data suggests that a linear relationship between i and Z can appropriate for both
ground conditions.
Similarly, in the case of two strata, the equations for each soil in Eq. (3.4) can be
combined as follows;
i
(3.5)
where i is a parameter which defines the width of the settlement trough, Za is the depth
of the tunnel axis beneath the interface, and Zb is the thickness of the surface layer.
Zb
Surface layer
Za
Yu
Second layer
_j
45
+KNZN.
(3.6)
where iNis the trough width parameter for multilayered strata, Ki is the soil constant
in determining the trough width parameter of each layer, and Z is the thickness of
each layer.
The linear regression lines may, for most practical purposes, be simplified to the
form
i = KZ,
(3.7)
where i is a parameter which defines the settlement trough width, Z is the tunnel depth
to the tunnel center, and K is the soil constant which is determined from the slope of
the plot i as a function of Z.
O'Reilly and New (1982) suggested the value K for both cohesive and
cohesionless soils based on field data.
soils for different ground conditions and for different ground support methods as
follows;
Table 3.1 Values K for cohesive soils (from O'Reilly and New(1982))
Ground conditions
Shield or none
0.4 - 0.5
Glacial deposits
0.5 - 0.6
Glacial deposits
0.5 - 0.6
0.6 - 0.7
0.6 - 0.7
(C = 10 - 40 KN/m 2 )
46
As an average value, K = 0.5 for cohesive and K = 0.25 for cohesionless soils are
adopted.
47
Table 3.2 Ground loss for cohesive soils (from O'Reilly and New (1982))
Ground conditions
Stiff fissured clay
Ground loss
in tunnels
V.N.x (%)
Shield or none
0.5 - 3.0
Remarks
considerable data
available; loses
normally 1 - 2 %
Glacial deposits
2.0 - 2.5
Glacial deposits
1.0 - 1.5
30.0 - 45.0
failure or near
failure conditions
5.0 - 20.0
(C u = 10- 40
KN/m 2)
Ground loss
Remarks
V 8 N.. 1x (%)
Dense sand
0.5 - 1.0
Medium sand
1.0 - 2.5
Loose sand
3.0 - 5.0
5%
48
A preliminary
49
Chapter 4
Parameters can be
The data on
and soil constant for trough width (K) which are affected by both ground conditions and
construction characteristics. The third parameter is the depth of the tunnel (Z) which is
part of the data on tunnel configuration. Since the volume of the settlement trough (V) is
defined by the ratio of the volume of settlement trough (Vs) to the excavated tunnel
volume (Vexc),tunnel diameter (D) is required to calculate the excavated tunnel volume.
These calculations of the volume are performed per unit length of tunnel. In order to
consider both cases of a single tunnel and twin tunnels, the distance between tunnels (d)
is also defined. Therefore, the required data to calculate the settlement model are as
follows:
51
Variables
Dependent of ground
conditions and
construction quality
Description
Independent of ground
conditions and
construction quality
Z (m)
D (m)
d (m)
by associating them with ground classes (conditions) and construction classes (qualities).
Table 3.1 lists the Values of K for cohesive soil based on field data (O'Reilly and New
(1982)). Table 3.2 and Table 3.3 list the relations between the volume of the settlement
trough (Vs) at the surface and the excavated tunnel volume (V..) for both cohesive and
cohesionless soils.
On the basis of O'Reilly and New's research, both K values and the ratio of V.N,/Vare
associated with two major soil types (CLAY and SAND) and three construction qualities.
Here construction quality is roughly grouped into three classes: poor, average, and good.
A value of the ratio of V/Vexcis associated with each construction quality. In addition,
each major soil type is subdivided into three subcategories. Hence, the K values and the
ratio of V8N... are defined by six soil types and three construction qualities, that is, a total
of 18 conditions as shown in Table 4.2.
52
Although some field data by O'Reilly and New indicate large values of V/V,,c,
an
upper limit of 5% may be used for the purpose of estimation, recognizing that this will
usually be a very conservative figure (Attewell, 1978).
53
R8
. 8v.
88y
...)
x=...8~
0
o~
C4
.-
-o
0
__
N C1 C, N o
o N
ro
II
od
I) 2
(,C1
0
z5
HI
co
o~~~~~
,D
o~~~~~~~~~~~C
73
~Ss:6o
30
o66 0
6 oooo6
'-4
54
oooo
oo
step through the input process and facilitates the organization of the complex data.
settlement are ground conditions, construction quality, and tunnel configuration. These
factors are associated with the parameters in the settlement equations. Both parameters,
the ratio of the settlement trough to the excavated tunnel volume (Vs/VN) and the soil
55
constant for the trough width parameter (K), are related to ground conditions and
construction quality. Additional tunnel configuration parameters, which are tunnel depth
(Z), tunnel diameter (D), and the distance between two tunnels (d) are taken directly from
the tunnel geometry. After these parameters are determined, the calculation of settlement
is performed in the settlement subroutines.
56
I
e)
0)
c0
F 0C I
'a) n
0:0
a)
0)0
(DO0
so
.)
:3
0)
O
co
0)
E
0)
-c
__
4-
0
0
enIE
15
co
-c
LA_
14,
0)
L.
0)
cm
U)
LHo
0
4-
C
U
0)
.6-
C
L
'
57
distribution of data, the settlement simulation automatically enters into the probabilistic
analysis and then proceeds round by round in each segment being assigned a value from
the parameter distribution (see Figure 4.2(b)).
simulating the next segment.
58
~~~2
J3
[
|
G.C.1
G.C.2
T.C.1
T.C.2
T.C.3
G.C.3
i"
I
1 2 3 4 5 6 ..........
I
Il I
jIl
II
I IIIIIIIi
'
I
G.C.2
T.C.1
T.C.2
I I
G.C.1
___
G.C.3
T.C.3
1 1 11
59
Iri
In SIMSUPER,
the
settlement model is established as one of the tunnel activities and the settlement equations
are set up as a subroutine in the tunnel activity files (see Figure 4.3).
Similarly, the
equations regarding cost, time, and resource are set up in the activity files. Furthermore,
these activity files are associated with the construction procedures and construction
methods.
Since SIMSUPER was originally created to simulate construction processes and
resource distribution, the user must provide information on the connections between all
tunnel activities. For the computation of settlement, however, the user does not have to
define the connections for all tunnel activities because the settlement activity is the only
tunnel activity referred to in the settlement model.
Figure 4.4 is an overview of the relationships among all the input files in
SIMSUPER. As shown in this figure, the required data files to perform SIMSUPER are
roughly composed of five parts: general, time, cost, resource, and tunnel data, since
SIMSUPER was originally made to perform time and cost simulations by considering
construction process and resource management. For the settlement simulation, although
data files regarding time, cost, and resource are assigned to operate SIMSUPER, these
data are ignored as dummy data and do not affect the computation results.
For detailed descriptions of the data files, the user should refer to the Programmer's
Manual and User's Manual (VijayaHalabe(1995)).
60
SIMSUPER
eoetryof
nGround
Cass
or Resource Center
Dependent
round Class
Independent
61
monitor.dat:
defines names
for input and
of
t
output files
groundX.var:
lists of ground
dependent
,........................
--
timeequations.dat:
equations that
define time
421.per activity.
variables
transportequations.dat:
euations that define I l;
L
variables
delay_equations .dat:
equations that define
delays per activity.
descrip_equa-
tions.dat:
description
of variables.
transportation time
of resources per act.
constructionX.var:
lists of ground
independent
interface_delay.dat:
delay between
ground classes.
I
fi
.............................
labcosequations.dat:
equations that
define labor cost
per activity.
fixcosts .dat:
fixed costs
matcos_equations.dat:
equations that
define material cost
per activity.
E
inforesources.dat:
defines the
properties of
resources.
I
idlcos_equations .dat:
equations that define
idle cost of resources
in resource centers.
eqpcos_equations.dat:
equations that
define equipment cost
pr activity.
!II
..
--
- _ --
--
--
--
IU
Id
1
4
a
Ai~
U I
0
U
resource_equations .dat:
S;
activity_resources.dat:
defines
activity-resource
correlations.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c1
level_resources.dat:
flowresources.dat
defines the
level of resources
in resource centers.
base. act:
defines general
activities
'4
multinfo.dat:
defines
relationship
between tunnels
1
activities .def:
constr-tunnel
defines the
defines tunnel
segments and
properties of
construction
activities.
methods.
| tunlocationdat:
zonelengths.res:
.def:
I4
__C
'
Isec/
section_basic:
decins basiclocation
Idefinesthe
of tunnels
efAin the
locations of
geologic zones.
V7
Chapter 5
User's Manual
5.1 General
This chapter describes all the information necessary to run the settlement program
in the DAT. The information given here includes how to install the programs, create
input data, start the programs, and obtain the computational results. The input data
can be handled through the special program, NETWORK, which is the interface
module facilitating access to SIMSUPER (Construction and Resource simulation
program).
Prompt
Commands
1.
athena%
add simsuper
Explanation
63
athena%
/mit/simsuper/SIM_COPY
-/simsuper/sim.dir.
-/simsuper/geology.dir.
~/simsuper/network.dir.
3) Copies data files necessary for the SIMSUPER
program from the locker into the subdirectory
~/simsuper/sim.dir
After installing the SIMSUPER data files as described above, the user should then
install NETWORK data files.
Prompt
Commands
1.
athena%
/mit/simsuper/NETWORK_COPY
Explanation
64
Prompt
Commands
1.
athena%
/mit/simsuper/GEOCOPY
Explanation
cd /mit/simsuper/sim.dir
(change directories to SIMSUPER)
athena%
attach X1 lrS
athena%
After the
program starts and reads the related files, the message below asks the user if the
graphic interface is necessary for output data.
Graphic mode (y/n) ?
If the user needs to obtain the computational results by using the graphic interface,
type y.
The graphic window shown in Figure 5.1 will appear on the screen.
65
Otherwise, the computational results will be automatically dumped into the assigned
output files.
Screen
Parameters Simulation
Time (days)
600.0
570.0
540.0
510.0
480.0
450.0
420.0
390.0
360.0
I
330.0
300.0
270.0
I
,
....
-.- .-I%-,..,.-"-,-.'..
...1-11-11-1--""-
I.",,,-..-,
I....
- ------------
.....
66
Although SIMSUPER contains data files regarding time, cost, and resources, the
information is not needed for the settlement simulation. Therefore, the data files
regarding cost, time, and resource are defined as dummy data.
In the following, only the data files which the user must modify to run the
settlement model are explained. Since the rest of the data files are copied from the
original files when the programs are installed, the user does not have to revise these
data files. For detailed descriptions of the input data files, the user should refer to
both the Programmer's Manual and User's Manual (Halabe(1995)).
67
68
1
1
; #simulations
; #tunnels
; time-distance
; monitor
0
0
; statistics level ( or 1)
; cost level ( or 1)
; seed
0
constr_tunnel.def
activities.def
ground
construction
equations.dat
resources.dat
multinfo.dat
.. /network.dir/tunlocation_new.dat
interface_delay.dat
.. /geology.dir/seed
.. /geology.dir/zonelengths.res
logfile
test.b
/tmp/siml.rep
/tmp/siml.stat
/tmp/settle
tun.out
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
level
level
(1,
2,
or
3)
flag
distance output files will record output in a file named log._file. If the number is zero,
no time-distanceoutput will be recorded. The user specifies the number (how many
tunnel-distance output wants to record) and the tunnel geometry number (which tunnel
he wants to record).
(2) monitor level; This specifies the frequency at which output is presented to the
'time-output file.' If 1 is entered, output appears once per simulation. If 2 is entered,
output appears once per round. If 3 is entered, output appears once per activity.
(3) statistics level; The number entered here specifies whether or not the roundwise
and segmentwise output files will record output in a file named siml.rep and siml.stat
69
(1)
The groundX.var files describe all ground dependent variables for each ground
class in a single geometry. The groundX.var file is organized into groups, each of
which contains all the ground dependent variables for one ground class. The structure
of a groundX.var is shown in Figure 5.4.
70
The
second type of variable input has two values which are maximum and minimum
values and the value for a particular cycle of the simulation is computed from the
uniform distribution. The third type of variable input has three values which are
pessimistic, average, and optimistic values and the value for a particular cycle of the
simulation is computed from the triangular distribution. The groundX.var file is
shown for the settlement model in Figure 5.6.
71
| variable
maximum
alueI
value
name
....
variable
minimum
valu~e
---
. .- -.
-
variable
I name
-
pessimistic | average
Ia value
I value i
m
optimistic
value
I
;; If one specifies a single value, then the variable will be of the first type. If one specifies three values, then
the variable will be of the third type. If one specifies six values, then the variable will be of the fourth type.
;# variables
k_constant
ratio_volume
1
2
;Ground C./Construction C.
0.50
1.00
0.55
1.75
0.60
2.50
;Ground C./Construction C.
0.60
3.00
0.70
5.00
;Ground C./Construction C.
k_constant
ratio_volume
1
2
;variables
k_constant
ratio_volume
1
2
;variables
0.40
0.50
k_constant
ratio_volume
1
2
0.20
0.50
0.25
0.75
0.30
1.00
;Ground C./Construction C.
k_constant
ratio_volume
0.20
1.00
Figure 5.6 groundX.var file
72
(2)
The constructionX.var files hold the variables and values for ground independent
variables. Like the groundX.var files, there is a constructionX.var file for each
geometry. The structure of a constructionX.var file appears in Figure 5.7.
5.8.
diameter
height
width
dist
round_length
10
50
100
50
5
73
; variables
Partial equations.
2)
3)
4)
5)
Resource cost equations for labor, material, equipment and idle cost including
block and fixed costs.
Each of the above equations is defined for a simulation cycle. As shown in Figure
5.9, these equations have two parts. The left hand side of an equation is the value or
activity name to be computed and the right hand side is the expression and variables to
be used for the computation. The equations are defined in terms of the variables listed
in groundX.var and constructionX.var. In the equations dat. files, the user may also
define a function (subroutine) instead of an equation.
74
Settlement
settlement(dist,k_constant,ratio_volume,
height,diameter,width);
O;
Settlement
O;
O;
75
1 Probe
2 Drill
3 Load
4 Blast
5 Muck
6 Mapping
7 Geotechnicalobservation
12 Steel_sets
8 RockBolts
9 Shotcrete
10 Refillinvert
11 Delays
Figure 5.13 A sample data of base act. file (from Halabe 1995))
76
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
of 2.
which the activity applies. Figure 5.15 shows a sample activities.def file for the
settlement file. For the settlement activity, the only data the user must specify is the
equation number used by the settlement activity.
1 1 1 0
Settlement N
0
77
Fig.5.14)
78
d~
1 and m
1 and m
groups
1 group for
first
construction
method
/
I
m group for
first
construction
method
n groups
I
t group
I
s group
I
I
I
II
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1 group for
second
construction
method
m group for
second
construction
method
I
I
I
I
II
I
I
Figure 5.16
I
I
I
I
II
I
I
II
I
1 group for
last
construction
method
m group for
last
construction
method
The data for each tunnel can be divided into several groups. The
activities in a construction method.
activities in the
indicates the end of a tunnel's data. The following four subsections detail each of the
above groups.
(i) The
The
group
group is a list of activities that are used in one construction method. The
79
Figure 5.17
m group
I
I
I
I
I
preceding
activity
following
activity
preceding
activity
following
activity
Ic
preceding
activity
following
activity
I0
II
(iii) The
construction
method #
I
I
I
Figure 5.18
group
The s group contains information that defines the segments of the tunnel. It is
structured according to Figure 5. 19.
80
first
'j
0
.
segment
Ew
4-j 0
0.4
r.
"
01
0
th
,.-
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-4
j
la_ -4
s group
0
0
'
-
.00
la
0
0
-a U
.n
> 0
*,
I{
,-4
ES
*
w 0O
w
-1
a0
A U7
1 d0
la
ado
second
segment
last
segment
I
II
IJ
Figure 5.19
The third column, the construction method, indicates the number of the
construction method as it is defined in the tunlocation.dat file and the groundX.var
files. The relative location column indicates length measured from the beginning of
the tunnel. The internal construction method is the number of the construction activity
as defined in the
5.20.
81
1 1
1
m
;end
1
0
S
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
5
3
1
6
5
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
400
900
1200
1400
1800
2200
2500
3000
;refer
to s group
structure
(in Fig.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
;end
;end
;e flag
for end
Each tunnel is defined in tunlocation.dat file as a portion of one area. This file also
contains data that assign a construction method to each ground class. The construction
method number corresponds to the method number defined in the groundX.var file.
The structure of the file appears in Figure 5.21. A sample file appears in Figure 5.22.
82
5.19)
Area
1
Tunnel No.
End Point
y z
x
00 0
Ground Class
1
1
1
1
1
-1
Begin Point
x y z
Me thod#
10000
Internal M[ehod#
1
2
3
4
5
1
1
1
1
1
HBDist
Method Type
0
0
0
0
0
83
GeomType
1
5.5 Outputs
5.5.1 File Outputs
The outputs of the settlement simulation contain the results of maximum settlement
and horizontal displacement in the longitudinal section as well as the settlement and
horizontal displacement in the transverse section. There are two output files:
Settleseg.out and Settle.X_X.out.
Settle.X_X.out
file
describes
the
transverse
profiles
of
settlement/horizontaldisplacement in a segment.
computation results of each segment of each tunnel geometry. For each segment of
each tunnel, the file includes the following information (see Figure 5.23).
Figure
Tide
First
Tunnel
First
segment
Second
tunnel
Second
tunnel
Segment
No.
Settlement Max. Horizontal Disp
~segment
End of
No.
%
%
-lacement Max.
I
I
!.
-lacement Min.
Last
I1
Third
Segment
tI
'4
Segment
It
It
tunnel
84
-lacement Ave.
0.020
0.015
0.017
0.010
0.004
0.007
0.004
0.002
0.003
0.009
0.005
0.007
0.022
0.015
0.018
0.012
0.003
0.007
(2)
Settle.X_X.out
The Settle.X_X.out file is the roundwise output file in a segment.
The file
85
A sample result is
Title
Tunnel X
.I
Input data
Segment
X
Input echo
I
Input echo
output data
I
I
I
I
Transverse
Result of
Result of
location
Settlement Horizontal
I
I
I
I
Disp.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Transverse
Result of
location
Settlement Horizontal
l___
_______Disp.
86
Result of
INPUT_DATA
k_constant = 0.69
Ratio_volume(%) = 4.33
Depth(m) = 50.00
Diameter(m) = 10.00
Distance(m) = 50.00
Range for Calculation(m) = 100.0
Location(m) =
5.00
OUTPUT
Trans Loc.(m)
-100.00
-99.00
-98.00
-97.00
-96.00
-95.00
-94.00
-93.00
Settlement(m)
0.00057
0.00062
0.00068
0.00074
0.00080
0.00087
0.00094
0.00102
H .Displacement(m)
-0.00115
-0.00124
-0.00133
-0.00143
-0.00154
-0.00165
-0.00177
-0.00190
;Output
;Title
results
output.
After the main window in Figure 5.1 appears, the user clicks Screen from the top
menu bar in the main window to define the parameters of the plots. The Screen pane
shows up (see Figure 5.27). In that pane, the user selects Parameter and the subpane appears for defining either the dynamic or static option (see Figure 5.27).
Dynamic option means items contained in the pane (Figure 5.27) can be freely
modified at any time during the simulation. To start the settlement calculation, the
user clicks Dynamic option.
87
Screen
.......
. .t ..
......:......
:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
..
:.
::..
. . . . . ...
cgog
Stati:-:--:
ar~e
............:.::-:::::::::
: : .-.: ... . ...- .. .. .. . . .. .
..::. ......
Zo in:::-::
..........:
~~~~~~~~~..
::
....
. ..... ....-
.......
. ......
::,:...:..:
:..-:.......:... . .....-...:.. ... ....... ..:
..,
.:....:.
.:,..,.::,..
.-..:.
............
. e.: :i:: .. ..........
.
-.
...
Zoo out
Qu.it.... .
Parameters Simulation
Screen
lime (days)
- ---- - - - - - -
600.0
0
0
570.0
.........
:air......
~~~~~.7I
Delay
Min Tine
540.0
50
600
510.0
480.0
Max Time
450.0 -
.... . ....
-%---.. _=_-- _
Settlement
500
I.... . . .
420.0 390.0
Ri
TransverseLength
Min Distance
50000
m:
360.0
Max Distance
330.0
300.0
17OK--
FHelp
270.0
240.0
I4M
.h
_.A
....
ft.
ji
I
.
I
.
III
.
I
.
11 [41T11
I
88
I
.
. _
In this pane, there are three buttons which the user must move to change the range
with each calculation; Max Distance, Settlement, and Transverse length.
Max
Distance denotes the maximum length of the tunnel profile to be displayed in the plot.
Settlement represents the expected maximum settlement or horizontal displacement on
the plot. Transverse length expresses the length in the transverse profile plot. These
values can be modified by either dragging the mouse cursor or pressing the up/down
arrow key on the keyboard. After establishing the scale of the plot, the OK button is
clicked to complete the procedure.
For the next procedure, the user returns to the top menu bar in the main window
and clicks the Parameters button (see Figure 5.29).
Soon after
selecting the Settle, both the longitudinal and transverse profile plots appear next to
the main window (see Figure 5.30).
Parameters
..... ....................................
......
...........
....................................................................
.....................
................
......... . .
...........................
.............
.........
.................
..
.......... . t...
............
u. . . ...
..
..........
.........
.................................
.... .. ...29CnetfPrmtrp
. . e......
...................
.......................................................
....
...................................................
.............................................
.................
.....
.
..............................................
.......
...........
..........
.....
..-..
.........
-.......
. ...........
................................................
....
................
..........................
.................
... .....
::::::::::::::f::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
. .
..
::..................
::::::::.::::.:....
.. :: :::: :::: ::::::::::::::: ::.:.:.::::::::::::::::
.. .. .. . .. . .. . . .. ... . . .. .. . . .. . ... . .. . . .. . .. . ... .........................................
..........
.........................
:
.......... ...
...........
...
.... ....................................................
... -.. ........
..........
Figure5.29
ontens
ofPramtrpn
..................
.................................
......
.........
......
........................................--
..................................................
:: :::
. ...
- ... ... .. ..:::::-:-:::::::..
.. ..........: :-::::
...........................
........,.. , .., . .,. .., .. , .., ...-
Figure
5~~.9Contents of Parameter pane........
89
II
-10.0
(cm)
-9.0
7-
-8.0
I1
I1
-7.0
-6.0
-5.0
-4.0
rat
ww
Azze
ev
z _
. W%.WAXW
WAIA
.......
.......
.--;j................
.... ...............
....
.............
......
- --------------------------------- ----------
Cjr M.-M
I .......
!
..'
....
...... .....
I_
A_
Kr "NOR"
mg,"-9:
............
..................................................
. ................ -.-
Simulation
....
.. . .....
: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
..-.....:.:-
calculation starts, the user should expand the longitudinal profile plot by dragging the
corner of the pane to display the entire plot (see Figure 5.32).
90
DtIlWacnt
Sttlimt
,.)
i
tlo
II
19.0
V.Sq.
r RONA
FRAU.
UV.U qV. p.
KH.f
10.0
s
149
.................
I........
22.0
.H
t21
U.
1.I A, Itu
11.
Ito,
10.0
I- i
9.0
0.0
70
=U
:E
-t
N KB.SeV.D
IM b.UH.
p.
,-"r,
600.0
4.0
30
!77
2.0
1.0
0.0
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-
'
I!
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lu
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...................................
Aw. S.
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TIJ nlte
TunB!
..................
w. eq. V. RUq.
3P ='
(a)
1
(m)
... ......
91
DlsplAc
t or Settl~t
(ca)
I V1b
(M
14.4
-0.0
r!Hedgerod(
IAI'i4
~~~~-2
~.........__........
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~,
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in
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A~~~~~.!
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-146~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I
-II.
11
410
,
Tir
..................................
C Vdd (UIa~U)I
Oeth (m)
........................ ...... -
92
Hbt(4'1
uhi(I).
Chapter 6
Case Studies
6.1 General
6.1.1 General
The intent of this chapter is to discuss the possibility to realistically simulate
ground settlement by means of the settlement model.
settlement, the user should select either the deterministic or the probabilistic analysis
depending on the uncertainty of the given geologic and construction information.
In this chapter, the following cases shown in Table 6.1 are considered.
Tunnel type
Analysis
The distance
Tunnel
Range of
type
between two
diameter
tunnel
tunnels (m)
(m)
depth
(m)
Single tunnel
Deterministic
10 - 30
Single tunnel
Probabilistic
10 - 30
Twin tunnels
Probabilistic
50
10
50
Twin tunnels
Probabilistic
20
10
50
93
1) Before
information
regarding
planned tunnel is still uncertain, the user should employ the probabilistic analysis
using a distribution of data.
94
--
--
-W-
--.00p--
'IMF
300 ,A
300
Surfce
'
'
10
I
'
20
I
I
II
~~~~~~~~,
I
I
30
I
'I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1 PlannedI tur
It
I
I
StifVlay:I
I
I
I
I
I
I
4.C.Clay
Stiff Clay,
I
I
I
I!
_L
afV
2tVo
A,
-3%AY
III
el
II
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
am
-LY
II
II
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
III
. ~~~~~,
l
I
III
III
~~~~~~~~~~~I
I
II
II
"-
1~~I
II
:'Loose
I Sand
Denie
'
' Sand
I
I
I
%AAJ
ZAA?
Al M
I
I
1~~~~~~
,'
'r1V
Z-1LAj
'.\
~1 ULAY
(VI
12rn
A I
--3
- - "'
I
I
Loose
:Medium:
'Sand I' Sand
Input Data
Table 6.2 summarizes the ground conditions, tunnel configuration, and
input data for the settlement model based on Table 6.2. Since the input for K and the
ratio of VsN,.c are specified as single values, SIMSUPER automatically performs the
deterministicanalysis.
95
I
00
0
1-11
0-4
0=1
la
4.1
4-
ri)
uI.-,
I-
4)
V4
4)
"A:
r:
4)
V)
4)
-5
000
1-04
U
"t:
.
r.
N
cl
[lo
H.
CZ
r.
0.
En
0-4
m
z0CT
F-
'~0
96
(3)
Computational
Results
Figure 6.2 shows the longitudinal profile of maximum surface settlement and
horizontal displacement along the planned tunnel. In this figure, the horizontal axis
indicates the tunnel length and the vertical axis displays the amount of settlement and
horizontal displacement.
computational results are also provided by segment. In this analysis, as the analysis is
deterministic, the maximum, minimum, and average segment values are all the same.
Figure 6.3 also represents the transverse profiles of surface settlement and
horizontal displacement in all segments. In this figure, the horizontal axis indicates
the transverse distance and the vertical axis displays the amount of settlement and
horizontal displacement. This figure can display information on up to five locations.
Each transverse profile is distinguished by the clicked location, which is shown in the
parentheses after each toggle button, as well as by the colored lines.
97
......I .........
is
iI
Li
. .. ..-
.4
Is
ii
iA
Is
4S
a
aR
Il
II1-11
0-4
>-b
93
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u
4)
=1
a0
;a
a
CQ
I
cq
6
1614
96
.i
_
o
vo,a
ia
*:
iai
s q
,0
v :
eIl
98
em_ _
~
q(',
.,.
q,i
1'
'U
j
it
IN
1i
tA
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it
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a
3i
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10-
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f
V)
a~~~~
.-
m.
r2
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tz
-
a)
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a~~~~~~~~~
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li~~~~~
-
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q
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99
q
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q
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a
n
q
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a~
o
Depth
__
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q0
Am
Am -
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SuIce
Surf'ace
.
'
10
I30
I~~~~~~~
9)
A,
I
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I
30
I
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l~~~~~~
I -I
I
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i
-- I
I
I
I
I
I
I
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Planned
I
I
I
I
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I
I
I
I
N.C.Clay:Lose:
StiffClay
I
9n
-- InnI
I~~~~~~~~~I
t
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
=00
'An=-5m
-
20
D ia m e t er
()
Sand
I
I
I
I
tunnel
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
DenI
I Sand
II
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Medium, Loose
' Sand
DeIeSn
I
I
;Sand
I
I
I
I
Table 6.5
Since K and
I
I
probabilistic analysis. In order to input the triangular distribution for the probabilistic
analysis, the maximum, mean, and minimum values of K and VsNe c are used (see
Table 6.5).
101
r4~
tO
C0
I-
..a)
-o
00
00
~0
ov
U)
HEo
co
0F-
>5
00~~~~
\O ,, ,
08i
Ii<
Em
0
o8
rf
r=1
D)
D
'm
o8
0~~
Cd,)
111'
~o
Un
0
102
indicates the tunnel length and the vertical axis displays the amount of settlement and
horizontal displacement.
computationalresults fluctuate per the round length based on the given random values.
The maximum, average, and minimum values in each segment are indicated by the
horizontal lines. Compared with Case Study I, the probabilistic analysis produces a
wide range of potential settlement, especially at shallow depth.
Figure 6.6 shows the transverse profiles of surface settlement and horizontal
displacement in all segments.
transverse distance and the vertical axis displays the amount of settlement and
horizontal displacement. Each transverse profile is distinguished by the clicked
location which is shown in the parentheses after each toggle button as well as by the
colored lines.
103
ii
Ia
I1
i
i
:i
d
K
-Ci
ML
It
la
.4
Is
it
iI
L
U
-5
3IJ
'4
00
a,
er-o
tna
104
I'T
1.
T
4
el
Ii
II
lk
10
83
'
Is
I
L
Iil
.
a.
I
L
a
I
.. J
te5
C.)
1-
0q
0ri
105
Depth
B ///NN\
50 m
LDi:l.hameter
300
Id
trn
iI
300
~~~~
rl
I
[0Q
200,
dd
300
300
~~
II
I
///~N,,IN~//~\~
I
kw
I I
~
/
I
I
I
I
'
I
IIIII
I~~
300
300
300 1
ahmk
hk
'
I
'
I
'
I
\NW/'I
~I
~I
~~~~~~~~~~
I
I,
. .C
i ., '
Sand
(2)
~ ,
janb Clay
Clay
Sand
: Sand
Figure
6.7 Layout
of.L planned
tunnel
(Case
Study
III) (unit:
m)
I
I
I
'
.I
.
I
I
Input Data
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I
Clay
- --
Assuming that the construction procedures (quality) are uncertain, the ratio of
VsNSc can not be specified with certainty. Hence, bony parameters, K and VsNa
are provided
asi a range of
data. Table
6.6 summarizes
the ground
condition
and
~~~~~~i
i
i
i
i
i
I
tunnel configuration in the planned tunnel based on Figure 6.7. Table 6.7 shows the
input data for the settlementmodel based on Table 6.6.
106
probabilistic analysis. In order to input the triangular distribution for the probabilistic
analysis, the maximum, mean, and minimum values of K and Vs/Vc are used (see
Table 6.7).
107
X
Q0-
4-
V)
I-,
4')
Uq
'0
-4
0
U
1o
on
=
to
0O
(he
V)
4')
~ii
v~~~
er
C.)
4)
0
F.
.,i
la
0
U
0
lu
_~
04
e
4')
zH4)r.6
Cl
u.'
Q
_
108
~
I_
(3)
Computation Results
Figure 6.8 shows the longitudinal profile of maximum surface settlement and
horizontal displacement along the planned tunnel. In this figure, the horizontal axis
indicates the tunnel length and the vertical axis displays the amount of settlement and
horizontal displacement. Since the input data is in form of a range of data, the
computational results fluctuate per round length based on the given random values.
The maximum, average, and minimum values in each segment are indicated by the
horizontal lines.
Figure 6.9 also shows the transverse profiles of surface settlement and horizontal
displacement in all segments.
transverse distance and the vertical axis displays the amount of settlement and
horizontal displacement. Each transverse profile is distinguished by the clicked
location which is shown in the parentheses after each toggle button as well as by the
colored lines. Since this computation is performed for twin tunnels, the transverse
profiles display two depressions.
109
Di
Ia
ia
I
.4
it
rt
It
Iti
a.
vi
.1
'at
-4
)ml
>b
;:
I
00
Ia)
co
oa
110
n.
-..........
I............ . ....----
I
'
I
i
I
I .
i
I
Jij
a
i I I
I
I~~
aA
I~
i
E
L4
I
V
74
II
a
a
"5
,,.
-. 6
o
V
A
Q
0
r/j
-
ct
N
CA
,,6
tz
iEb
I1
AI
q
I
II
q
*~
,e ea
'i
111
q:
A.
Depth
Diameter
_--
= 10m
I, 300
e
300
-1b
-
-r
.. 300
-
i
!r
e - - R~~
-r
l
'~~~~~~~
I
Surface
Surface
,I
,I
l I
300
'r
I
u~~~~~~~ !
I
I
I
~~~~~~I
I
I
~~~~~~I
I
I
I
~~~~~I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I
I
I
~~~~I|~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
I
.,u
I
I
~I
I
I
I
I
I
300
~I
I
I
I ad Silty
Sand
ano Clay
II
Stiff
Clay
I
~~~~~~~~~I
|-
Dense
300
I
II
I
I
I
I
I
I
zLa
-r
I
Sand
Clay
Input Data
The input data in Case study IV are the same as in Case study III except for the
distance between two tunnels. In order to consider the effect of distance, the distance
between two tunnels is input as 20m instead of 50m as in Case III.
data is the same as in Case III. Assuming that the construction procedures (quality)
112
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
are uncertain, the ratio of VsN.xc can not be specified with certainty. Hence, both
parameters, K and VsN..c, are provided as a range of data. Table 6.8 summarizes the
ground condition and tunnel configuration in the planned tunnel based on Figure 6.10.
Table 6.9 shows the input data for the settlement model based on Table 6.8. Since K
and VsN.xc are defined by a range of data, SIMSUPER automatically performs the
probabilistic analysis. In order to input the triangular distribution for the probabilistic
analysis, the maximum, mean, and minimum values of K and VsN.x are used (see
Table 6.9).
113
0%
:>
-o
1-
Zo
U)
0-
ci)
G
0-S
Ed%
::
00
Q
r
o.
I-
r.
-o
0
00
C)
:E
0
zl
H
ZO d
$%
.O
e~-
C)
(i
114
computational results fluctuate per the round length based on the given random values.
The maximum, average, and minimum values in each segment are indicated by the
horizontal lines.
Figure 6.11 also shows the transverse profiles of surface settlement and horizontal
displacement in all segments.
transverse distance and the vertical axis displays the amount of settlement and
horizontal displacement. Each transverse profile is distinguished by the clicked
location which is shown in the parentheses after each toggle button as well as by the
colored lines. Compared with Case study III, the transverse profiles look similar to
those of single tunnel and the amount of maximum settlement tends to be larger than
that of Case III because two tunnels are constructed to the close distance.
115
i
tzi
Ii
Ii
S1
is
Is
is
.4
aIt
.4
!
J1
'0%
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117
Chapter 7
the user can input a range of data and the program can perform a
probabilistic analysis. As a result, the user can obtain possible ranges of settlement
and horizontal displacements. These results will provide the necessary information to
determine the next appropriate steps in tunnel design and construction.
(3) The user can observe the computational results through the graphic output which
provides the longitudinal profiles along a planned tunnel. Furthermore, by clicking a
specified point on the longitudinal profile, the plotter automatically gives a transverse
settlement/horizontal displacement profile.
118
and also at the early design stage, various types of tunnel geometries need to be
considered. Therefore, there is a necessity to develop a program which can evaluate
the multilayered ground strata and various types of tunnel geometries. Right now, the
settlement equations are defined by two parameters, the trough width parameter and
the volume of settlement trough related to the ground conditions and tunnel
configuration. Hence, the next developments should concentrate on associating the
parameters with multilayered ground conditions and different tunnel geometries.
119
Bibliography
Atkinson, J. and Potts, M. "Collapse of shallow unlined tunnels in dense
sand." Tunnel and Tunneling, May 1975.
Atkinson, J. and Potts, M. "Ground movements near shallow model
tunnels in sand." Proceedings of large ground movement and settlement,
July 1977.
Atkinson, H. and Potts, D. "Settlement above shallow tunnels in soft
ground." Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 103 (GT4), 1977:
307-325.
Attewell, B. "Ground deformation caused by tunneling in silty alluvial
clay", Ground Engineering 11, 1978.
Attewell, P. and Woodman, P. "Predicting the dynamics of ground settlement
and it's derivatives caused by tunneling in soil." Ground Engineering 15,
1982:13-22.
Broms, B. and Bennermark, H. "Stability of clays at vertical openings."
Journal of GeotechnicalEngineering ASCE, 93(SM1), 1967:71-74.
Clough, W. and Leca, E. "With focus on use of finite element methods for
soft ground tunneling." Review paper in Tunnels et Micro. Paris 1989:
531- 573.
Cording, E and Hansmire, W. "Controlling ground movement during
tunneling." The Art and Science of Geotechnical Engineering, Chapter 25,
1989.
Cording, E and Hansmire, W. "Displacementsaround ground tunnels."
Proceedings of Fifth Pan-American conference on Soil Mechanics and
Foundation Engineering. General Report: Session IV, 1975: 571-633.
120
Kingdom
1991.
122
Appendix
(3) Action_list.h
(4) Action_list.c
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