APPLICATION OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES FOR ACCELERATED

DEVELOPMENT IN GHANA.
PLENARY PRESENTATION AT THE 26TH BIENNIAL CONFERENCE OF THE GHANA
SCIENCE ASSOCIATION AT THE UNIVERISTY OF CAPE COAST,CAPE COAST, 05
AUGUST 2009. BY PROF. FRDERICK KWAKU ADDAI
It is always good to define what we mean by science in order to avoid misconceptions based on
unintended premise. Science in this presentation is primarily based on the definition derived from the
Latin word scientia, meaning knowledge; and refers to any systematic knowledge-base or prescriptive
practice that is capable of resulting in a prediction or predictable type of outcome (Wikipedia, 2009). In
this sense science is a highly skilled technique or practice...It is ironic and de-motivational that in Ghana
scientists are not considered to be professionals if they do not belong to any of the recognized
professional bodiesprobably because they do not attend any institution that specifically trains them to
be scientists. But perhaps more germane to the topic at stake is a quotation attributed to Carl Sagan
(scientist-astronomer, 1934-1996); Science is a way of thinking, much more than a body of knowledge.
In this functional sense, the dichotomy between basic and applied sciences is merely academic, for there
is no sharp line of demarcation between them in terms of application. For, as Isaac Asimov (scientist1920-1992) said; There is a single light of science, and to brighten it anywhere is to brighten it
everywhere
However, application of science necessarily involves deployment of technology by way of tools
designed from scientific principles and/or results of scientific experimentation and research. Thus,
whereas applied science is important for technology development, application of science is the very
essence, evidence, and gauge of technology. Its use in industrial settings is usually referred to as
research and development (R&D).
Better application of Science to accelerate development in Ghana, demands that Policy makers and
Scientists make functional and resolute commitment to their roles, and establish bi-directional
communication channels to keep in step with each other. At the Policy makers level, Ghana can learn
from best practices in developed countries such as Canada, where a deliberate and systematized
framework has been put in place to synchronize Academic and Industrial research with, and deploy
them for, defined national science development goals. These national science development goals are
spelt out every five years by an independent (outside government) body tasked with that specific
responsibility. In return, a mandatory routine exists for policy makers and implementers to actively
seek/apply relevant scientific knowledge and research findings to inform and determine national
developmental plans (vide infra).
Ghanaian Scientists, on the other hand must endeavour to make their efforts practically interesting,
attractive, applicable; and seen to be addressing local issues of concern to our people. Scientific
expertise must be made the option of choice for the general public and policy makers in addressing
problems in society. Scientists in Ghana have a challenge to consciously and deliberately promote a

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scientific mindset, thinking, and enterprise. For instance, in recent years increasing availability of mobile
phones has generated concern among many Ghanaians about non-ionizing radiation and its effect on
health. Public worry has been exacerbated by apparent wanton erection of masts in residential areas by
mobile phone providers. A proactive scientific community must use the media and other avenues to
explain the science of microwave radiation- what is known and what remains unknown and require
research to elucidate. Generally, we should create a healthy curiosity in Ghanaians about how things
work. For example, how do mobile phones work; what is the difference between the microwaves used
in mobile phones and those used in microwave ovens? Such an effort may help to attract some of the
best young brains into science either as teachers and/or practitioners keen to demystify science and
promote its understanding. Ghanaian scientists must also endeavour to establish successful businesses
and enterprises based on their research findings; what is now known as bench to entrepreneur or
translational science. Additionally, we must dialogue with industry and learn better ways of
communicating our research findings meaningfully to gain adequate interest that would lead to possible
adoption.
For science-catalyzed accelerated development in Ghana, scientists must lobby to make
photovoltaic science part of the curriculum right from elementary school. This would ensure that every
young person in Ghana becomes adequately informed and understands the potential (and challenges) of
obtaining energy from solar radiation that we receive twelve hours every day of the year. More
Ghanaian scientists must research better ways of converting solar energy into other forms, particularly
storable energy. Some of us must also spend effort on scientific ways of converting mounting wastes
(including plastics) in our cities, towns, and villages into useful stuff; in the now termed trash to cash
enterprises.
It has been said that; every problem contains the seed of its own solution, and good outcomes are
rooted in the fertile soil of tough problems [Norman Vincent Peale, 1889-1993]. Ghanaian Scientists
must see the challenges of our country in providing food, shelter, and health as (scientific) challenges to
those of us who have made it our business to learn and teach science.. I am persuaded that if we got
our Policy makers to incorporate and implement a small fraction of the scientific knowledge available
locally and internationally in addressing the treble primal problems of national development (food,
shelter,and health), we could achieve middle income status within half a decade. I will explain how this
is achievable with doable examples in addressing the problems of food, shelter, and health.
FOOD
Concerning food the challenge is to exploit existing science and technology to increase productivity,
as well as pre- and post-harvest processing. Rice has now become one key staple food in Ghana, and
GSA must advocate the adoption of improved cultivation methods as well as the New Rice for Africa
(NERICA) cultivars, genetically engineered by combining the high yielding qualities of oriental rice with
the drought resistance of West African rice. So far only Guinea, Cote dIvoire, Nigeria and Uganda have
started growing the NERICA rice specially bred for African conditions. As scientists, we need to
pressurize our government to invest in widespread cultivation of this rice variety. It is a fact that simple

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rainwater harvesting methods have enabled countries closer to the Sahara desert than Ghana to grow
more trees and vegetables. Ghanaian experts can facilitate harvesting of rain water in the drier parts of
Ghana to ensure all-year-round cultivation of food. Ghanaian scientists should be resourced to produce
solar-powered rice tillers and dryers to improve the quality of grains harvested.
Scientists in Ghana must advocate the use if indigenized technologies to reduce post-harvest losses and
increase shelf-life via preservation and storage. For instance, widespread adoption of the desert
fridge innovation of a Nigerian Mohammed Abbah could make a monumental increase in availability
of fresh vegetables and fruits. This invention exemplifies the point that scientific application does not
always have to be high tech to be useful. Desert fridge involves superbly novel use of evaporative
cooling and indigenous earthenware pot technology to produce pot-in-pot fridge that can keep
vegetables fresh for weeks and months. Invented by a Nigerian Physics graduate whose family makes
earthenware pots, it features a smaller pot placed inside a bigger pot with the space between them filed
with soil [see Figures 1a-d). By keeping the soil between the pots wet and covering the vegetables in the
inner pot with a wet cloth, amplified evaporative cooling ensures that temperatures below 15 oC can be
obtained in the semi-desert conditions of Northern Nigeria where ambient temperatures can top 40oC.
Mohammed Abbas desert fridge has received little attention from African governments and
corporations, but recognized by Swiss watchmaker Rolex. It doesnt require much imagination to see
the phenomenal knock-on effects of widespread use of the desert fridge by both producers and sellers

Fig. 1a

Fig. 1c

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Fig. 1b

Fig. 1d

Fig 1(a-d). Photographs showing Mohammed Abbah displaying his pot-in-pot invention (a). Green
spinach (b) and tomatoes (c) that have been stored in the desert fridge for variable days showing
retained freshness. Demonstration of how to wet the sac that covers the desert fridge in which onions
are being stored. (Source: http://rolexawards.com/en/the-laureates/mohammedbahabba-home.jsp)
of vegetables and fruits. In the semi-arid region of Northern Nigeria where the inventor of the pot-inpot fridge lives, its adoption showed proven improvement in nutrition, health, economy/employment,
and education of girl-children. If we created the desert-fridge conditions in the trucks that transport
fresh produce to urban areas as our indigenized version of refrigerated vehicles we would go a long way
in improving quality and availability of fresh farm produce.
FOODFORTHOUGHT:
S/hewhothinkss/heistoosmalltomakeadifferencehasneverbeeninthesameroomwithasingle
mosquito.ZambianProverb

S/hewhothinkss/heistoobigtobeignoredhasneverbeentoacemeteryF.K.Addaisaphorism.

SHELTA
Concerning the problem of shelter in Ghana, scientists must advocate adoption of proven durable
local building technologies including proper landscaping to minimize erosion and improve aesthetic
value of buildings throughout the country. In addition to mounting massive and sustained advocacy for
the widespread use of materials such as baked bricks, baked roofing tiles, Ghanaian scientists must
devote efforts to finding ways to make thatch roofs more durable and fire-resistant. Most domestic

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buildings that are roofed with corrugated sheets have some form of rain-harvesting gutters. As
scientists we must research affordable ways to improve the rudimentary rain-harvesting systems that
are component parts of traditional building architecture to make them more efficient, increase reservoir
or storage capacities, and improve quality of the harvested rain. Scientists in Ghana need to educate
the public and policy makers on the environmental advantages of deliberately harvesting rain water on
large scale, since it could minimize surface run-offs and associated flooding and/or soil erosion. Besides
making water more readily available for sanitation and gardening in urban areas, rain-harvesting has
sustainable potential to reduce pressure on treated water usage. It has been predicted that prevailing
water scarcity stemming largely from poor water management would hit crisis proportions by 2050 and
that our sub-region would be among the worst affected
[http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=25]. It makes sense to store as much water as we
can in as many reservoirs as we practically can build while we still have regular rains. Ghanaian
scientists must make enough noise about the need to use results produced by the Building and Road
Research Institute (BRRI) on advantages of local and/or alternate building materials and minimize
Ghanas dependence on Portland cement and imported paint.
HEALTH
Problems of health in Ghana can be addressed by four key thrusts, namely; Promotive, Preventive,
Curative, and Regenerative measures. In each of these, simple scientific approaches can achieve farreaching benefits that would accelerate our national advancement. A common denominator in all these
is the provision of good water and sanitation, which are fundamental bedrocks of good health provision.
For many years now this author has been espousing the amazing health benefits of regular (daily)
consumption of natural cocoa powder as hot beverage, as it affords all four key aspects of health. This
assertion is borne out of fifteen years of research by this author that provides compelling evidence that
natural cocoa is and elixir of good health. In summary, regular natural cocoa consumption protects
against diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease, and malaria. It improves the health of people
who already have these ailments, as well as asthma, arthritis, persistent cough, and obesity.
The impact of malaria on health in Ghana is legendary. Innovative approaches to malaria control
would include destructive interference of mosquito stridulating sound. It is sad that often times
overburdening workload combines with lack of equipment to stifle efforts by Ghanaian scientists to
conduct research that could easily result in technological breakthroughs in dealing with aspects of our
health problems. For instance, about five years ago this author initiated a multidisciplinary effort
between a biomedical engineer, an entomologist and myself to create a simple device that would
control mosquito breeding and the nuisance of mosquito noise. The latter case, because even when
one sleeps in an insecticide-impregnated bed net, ones sleep could veritably be disturbed by a few
mosquitoes throughout the night, and the deleterious effect of sleep deprivation on health is known [1].
The former because one of the functions of mosquito noise is to attract a mating partner. We
reckoned that when the noise of a female mosquito was recorded electronically and digitalized, an
interference sound (reverse of the sinuous waveform) could be generated to cancel it out. When the
cancelling noise (interference sound wave) was reduced to vibration, then it should be possible to

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switch this on to neutralize the noise a female mosquito makes when it wants to feed or attract a mate.
We excitedly thought that a small gadget that played the interference sound wave as a vibration could
be manufactured for use in bedrooms to counter disturbances from mosquitoes, and also in the
swampy areas or other breeding sites where
female mosquitoes noise would not be
heard by male mosquitoes and so serve as
environmentally friendlier control.
The
domestic gadget would have an alarm clock that
can be set to wake users up at chosen times,
whilst the outdoor gadget would have a
radiotracer or laser bleeper to allow for locating
them when necessary. The gadget would be
made to run on solar re-chargeable battery.
The project never materialized as the first
student who was placed on the Physics
component abandoned it and we all lost our
momentum to busyness.
Interestingly, since we abandoned our
project a number of such gadgets have actually
been fashioned and marketed under the broad
name electronic mosquito repellents (EMRs). I
personally purchased a solar mosquito repellent
Fig. 2. Illustration of an (electronic) solar
mosquito repellent with compass as
(Fig. 2) on a British Airways flight from London
depicted on its packaging box.
to Accra in August 2008. This is comparable to
what we conceived, but purports to use male
mosquito sound to scare off female mosquitoes
that mate only once and thereafter avoid males.
The gadget I purchased has a hook for hanging
on a belt stave for hikers and has a compass to
help in directional determination; it also has a
solar re-chargeable battery. The vibratory noise
it emits can only be heard when one is very
close to the device, but the noise does not
disturb.
However, the gadget proved
ineffectual as apparently are ten others tested
by Iranian scientists [3].

A fundamental difference between these

repellents and our conceptual one is that we
target the female mosquitos own sound that is
neutralized for whatever purpose it is made,
whereas the gadgets tested aim to scare the
female mosquito by making noise that it is
expected to dislike. Our experimental concept
is still available for testing, but where would
funds be obtained in Ghana for such work?

Provision of clean drinking water free from microorganisms and containing appropriate levels of
healthy minerals but devoid of toxic minerals and other impurities is reckoned to be able to reduce all

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intestinal and diarrhoeal diseases by a magnitude greater than 80%. It is known that equally important
to the availability of clean water is the reliability of its supply [3]. Rainwater is reputed to be one of the
cleanest sources of water in our part of the world and it has the potential to make our water supply
sustainable as indicated above. If harvested rainwater is purified using relatively cheap but effective
devices such as ceramic filters impregnated with colloidal silver, every household in Ghana could have
reliable source of clean drinking water. Moreover, the state ought to subsidize and make such water
filters available to households in communities where guinea worm is still prevalent as part of the
preventive measures. In Ghana, a young industrialist by name Mr. Peter Tamakloe produces these
filters
and markets them through his company
Ceramic Tamakloe
(Fig. 3).

Fig. 3b
Fig. 3a
Fig. 3. Photographs showing ceramic filter in its bucket that has a spout where the water can be
collected.
Sanitation is another big challenge to health provision in Ghana. City or urban waste management
requires scientific attention to convert to energy. Some attempts in the past to convert solid waste into
sources of energy have not achieved significant success. This may be on account of the nature of most
of the waste we generate in Ghana. A large proportion of our waste is organic, and biodegradable; in
addition open drains results in largely wet waste which does not burn easily. A solution to this problem
is to let nature take its course so that appropriate refuse dumps are sited with a future view to tap them
for methane gas as sources of fuel energy. To make this work better, scientists should be at the
forefront of public and institutional education for waste sorting to become a learned behaviour of every
Ghanaian. Such a laudable social behaviour should be taught to children in schools beginning at the
earliest levels.
That gas generated from refuse dumps can be a source of significant energy is exemplified by
reports that in the USA, Landfill methane powers generators that produce 83 megawatts of electricity in
New Jersey, 80 megawatts in New York and 6.1 megawatts in Connecticut. Figure 4 illustrates how
landfill gas could be piped, cleaned to obtain methane gas from a refuse dump for electricity generation.
More landfill energy is planned in the USA as Waste Management, the largest garbage hauler and
landfill operator in that country, is in the midst of a five-year, US$400 million plan to build methane-to-

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electricity projects at 60 landfills nationwide. When Ghanaian scientists concentrate necessary research
attention to generating landfill-gas energy, we would be killing the proverbial two birds (of challenges in
sanitation and energy supply) with one stone (Technology). We could help to curb the unease among
our people who are always opposed to location of landfill sites if we explain to them that they could
(and should) be beneficiaries of future energy generated from landfills. As scientists, we should also
make scientific methods available to our city and urban waste management units to properly establish
and maintain landfills, and lobby appropriate authorities for legislation to ensure full compliance with
safety measures and sanctions for defaulters.

Figure 4: Landfill Gas Energy System. Source: Environment Canada. Plastic pipes with holes in them
are drilled into the landfill to collect gas that is passed through a purification system to remove harmful
gasses before being channelled into a power plant where methane is burnt to vapourize water (steam)
that turns turbines to generate electricity.
TAPPING SOLAR ENERGY IN GHANA
Mr. Chairman, I have the strongest conviction that photovoltaic science and solar technology can
solve most of the energy problems in Ghana if we adequately apply our scientific brains to it. Utilization
should start at the very fundamental level capturing the suns heat that we have every day of the year.
It is to my personal embarrassment as an African Scientist that Jon Boehmer, a Norwegian based in
Kenya won the contest for sustainable and practical green ideas organized by the Forum for the
Future - with an amazing but practically simple design of the Kyoto box solar cooker (Fig. 5) on April 9th
2009. His prize was US$75,000.00. Its designer offered it with plans to save the trees, reduce carbon
emissions and most importantly save lives. However, now that the cheapest solar cooker has been
designed it is a challenge to us (Ghanaian Scientists) to re-diffuse the knowledge that underlies the
technology to the generality of our school children, students, and people. I suggest that GSA should
take up the advocacy for teaching construction of Kyoto box cooker in our basic schools and to

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equipping rural school children to make it for their farmer-parents use. In addition to utilizing a freely
available solar energy, the Kyoto box solar cooker cuts down wood fuel use and associated deforestation
whilst it cooks and keeps food warm. Its use by farmers removes one major sources of bush fires, and
being made from cardbox promotes re-use of discarded packaging cases. Furthermore, use of Kyoto
box solar cooker eliminates the health hazards caused by exposure to smoke produced by fuel wood

Fig. 5. Photograph of a Kyoto box solar cooker.

It has a smaller box in a slightly bigger box. The
inside of both boxes is painted black and
covered with aluminium foil. The black colour
helps to concentrate the solar heat when a plate
of glass is used to cover the inner box and
placed in the sun. Because cardboard is a poor
conductor of heat this builds up to the required
85oC for cooking food. At sundown, when the
box is covered the food can stay well above 45oC
necessary to keep out harmful micro-organisms.

Sometime in 1995, I found out quite fortuitously, that there is a Solar Energy unit at the Faculty of
Engineering KNUST. They have designed elegant rechargeable solar lanterns capable of replacing
kerosene lanterns used by our rural folks. I was amazed at the variety of solar gadget that had been
fabricated by the unit, including solar powered fluorescent tubes for lighting. Sadly, neither KNUST nor
the Scientists themselves have made any effort to promote their use in the country. The GSA may want
to consider taking up the challenge to promote these gadgets in collaboration with the KNUST or the
Scientists involved, in a similar way that GSA partnered this author in promoting drinking of natural
cocoa beverage for better health.
Need for Independent National Science & Technology Policy Advisors:
Mr. Chairman earlier in this presentation I alluded to a need to have a two-way communication
channel between Ghanaian Scientists and Policy makers. In 2006, I had the privilege of being sponsored
by the Head of Mission (HOM) at the Canadian High Commission in Accra to visit Canada. The objective
of the visit was to learn how Canadian Science influences government policies, and I went under the
Auspices of the Canada Ghana Science Research Council (CGSRC), which had been formed by His
Excellency Donald Bobiash, the then HOM. I spent one week in Ottawa meeting with a number of
government and independent scientific bodies and personalities including, National Research Council of
Canada, IDRC, Ministry of Health Science Advisory Board, Council of Science Technology Advisors,
National Science Advisor, and the Chief Scientist. Then I spent a further one week in Toronto meeting
officers of a number of Private Enterprises that had arisen from application of scientific research. These
included Hygrex Technologies Inc., Surya Ventures. Zenon Environment Inc. and Ontario Agri-Food
Technologies.

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Mr. Chairman, in Canada there is a neat and systematic framework for integrating science and
national policy. Each Science-based Government department and Agency (SBDA) has a Science Advisory
Board (SAB) of about 12 people. The Chairpersons of all SABs constitute the Council of Science and
Technology Policy Advisors (CSTA) which is administered by a three-person Secretariat outside
government. Members of CSTA are drawn from Universities, NGOs, and Industry, and run three-year
terms of office. CSTA reports to government through the Minister of Industry who meets with the
chairman of CSTA a number of times a year. The CSTA comes out with strategic reports that inform
government on policy thrust necessary to motivate scientists and promote industry.
For purposes of proper information, permit me, Mr. Chairman to quote verbatim from an overview
of the Canadian CSTA from published information that I personally received when I visited their
Secretariat in 2006.
The Council of Science and Technology Advisors (CSTA) is the external advisory body that provides
advice to the federal Cabinet on the strategic management of the Government of Canadas science and
technology (S&T) enterprise. The Council was created in 1998 in response to calls for greater
government reliance on external, independent advice. In focussing on federal government S&T issues,
the CSTA complements the work of the Prime Ministers Advisory Council on Science and Technology
(ACST), which provides broad-based policy advice on research and innovation focussed on the university
and business sectors.................
The CSTA contributes to ongoing efforts to enhance federal S & T and its management by examining
challenges common across SBDAs and highlighting opportunities for coordinated government action.
The Councils analysis and advice are provided primarily through production of reports commissioned by
and delivered to Cabinet and subsequently released to the public.
From the above quotation, it can be seen that the Prime Minister of Canada has an Advisory Council
on Science and Technology (ACST) which is therefore aligned to the government, and would change in
composition with governments. The Chairman of the ACST is called the Chief Scientist who reports
directly to the Prime Minister. I like to think that every President of our country (Ghana) has an Advisory
group on S & T. What I am advocating is the independent external advisory body that would provide
continuity in S & T policy direction because it is not coterminous with any particular government. In
Canada, the CSTA has produced a document titled A framework for Science and Technology Advice:
Principles and Guidelines for Effective Use of Science and Technology Advice in Government and
Decision Making. Mr. Chairman, for purposes of incisive information permit me to again quote
verbatim from the introduction to this document.
This Framework will ensure that government policy, regulatory and management decisions are
informed by sound science and technology (S & T) advice. The Framework derives from a report of the
Council of Science and Technology Advisors (CSTA), an external advisory committee, and reflect
extensive consultations within government and with external stakeholders. Broad implementation
measures will promote adoption of, and ensure accountability for, these principles and guidelines across
government. This Framework builds on many of the practices currently employed by Canadian federal
government departments.
In practice every government department and agency in Canada is expected to check through the
principles outlined in the Framework and apply recommendations for appropriating available Science
knowledge or expertise or requesting for training of required expertise well in anticipation of their need.
It can be envisaged that adoption of this systematic approach could promote the discovery,

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development, and deployment of Ghanaian Scientific expertise in addressing most of our developmental
problems. GSA must liaise with the Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences, Ghana Association of Science
Teachers (GAST) and other similarly inclined groups to map out how to practicalize science in
government business via Science Advisory Boards (SABs) for all SBDAs comparable to what pertains in
Canada. A Ghana National Science and Technology Advisory Board (GNSTAB) could be formed by
chairpersons of all SABs independent of the governments own Science and Technology Advisors. I
would venture that one primary assignment of a Ghanaian independent and out-side government
Science and Technology Advisory Group (suggested name being GNSTAB) should be how to provide
funding and focus to deploy the ingenuity of Apostle Kwadwo Sarfo. To my mind, Apostle Sarfo should
be resourced to fabricate huge earth-moving machines that could be deployed to dig needed trenches
to divert 50% or more of the water in the lower Volta to irrigate the vast plains around the big river to
produce food, vegetables, and fruits all year round. I pray that we do not lose Apostle Sarfo to death
with his ingenuity insultingly underutilized while we argue over whether or not what he does is
scientific. Ghanaian scientists ought to awaken to the reality as expressed by the eminent astronomer
Carl Sagan that Science is a way of thinking, much more than a body of knowledge
Need for Bench-to-Entrepreneur Enterprises:
Mr. Chairman, a big missing link in Ghanaian Science is its commercialization. Most of us Scientists
are content to publish our research findings, but for accelerated development of our country we need to
do more by extending into industry. Earlier in this presentation, I mentioned the example of a Nigerian
Physics tutor who has invented a desert fridge that does not use electricity. Mohammed Abba has
made an attempt to set up an industry that mass produces the pot-in-pot fridges, but it is still on
relatively small scale. In Canada, there are many examples of big industries that have directly sprung
from scientific research. One that sticks out is Zenon Water, set up by a Professor of Chemistry who
specialized in purification using activated charcoal. His company now builds industrial water
purifications and wastewater treatment systems using their in-house hollow fibre technology known as
zeeweed. This presenter has been making determined attempts to advance his findings on the health
benefits of natural cocoa into industry by directly encouraging five companies to market cocoa powder. I
now have registered a company known as Kakawa Enterprise Limited to be the industrial product of my
research efforts. Ghana needs many more examples of scientists who create jobs and positive impact
on our local financial situation in order to attract some of the finest young brains into Pure Science as a
career choice. The skew in choices of science students towards the applied sciences leading to
professional careers that involve little core research does not augur well for application of scientific
solutions to our problems. I challenge my fellow Scientists to take up the challenge and explore
opportunities to commercialize their research to accentuate impact on our countrys development.
Conclusion:
Application of science for accelerated development demands commitment and initiatives from
policy makers and scientists. Policy makers need to create a channel that allows their decisions to be
guided by knowledge obtained from relevant scientific enterprise. Scientists must make science useful
to everyday life by solving problems of national development, and developing entrepreneurial acumen.

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