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RM
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RM
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RM
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RM
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RM
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RM
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RM
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RM
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RM
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Pcr
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Pcr
If a compression member is
relatively slender, it may deflect
laterally & fail by bending, as
shown, rather than failing by
direct compression of the
material.
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Load P
Pcr
Load-Deflection
path
Lateral deflection v
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Rigid
Bar
L
R
To illustrate fundamental
concepts of buckling & stability,
we will analyze the idealized
structure or buckling model as
shown.
Rigid
Bar
(b)
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and
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Rigid
Bar
L
R
R
B
B
Rigid
Bar
MB
A
(a)
(b)
(c)
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Thus, these two actions have opposite effectsthe restoring moment tend to decrease the
displacement and the axial force tend to
increase it.
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Critical Load
The transition between the stable and unstable
conditions occurs at a special value of the axial
force known as critical load (Pcr).
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Rigid
Bar
L
R
R
B
B
Rigid
Bar
MB
A
A
(a)
(b)
(c)
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MB = 2
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RM
= v / L
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Therefore, we have:
MB = 2 R
MB = P ( L/2)
Comparing, we have:
2 R - PL = 0
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(2 R - PL) = 0
The above equation have two solutions, one
solution of this equation is = 0.
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(2 R - PL) = 0
The second solution is obtained by setting the
term in parentheses equal to zero and solving
for the load P, which is critical load:
Pcr = 4 R / L
At the critical value of the load the structure is
in equilibrium regardless of the magnitude of
the angle (provided the angle remains small
as assumed).
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Pcr = 4
/L
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Unstable Equilibrium
P
B
Neutral Equilibrium
Pcr
Stable Equilibrium
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M = Px
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M=P
buckling
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P
Bending
M = Px
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M=P
buckling
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M = Px
bending
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Buckling
M=P
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M = Px
bending
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M=P
buckling
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P
x
v
P
L
x
y
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P
x
v
P
L
x
y
MA = 0
M + Pv = 0
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(A)
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M
P
v
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(B)
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d2v
EI
+ Pv = 0
2
dx
By solving the above equation, which is a
homogenous linear differential equation of 2nd
order with constant coefficients of integration,
we can determine the magnitude of the critical
load and the deflected shape of the buckled
column.
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Therefore:
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d2v
EI
+
Pv = 0
2
dx
Rewriting the above equation as
d2v
2v = 0
k
+
dx2
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d2v
EI
+
Pv = 0
2
dx
Rewriting the above equation as
d2v
2v = 0
k
+
dx2
The above equation has a general solution as
v = C1sin kx + C2cos kx
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v = C1sin
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x + C2cos
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v = C1sin
C2cos
+
x
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=>
RM
C2 = 0
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Case 1
If the constant C1 is zero the deflection v is
also zero
v = C1sin
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Case 1
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Unstable Equilibrium
P
B
Neutral Equilibrium
Pcr
Stable Equilibrium
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Case 2
The 2nd possibility for satisfying the above
equation is given by the following equation,
known as buckling equation:
sinkL = 0
This equation is satisfied when
kL = n
n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
Or
k=n /L
k2 = (n /L)2 = n2 2 / L2
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k2 = (n /L)2 = n2
/ L2 = n2
/ L2
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/ L2) EI
RM
n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
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P = (n2 2 / L2) EI n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
This formula gives the value of P that satisfy
the buckling equation and provide solutions
(other than the trivial solution) to the differential
equation.
The equation of the deflection curve is,
therefore:
v = C1sinkx
= C1sin(n /L)x n = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
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EI
L2
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Pc
Pc
Pc
L/3
L/3
L
L/3
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Pc
Pc
Pc
n=1
n=2
n=3
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Pc
Pc
Pc
L/3
L/3
L
L/3
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Pc
Pc
Pc
n=1
n=2
n=3
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Pc
Pc
Pc
L/3
L/3
L
L/3
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Pc
Pc
Pc
n=1
n=2
n=3
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Critical Load
The lowest critical load for a column with pin
ends is obtained when n=1.
Pcr =
EI
L2
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Pc
C1
Pc
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Unstable Equilibrium
P
B
Neutral Equilibrium
Pcr
Stable Equilibrium
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Pc
C1
C1
Pc
n=2
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