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Zealand. Globalization of Law refers to a very narrow set of legal phenomena and
to a limited set of countries.
Given those caveats, how can we understand the globalization of different types of
law?
GLOBALIZATION OF COMMERCIAL AND CONTRACT LAW
The Globalization of commercial and contract law is largely the emergence of
global law without any global lawgiver. it involves a number of interrelated
phenomena :
their relationships.
contractual relationships may exist transnationally even though there are
no court to arbitrate disputes. parties, not a global lawgiver, specify an
arbitration method.
parties agree on jurisdiction of dispute resolution (that is, which country's
laws will govern the dispute resolution)
When these things are the case, global law comes into being as a result of private
law making. Private agreements take on a uniformity that becomes the global
standard.
To what degree is global commercial and contract law Americanized ?
Global commercial law generally takes the form of American commercial law.
There are several possible reasons for this.
globalization of markets,
It may be because there is an affinity between common law (as opposed to
civil law) and contract law. That is, legal innovation is required for globalized
law and common law is more amenable to innovation than civil law.
The change, after World War II, from vertically integrated to more
horizontally integrated corporate structure, leads to an increase in demand for
legal intermediaries. The open corporation is essentially a deal maker.
When business proceeds at a distance (that is, between companies as opposed
to within companies), legal intermediaries are needed. American lawyers
were already heavily involved in business transactions before the
globalization of markets.
America already use lawyers heavily in business transactions because is
power is so disbursed (unlike other western countries). lawyers are needed
where there is no social elite to negotiate and broker relationships. Shapiro
says that lawyers were unwanted in the tight. interlocking corporate executive
and corporate / government circles on the continent in Europe. However, in
America, where there are no "gentlemen clubs" there must be contracts and
therefore, lawyers.
in Europe, the practice of law-especially corporate law- had a lower status
than in America. A European law degree was a more general degree while in
America a legal education was focused on the practice of law.
With increased globalization of enterprise comes the demand for commercial law
and the type of legal involvement that can meet the demand. According to
Shapiro, it has been the American legal profession which has been particularly
suited for this.
For instance, product safety laws were used to disrupt market flows in Europe
when tariffs were abolished. Countries hurt by abolishing tariffs were able to use
product safety laws to limit inflows of products from other European countries,
but the countries, but the conflict between protective law and commercial law
persisted. However, the single act (1992) put in place new voting rules that
provided a strong incentive for harmonization of laws.
berbeda antara ketiga tipe hukum. Ia juga mencatat bahwa tidak semua tipe
hukum global di "Amerikanisasi" ke tingkat yang sama.
Mengapa Hukum global? mengapa hal itu mengambil bentuk yang dilakukannya
ketika mengglobal? jawaban tergantung pada tipe hukum yang Anda bicarakan,
kata pakar hukum Martin Shapiro. Hukum tidak monolitik, dan tidak juga proses
di balik itu. tambahan, sejauh mana globalisasi hukum benar-benar Amerikanisasi
hukum tergantung pada tipe hukum.
dalam artikelnya tahun 1993, "The Globalization of Law" Shapiro menjelaskan
kemungkinan motivasi dan hasil untuk berbagai tipe hukum: hukum komersial
dan kontrak, hukum publik dan hukum pelindung.
GLOBALISASI
HUKUM:
APA
YANG
BENAR-BENAR
KITA
BICARAKAN?
Shapiro mengatakan bahwa ketika kita berbicara tentang globalisasi hukum, dua
peringatan berlaku.
Pertama, kita perlu berpandangan bahwa kemungkinan ada sedikit orang di
seluruh dunia yang menikmati hubungan yang legal dari seratus tahun yang lalu.
pada setiap tingkat, tidak mungkin untuk mengatakan secara pasti apakah banyak
orang yang sekarang diatur oleh aturan hukum. Jadi, kita tidak bisa mengatakan
apakah "Globalisasi Hukum" yang benar-benar memiliki jangkauan global.
kedua, pada tahun 1993 ketika Shapiro menerbitkan artikel, ia mengatakan bahwa
berbicara tentang "Globalisasi Hukum" artinya berbicara tentang AS, Eropa dan
Selandia Baru. Globalisasi Hukum mengacu pada fenomena hukum yang sangat
sempit dan terbatas untuk suatu negara.
itu terjadi sebagai respons terhadap globalisasi pasar di mana ada tekanan
Ketika hal-hal ini terjadi, hukum global menjadi hasil dari pembuatan hukum
swasta. Perjanjian pribadi menjadi seragam dan menjadi standar global.
Hal ini kemungkinan karena posisi ekonomi Amerika dalam globalisasi pasar,
Mungkin karena ada kedekatan antara hukum umum (sebagai lawan hukum
perdata) dan hukum kontrak. Artinya, inovasi hukum diperlukan untuk
mencatat
bahwa
globalisasi
hukum
publik
muncul
sebagai
aturan pemungutan suara baru yang memberikan insentif yang kuat untuk
harmonisasi hukum.