Math - 1516 EM

SPEED AND ACCURACY BRING SUCCESS IN MATHEMATICS
Higher Secondary Second Year Mathematics

BLUE PRINT
Chapter
No.
No. of Questions
1 Mark
6 Marks
10 Marks
Chapters
Application of Matrices and

Determinants
Vector Algebra
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
6
2
Complex Numbers
4
2
Analytical Geometry
4
1
Differential Calculus Application - 1
4
2
Differential Calculus Application - 2
2
1
Integral calculus and its applications
4
1
Differential Equations
4
1
Discrete Mathematics
4
2
Probability Distributions
4
2
Total Number of Questions
40
16
Easy to score good marks for average students;
Total
Marks
26
2
1
3
2
1
2
2
1
1
16
38
26
40
36
18
30
30
26
26
296
TABLE - I
Chapter
No.
2
4
No. of
Chapters
Questions
No. of
10 Mark
Questions
Total
Marks
-----
20(2)
28(3)
20
30
6 & 3 Mark
Vector Algebra
Analytical Geometry
50 marks can be scored if we practice 20 Ten mark questions in Lesson -2 and 28 Ten
mark questions in Lesson 4
TABLE - II
Chapter
No.
9
6
3
No. of
Chapters
Questions
No. of
10 Mark
Questions
Total
Marks
33+12(2)
-----
15(1)
11(1)
16(1)
22
10
10
6 & 3 Mark
Discrete Mathematics
Differentials calculus Application - II
Complex Number
1
42 Marks can be scored if we practice 15 Ten mark questions 31 Six mark

questions, 12 Three mark questions in Lesson-9 and 11 Ten mark questions in Lesson 6
and 16 Ten mark question in Lesson 3
TABLE - III
Chapter
No.
1
10
Questions
No. of
10 Mark
Questions
Total
Marks
35+13(2)
---
12
---
---
---
No. of
Chapters
6 & 3 Mark
Application of Matrices and

Determinants
Probability Distributions
12 Marks can be scored if we practice 35 Six mark questions and 13 Three mark questions
in Lesson 1.
TABLE - IV
Chapter
No.
5
7
8
No. of
Chapters
Questions
No. of
10 Mark
Questions
Total
Marks
-------
-------
-------
6 & 3 Mark
Differentials calculus Application - I

Integral calculus and its applications
Differential Equations
30 marks can be scored if we study all the 271 one mark questions in the text book. If
we practice completely from table I to VI we can score 134 marks.
GUIDELINES TO GET; 100% MARKS

Slip tests should be conducted repeatedly on the 271 one words questions in the text
book and 380 questions in the COME book
We can easily answer 9 out of the 10 six mark questions in the question paper if we
practice all the question in Lesson, 1,2,3,9,10
For the remaining questions you have to concentrate on all the lessons
We can easily answer 9 out of the 10 ten mark questions in the question paper if we
practice all the 10 mark questions in lesson 1,2,3,4,6,9,10
For the remaining 1 question you have to concentrate on all the lessons
Created questions can be answered easily if we have practice on all the lessons
At least 5 full portion tests should be written before the public exam. It will bring the
following results
o We can assess if we could answer all the questions with in the stipulated time
(3hours)
o We can analyze whether we could answer all the questions to the extent of
scoring full marks
o We can identify the hurdles to score full marks accordingly.
Avoid writing without reading the questions thoroughly
o (E.g) Without reading the questions 4.35 and 5.7, if we just read ladder we
may give a completely wrong answer.
Avoid answering in a hurry without reading the questions completely and observing
the pictures promptly
o (E.g) It is possible to answer using the formula of parabola instead of
ellipse
Use pen for writing the answers and pencil for drawing the diagrams
Dont waste your precious time on colouring the pages
Those who aim at centum marks should give extra attention to one mark questions.
MATHEMATICS
2. VECTOR ALGEBRA (10 MARK)
Two questions for full test
Total number of questions : 20
1)Prove that
3) Prove that
Cos(A-B) = CosACosB + SinAsinB
Cos(A+B) = CosACosB SinASinB
Solution:
Solution:
Let P(CosA, SinA) and
Q(CosB, SinB) be any two
Q(CosB, -SinB) be any two
points on the unit circle with
points on the unit circle with
centre at the origin O.
centre at the origin O. Let
Let and be the unit
and be the unit vectors
vectors along the
along the co-ordinate axes.
co-ordinate axes.
=CosA +SinA
=CosA +SinA
=CosB SinB
=CosB +SinB
Cos(AB)= Cos(AB)...(1)
.
=CosACosB+SinASinB (2)
(1),(2) Cos (AB)=CosACosB+SinASinB
=
Cos (A+B)
=Cos(A+B).(1)
.
=CosACosB SinASinB.(2)
(1)=(2) Cos (A+B)=CosACosB SinASinB
2) Prove that Sin(A-B) = SinACosB CosASinB

Solution:
Q(CosB,SinB) be any two
points on the unit circle
with centre at the origin O.
4) Prove thatSin (A+B) = SinACosB +CosASinB

Solutons:
Let P(CosA, SinA) and Q (CosB, -SinB) be any two
points on the unit circle
with centre at the origin
O.
Let and be the unit
Let
vectors along the

co-ordinate axes.
and be the unit
vectors along the

co-ordinate axes
=CosA +SinA
=CosA +SinA
=CosB SinB
=CosB +SinB
x
Sin (AB)
Sin (A+B)
= Sin (A+B) ..(1)
= Sin (AB) .(1)
=
=(SinACosB+CosASinB) .(2)
(1),(2) Sin (A+B)=SinACosB+CosASinB
= (SinACosB CosASinB)(2)
(1),(2) Sin (AB)=SinACosB CosASinB
5)Altitides of a triangle are concurrent prove by

vector method.
Solution:
Let ABC be the given triangle.
Let the altitudes AD and BE intersecting at O and take
it as the origin.
To prove that CO is
perpendicular to AB.
7) If
and
= +
+ ,
+ ,
+ 2 , then verify that
) (
)=
] -[
Solution:
= (10) (12)+ (02)

=
AD
BC
=0
=0. (1)
CA
BE
=0
= (21) (41)+ (21)
)=0..........(2)
(1) +(2)
=0
)
=0
.
=0
OC
AB
Hence the altitudes of a triangle are concurrent.
6) If
) (
)=
= (16) (1+2)+
=
. Verify that
.(1)
]=
)=
(31)
=1(01)1(22)+1(20)=1
Solution:
]=
=
=1(01)1(41)+1(20)=2
= (0 5) (6 0)+ (2 0)
]
=
= 2(
(
)=
(12 + 15)
(1)
.
=6
)= 9
=6(
)+9(
(2)
(1) =(2)
= 5 3 4
(1)=(2)
= (6 6) (4 5)+
=
)=
)(
[
) 1( +
]
+2
..(2)
)=
] [
8) Show that the lines

= =
10) Find the vector and cartesian equations of

the plane through the point (2,1,3) and
and
intersect and hence find the point
parallel to the lines
of intersection.
Solution:
Let
=
Let
3
4 ;
= 2 3 + 2
Vector equation is
, ]=
= 2 3 + s(
= 0
(
=
=0
= Any point on theline is

=0
= Any point on theline is
(2
(x2)(8) (y+1)(14)+(z+3)(13)=0
8x+16 14y1413z39=0
8x+14y+13z+37 =0
..(2)
From (1) and (2) + 1 = 0 (or) 3 1 = 1

,
=0
Point of intersection is (4, 0, 1)
9) Show that the lines

=

the plane through the point (1,3,2) and
parallel to the lines
and
intersect and find their point of
intersection.
Solution:
Let = ;
=2
=
Let
= + 2
, ]=
= +
= 0
(
Let
= +
+3 ;
+ 2 + s(
+ 3 )+ t ( + 2 + 2 )
=0
= Any point on the line is

.(1)
+2
Cartesian equation is
The lines are intersecting

Let
and
= +2 + 2
Vector equation is
= +
+ t
= +2
Solution:
= +3 ;
+t
.(1)
Let
4 )+ t (2 3 + 2 )
The lines are intersecting.

Let
and
=2 + 3
= 3
Solution:
=4
=3 ,
= Any point on the line is
=0
(
..(2)
From (1) and (2)
= 1 .(3)
1=2 +1 2 =2 .(4)
(3)+(4) =1, =0
Point of intersection is (1, 1, 0)
(x1)(8)(y3)(1)+(z2)(5)=0
8x+y5z1=0

the plane containing the lines
and parallel to the line

the plane through the points (1,1,1) and
(1,1,1) and perpendicular to the plane
x +2y +2z = 5
Solution: = +2 +
=
Solution: =
+3 , = +2 +
Vectors equation is = +
= 2 + 2 + + s(
=
+t
+ +
+ ;
= +2 +2
Vector equation is
+3 ) + t( +2 + )
= (1 s)(
=0
+ +
=(1s) + + t
+ s(
+ 2
+2
= +
(x + 1) (4) (y 1) (4) + (z 1) (6) = 0

4x 4 4y + 4 + 6z 6 = 0
2x + 2y 3z + 3 = 0
the plane through the points (1,2,3) and
(2,3,1) perpendicular to the plane
3x 2y +4z 5 = 0
Solution :
= 3 + +2
Vector equation is
=0
=0
(x 2) (3) (y 2) (7) + (z 1) (5) = 0

3x + 6 + 7y 14 5z + 5 = 0
3x 7y +5z + 3 = 0
13) Find the vector and cartesian equations to the
plane through the point (1,3,2) and perpendicular
to the planes x + 2y + 2z = 5 and
3x + y + 2z = 8
Let
=0
Solution:
+ )+t( + +
+ 2 + s(
+t
+ 2 )+ t (
+ +
Let
+
= +
;
Vector equation is
= (1s)( +
=0
2 + 4
= (1s)
+ 3 )+ s(2
+t
+ )+ t(3 +
=0
=0
=0
(x+1)(2) (y3) (4) + (z2) (5) = 0

2x+4y 5z = 0
(x1) (0) (y2) (10) + (z3) (5) = 0

10y 5z + 35 = 0
by 5 2y +z 7 = 0

the plane passing through the points
A (1,2,3) and B(1,2,1) and parallel to
the line
Solution:Let
=

the plane containing the line
Solution: =
=
= 2 +3 + 4
Vector equation is = (1s)
= (1s)( 2 + 3 )+ s(
+ ;
= +3 2
Vector equation is
+t
= (1 s) +
= (1s)( + ) +s(2
)+ t(
and passing through the point (1, 1, 1)
= 2 + 3
+t
+ )+t(2 +
Cartesian equation
=0
=0
=0
=0
(x + 1) (8) (y 1) (10) + (z + 1) (7) = 0

8x + 10y + 7z 11 = 0 8x-10y-7z+ 11= 0
(x1) (28) (y+2) (0) + (z3) (14) = 0

28x 14z + 14 = 0
2x z + 1 = 0
the plane passing through the points
(2, 2,1),(3, 4, 2) and (7, 0, 6)
Solution :
Let
20) Derive the equation of the plane in the

intercept form
Solution:
Let a, b, c be the x, y and z intercepts of the plane
=
=
+ 6
Vector equation is
= (1st)
= (1st) (2 +
+t
+ s(3
+ t (7 +
)
)
(i) Vector equation is
= (1st)
=0
= (1st) a +
=0
+ 4 + 2 ,2
=2
+ tc
=0
=0
(x a) (bc0)y(ac0)+z(0+ab) = 0
xbc abc + yac + zab = 0
xbc+ yac + zab = abc
Dividing by abc
7
Solution :
Let
+t
(ii) Cartesian equation is
(x2) (20) (y2) (8) + (z+1) (12) = 0

20x 40 + 8y 16 12z 12 = 0
20x+8y 12z 68 = 0
5x + 2y 3z 17 = 0
19) Find the vector and Cartesian equations of
the plane passing through the points with
position vectors
+4 +2
=7
8
Vector equation is = (1 s t)
= (1st)
+ 4 + 2 )+ s(2
+ t
)+ t(7 +
=0
=0
(x 3) (6) (y 4) (13) + (z 2) (28) = 0
6x 13y + 28z + 14 = 0
6x + 13y 28z 14 = 0
4. ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY (10 MARK)

Three questions for full test Total number of questions 28
1) Find the axis, vertex, focus, directrix, equation
2) Find the axis, vertex, focus, directrix,
of the latus rectum and length of the latus
equation of the latus rectum and length latus
rectum of the parabola
and hence draw their graph,
Solution:
(y + 3)2 = 8x , [ Y 2 = 4aX]
X = x x = X Y = y + 3 y = Y 3; a = 2
The type is open rightward
Referred to
Referred to
X, Y
x, y
x = X, y = Y3
Axis
Y=0
y = 3
Vertex
(0, 0)
V (0, 3)
Focus
(a, 0) = (2, 0) F(2, 3)
Directrix
X = a, X = 2 x = 2
LatusRectum
X = a, X = 2
x=2
Length L.R
4a
8

Solution:
3) Find the axis, vertex, focus, directrix,

equation of the latus rectum and length
latus rectum of the parabola
and hence draw their
graph,
Solution:
(4) Find the axis, vertex, focus, directrix,

equation of the latus rectum and length latus
= 12( y +1) ); [
]
X = x 3 x = X + 3; Y = y + 1 y = Y 1; a = 3
The type is open upward
Referred to
Referred to x, y
X, Y
x = X+3, y = Y1
Axis
X=0
x=3
Vertex
(0, 0)
V (3, 1)
Focus
(0, a) = (0, 3)
F(3, 2)
Directrix
Y = a, Y = 3 y = 4
Latus
Y = a, Y = 3
y=2
Rectum
Length L.R 4a
12

Solution:
= 8( y +2); [
]
X = x 1 x = X + 1;Y = y + 2 y = Y 2; a = 2
The type is open downward
Referred to Referred to x, y
X, Y
x = X+1, y = Y2
Axis
X=0
x=1
Vertex
(0, 0)
V (1, 2)
Focus
(0, a)
F (1, 4)
= (0, 2)
Directrix
Y = a, Y = 2
y=0
Latus Rectum Y = a, Y =2 y = 4
Length L.R
4a
8
, [
X = x 1 x = X + 1; Y = y 3 y = Y + 3; a = 2
The type is open leftward
Referred to
Referred to x, y
X, Y
x = X + 1,
y=Y+3
Axis
Y=0
y=3
Vertex
(0, 0)
V (1, 3)
Focus
(a, 0)=(2, 0) F(1, 3)
Directrix
X = a, X = 2
x=3
Latus Rectum X = a, X= 2
x = 1
Length L.R
4a
8
10
5) Find the eccentricity, centre, foci, vertices of

the ellipse and draw the diagram
Referred to
X, Y
Referred to x,
y
x = X+1,
y = Y4
C(1, 4)
Solution:
(
Centre C (0,0)
Foci
(0,ae)=(0,
+ 4(
(0, ae)=(0,
Vertic
es
X = x 4 x = X + 4; Y = y 2 y = Y + 2
= 100 a = 10;
= 25 b = 5
Major axis is parallel to xaxis
Eccentricity =
Referred to
X, Y
Centre
Foci
(ae,0)=(5
(ae,0)=(5
Vertices
,0)
,0),
A (a,0)= A (10,0)
(a,0), (10,0)
A (0, a)= A (0,6)

(0, a)= (0, 6)
(1,4
A (1,2),
(1,10)
, ae = 5
Referred to x,
y
x = X + 4,
y=Y+2
C (4,2)
(0,0)
(1,4+
(4+5
(4 5

the ellipse and draw the diagram
Solution:
,2)
,2)
16(
A (14,2),
16
(6,2)
X = x + 1 x = X1; Y = y 2 y = Y + 2
;
=9 b=3
The major axis is parallel to yaxis
eccentricity =

The ellipse and draw the diagram
ae = 4
=
Referred to
x, y
x = X1,
y = Y +2
C (1,2)
Referred to X, Y
Solution:
36(
36(
+4
= 144
Centre
Foci
;
X = x 1 x = X + 1; Y = y + 4 y = Y 4
= 36 a = 6;
=4 b=2
The major axis is parallel to yaxis
C (0,0)
(0,ae) =(0,
(0, ae)=(0,
Vertices
eccentricity =
=
=
ae = 4
11
)
)
A (0, a)= A (0,4)

(0, a)= (0, 4)
(1,2+
(1,2
A (1,6)
(1, 2)
8) Find the eccentricity centre, foci and vertices

of the hyperbola
= 0 and also
trace the curve
Solution:
9(
16(
= 199
9
16
= 144
9) Find the eccentricity, centre, foci and

vertices of the hyperbola
and draw the
diagram
Solution:
4
=4
;
X = x + 3 x = X 3; Y = y 2 y = Y + 2
=4a=2 ,
= 1 b =1
X=x1x=X+1;Y=y+2y=Y2
= 16 a = 4 ;
= 9 b =3
Transverse axis is parallel to xaxis
Transverse axis is parallel to xaxis

eccentricity =
eccentricity =
ae =
ae = 5
Referred to
X, Y
Centre
Foci
C (0, 0)
(ae, 0) = (5, 0)
(ae, 0) = (5, 0)
Referred to x, y
x = X+ 1,
y = Y 2
C (1, 2)
(6, 2)
(4, 2)
Vertices
A (a, 0) = A (4, 0)
(a, 0)= (4, 0)
A (5, 2),
(3, 2)
Referred to
X, Y
Centre
Foci
Vertices
10) Find the eccentricity, centre, foci and vertices

of the hyperbola
and draw
their diagram.
Solution :
9(
9
16(
16
C (0, 0)
F1 (ae, 0) =(
0)
F2(ae,0)=(
0)
(Type equation
A (a, 0)=(2, 0)
(a, 0)=(2, 0)
2)
, 2)
A (1,2),
(5, 2)
11) Find the eccentricity, centre, foci and

vertices of the hyperbola
and draw their
diagram.
Solution:
Given :
(
3(
= 18
3
= 12
= 164
= 144
=1
X=x+3x=X3
Referred to x, y
x = X3,
y=Y+2
c (3,2)
Y=y1y=Y+1
= 4 a = 2,
= 12 b =2
Transverse axis is parallel to yaxis
=1,
X = x + 2 x = X 2, Y = y 1 y = Y + 1
= 9 a = 3,
= 16 b =4
eccentricity =
12
= 2
Transverse axis is parallel to yaxis

eccentricity =
ae = 3
ae = 4
Centre
Foci
C (0, 0)
(0, ae) = (0,4)
(0, ae)= (0
)
Referred
to
x, y
x = X 3,
y=Y+1
c (3 1)
(3, 5)
(3, 3)
Vertices
A (0, a) = A (0, 2)
(0, a)= (0, 2)
A (3, 3),
(3, 1)
Referred to
X, Y
=5
Referred to
X, Y
Centre
Foci
C (0, 0)
(0, ae) = (0,5)
(0, ae) = (0,
Vertices
A (0, a) = A (0, 3)
(0, a)= (0, 3)
Referred
to
x, y
x = X2,
y = Y +1
c (2, 1)
(2, 6)
(2, 4)
A (2, 4),
(2, 2)
12) A comet is moving in a parabolic orbit

around the sun which is at the focus of a
parabola. When the comet is 80 million Kms
from the sun, the line segment from the sun
to the comet makes an angle of
radians
14) On lighting a rocker cracker it gets projected

in a parabolic path and reaches the ground
12mts away from the starting point. Find
the angle of projection.
with the axis of the orbit. Find (i) the

equation of the comets orbit (ii) how close
does the comet come nearer to the sun?
Solution:
Equation of the parabola
.(1)
Solution:The equation is
.(1)
The point (6, 4) lies on the parabola
= 4a (4)
From the right FQP
= 9
cos (
=
a=9
(1)
=
FQ
= 1 FP
= 9y
40
PM
80 = 2a + 40
2a = 40 a 20
(i) The equation of the comets orbit is
(ii) The shortest distance between the sun and
The comet = 20 million kms.
=
Angle of projection is
13
15) Assume that water issuing from the end of a

horizontal pipe, 7.5m above the ground,
describes a parabolic path. The vertex of the
parabolic path is at the end of the pipe. At a
position 2.5m below the line of the pipe, the
flow of water has curved outward 3m
beyond the vertical line through the end of
the pipe, How far beyond this vertical line
will the water strike the ground?
13) The girder of a railway bridge is in the

parabolic form with span 100ft. and the
highest point on the arch is 10ft. above the
bridge. Find the height of the bridge at 10ft.
to the left or right from the midpoint of the
bridge.
Solution:
Solution:
The equation is
.(1)
= 4a (10),
4a = 250
(1)
..(2)
B (10,
) lies on the parabola
100
The equation = 4ay ..(1)

The point (3, 2.5) lies on the parabola
= 4a (2.5)
a=
ft
= y ..(2)
Height of the bridge at the required place
The point ( , 7.5) lies on the parabola
= 10
= 9 feet
(7.5)
= 27
=3
The water strikes the ground 3

the vertical line.
14
m beyond
16) A cable of a suspension bridge hangs in the

form a parabola when the load is uniformly
distributed horizontally. The distance
between two towers is 1500 ft, the points of
support of the cable on the towers are 200ft
above the road way and the lowest point on
the cable is 70 ft above the roadway. Find the
vertical distance to the cable from a pole
whose height is 122ft.
17) A cable of a suspension bridge is in the form

of a parabola whose span is 40 mts. The road
way is 5 mts below the lowest point of the
cable. If an extra support is provided across
the cable 30 mts above the ground level, find
the length of the support if the height of the
pillars are 55 mts.
Solution:
The equation is
= 4ay ..(1)
= 4a (50)
a=2
(1)
= 8y (2)
The point ( , 25) lies on the parabola
(2)
= 8 25
= 200
Solution:
The equation is
= 4ay ..(1)
The point (750, 130) lies
on the parabola
= 4a (130)
4a =
(1)
y.(2)
The point P( , 52) lies on the parabola

(2)
= 10
ft
Length of the support =
52
= 150
ft
Vertical distance to the cable from a pole =
= 20
= 300
ft
18) A Khokho player in a practice session while
running realizes that the sum of the distances
from the two khokho poles from him is
always 8 m. Find the equation of the path
traced by him if the distance between the
poles is 6m.
ft
19)The orbit of the planet mercury around the

sun is in elliptical shape with sun at a focus.
The semimajor axis is of length 36 million
miles and the eccentricity of the orbit is
0.206. Find (i) How close the mercury gets
to sun? (ii) The greatest possible distance
between mercury and the sun.
Solution:
The equation is
Solution:
The equation is
..(1)
..(1)
Semi major axis = a
= 36 million miles
e = 0.206 ae = 7.416
A = a ae = 36 7.416
= 28.584 milion miles
= a +ae = 36 + 7.416
= 43.416 million miles
(i) The closest distances of the mercury from
the sun = 28.584 million miles
(ii) The greatest distance of the mercury from
thesun = 43.416 million miles.
2a = 8 a = 4
4e = 6
e=
=7
(1)
Which is the equation of the path traced by the
khokho player.
15
20) A satellite is travelling around the earth in an

elliptical orbit having the earth at a focus and
22) The arch of a bridge is in the shape of a

semiellipse having horizontal span of 40 ft
and 16 ft high at the centre. How high is the
arch, 9 ft from the right or left of the centre.
of eccentricity . The shortest distance that

the satellite gets to the earth is 400 kms. Find
the longest distance that the satellite gets
from the earth.
Solution:
The equation is
..(1)
Solution:
2a = 40 a = 20
b = 16
CA C =400 a ae=400
..(2)
Point (9,
) lies on the ellipse
ae=800 =400
Longest distance between the satellite from
the earth = a + ae = 800 + 400 = 1200 km
= 1
ft
The required height =

21) An arch is in the form of a semiellipe whose
span is 48 feet wide. The height of the arch is
20 feet. How wide is the arch at the height of
10 feet above the base?
ft
Solution:
23) The ceiling in a hallway 20 ft wide is in the

shape of a semi ellipse and 18 ft high at the
centre. Find the height of the ceiling 4 feet
from either wall if the height of the side
walls is 12
ft.Solution:
The equation is
The equation is
..(1)
..(1)
2a = 48 a = 24, b = 20
2a = 20 a = 10,
b=6
..(2)
Point (
(1)
lies on the ellipse
Point (6,
24
= 12
The required width = 24
lies on the ellipse
= 1
= 576
=
..(2)
ft.
= 4.8
Required height of the ceiling = 12 + 4.8 = 16.8 ft
16
24) A ladder of length 15m moves with its ends

always touching the vertical wall and the
horizontal floor. Determine the equation of
the locus of a point P on the ladder, which is
6m from the end of the ladder in contact with
the floor.
Solution:
Let P(
be any point on the line AB such that AP=6
and BP=9
Assum:
___PAO = ___BPQ =
From the right PQB
Cos
From the right ARP;

Sin
Cos 2
+ Sin2
+
Locus P(
=1
=1
26) Find the equation of the rectangular

hyperbola which has for one of its
asymptotes the line x + 2y 5 = 0 and passes
through the points (6, 0)and (3, 0)
Solution:
Equation of the asymptote is x + 2y 5 = 0
The other asymptote is of the form 2x y + l = 0
Combined equation of the asymptote is
(x + 2y 5) (2x y + l ) = 0
Equation of the rectangular hyperbola is of the form
(x + 2y 5) (2x y + l ) + k = 0
It passes through (6, 0)
(1) (6 + 0 5) (12 0 + l ) + k = 0
l + k = 12 (2)
Again it passes through (3, 0)
(1) (3 + 0 5) (6 0 + l ) + K = 0
(8) (6 + l ) + k = 0
8 + k = 48 .(3)
Solving (2)&(3) l = 4, k = 16
(1) (x + 2y 5 ) (2x y + 4) 16 = 0
This is the required equation
27) Prove that the line 5x + 12y = 9 touches the
hyperbola
and find its point of contact.
Solution:
is
25) Find the equation of the hyperbola if the

5x + 12y = 9
,m=
asymptotes are parallel to x + 2y 12 = 0,
x 2y + 8 = 0, (2, 4) is the centre of the

hyperbola and it passes through (2, 0)
Solution:
=9 1= =
The asymptotes are parallel to
The line touches the hyperbola
x + 2y 12 = 0, x 2y + 8 = 0
(I
Point of contact=
=
The asymptotes are of the form
x + 2y + = 0 ....(1)
Point of contact = (5, )
x 2y + m = 0 (2)It passes through the centre(2, 4)
(1)
= 10
(2)
m=6
Equations of the asymptotes are
(1) x + 2y 10 = 0
(2) x 2y + 6 = 0
Combined equation of the asymptote is
(x + 2y 10) (x 2y + 6) = 0
Equation of the hyperbola is of the form
(x + 2y 10) (x 2y + 6) + k = 0 (3)
It passes through (2, 0)
(8) (8) + k = 0
64 + k = 0
k = 64(3) (x + 2y 10)(x 2y +6) +64 = 0
This is the required equation of the hyperbola.
17
, c=
28) Show that the line x y + 4 =0 is a tangent to

the ellipse
. Find the
coordinates of the point of contact
Solution:
x y +4 = 0 y = x + 4 m = 1, c = 4
,
= 12 1 + 4, = 16 =
The line touches the ellipse,
Point of contact =
Point of contact = (3, 1)

6. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS APPLICATIONS II (10 Mark Questions)
One Question for full Test
Total number of questions: 11
3) Trace the curve
1) Trace the curve y =
2) Trace the curvey =
Domain: (Extent :
Horizontal extent : (Vertical extent : (Intercepts :
x intercept = -1
y intercept = 1
Origin :
Does not pass
through the origin
Domain : (Extent
Horizontal extent : (Vertical extent : (Intercepts :
x intercept = 0
y intercept = 0
Origin :
Passes through the
origin
Domain : [0,
Extent
The curve exists in
first and fourth quadrant
Intercepts :
x intercept = 0
y intercept = 0
Origin :
Passes through the origin
Symmetry
Not symmetrical
about any axis
Asymptotes
No asymptote
Monotonicity
The curve is increasing
in (
Symmetry
Symmetrical about
the origin
Asymptotes
No asymptote
Monotonicity
The curve is increasing
in(
Symmetry
Symmetrical about
the x axis
Asymptotes
No asymptote
Monotonicity
Special points
Concave downward in (Concave upward in (0,
Point of inflection (0, 1)
Special points
Concave downward in (Concave upward in (0,
Point of inflection (0, 0)
18
y=
the curve is increasing
y=, the Curve is decreasing

Special points
(0, 0) is not a point of inflection.
4) Using Eulers theorem, prove that
5) Using Eulers theorem, prove that
tanu, if
, if u =
Solution:
Solution;
=
= f (x, y)
u=
f is a homogeneous function in x and y of

degree
tan u =
f is a homogeneous function in x and y of

degree 2
By Eulers theorem,
By Eulers theorem,
= 2f
f
x
= 2 tan u
sin u
xcosu
+ ycos u
= f (x, y)
= sin u
= 2 tan u
tan u
6) Verify Eulers theorem for f(x, y) =
9) Verify
Solution;
Solution:
f(tx, ty) =
f (x, y)
=
f is a homogeneous function in x and y of degree 1

To verify Eulers theorem, we have to prove that
= f
=
for the functionu =
=
=
(1)
(2)
(1)=(2)
=
=f
10) If w =
Eulers theorem is verified
Solution:
7. Verify
w=
for the function
and v = y log x, find
u=
v = y log x
Solution:
=
. =
. =
=
=
=
=
(1)
=
=
. (2)
From (1) & (2)
19
and
8. Verify
11. Use differentials to find an approximate
for the function
value for the given number y =
u = sin 3x cos 4y
Solution:
u = sin 3xcos 4y
Solution: Consider
= 1,
= 3 cos 3xcos 4y
= 4sin3x sin 4y
=
= 4 cos 3x 3 sin 4y
= 12 cos 3x sin 4y .(1)

=
1+ 0.0066 = 1.0066
Consider
x = 1,
= 3 cos 3x (sin 4y) 4

= 12 cos 3x sin 4y .(2)
y=
(1)=(2)
dy =
(1) + (2)
20
1+ 0.005 = 1.005
+
= 2.0166
1.0066 + 1.005
9. Discrete Mathematics (10 Mark)

One question for full test
Total number of questions : 15
1) Prove that the set of four functions
2) Show that
on the set of non zero complex numbers C
defined by
and
where
w 1 form a group with respect
to matrix multiplication.
forms an abelian group

with respect to the composition of functions.
Solution: Let G =
Solution:I =
o Composition of functions
o
C=
4) Existence of inverse
Inverses of
are
respectively.
5) Commutative axiom
From the table commutative axiom is true.
(G, o is an abelian group.
I=
[4]
[4]
[1]
[5]
[2]
[6]
[3]
[5]
[5]
[3]
[1]
[6]
[4]
[2]
E=
G is the identity element.
11
[1] [3] [4] [5] [9]
[1]
[1] [3] [4] [5] [9]
[3]
[3] [9] [1] [4] [5]
[4]
[4] [1] [5] [9] [3]
[5]
[5] [4] [9] [3] [1]
[9]
[9] [5] [3] [1] [4]
1) Closure axiom:
From the table closure axiom is true.
2) Associative axiom
Multiplication modulo 11 is always associative
3) Existence of identity
[1] G is the identity element.
Inverses of
respectively.
From the table commutative axiom is true.
(G,11 is an abelian group.
[6]
[6]
[5]
[4]
[3]
[2]
[1]
1) Closure axiom:
Multiplication modulo 7 is always associative
[1] G is the identity element.
Inverses of
4) Existence of inverse: Inverses of

I, A, B, C, D, E are I, B, A, C, D, E respectively
G is a group under multiplication of matrices.
(4) Show that the set
forms an
abelian group under multiplication modulo 11.
Solution: Let G =
11 Multiplication modulo 11
forms a group
Solution:Let G =
7 Multiplication modulo 7
7 [1] [2] [3]
[1] [1] [2] [3]
[2] [2] [4] [6]
[3] [3] [6] [2]
[4] [4] [1] [5]
[5] [5] [3] [1]
[6] [6] [5] [4]
,B=
Let G =
.
I
A
B
C
D
E
I
I
A
B
C
D
E
A
A
B
I
E
C
D
B
B
I
A
D
E
C
C
C
D
E
I
A
B
D
D
E
C
B
I
A
E
E
C
D
A
B
I
1) Closure axiom
Form the table closure axiom is true
Matrix multiplication is always associative
1)Closure axiom:
2)Associative axiom
Composition of functions is always associative
3)Show that (
,D=
, A=
are
respectively (G,7) is a group.
21
5) Show that the set G of all matrices of the form

where x
6) Show that the set of all matrices of the form
, is a group under matrix
,a
multiplication.
Solution:
, forms an abelian group under
matrix multiplication
Solution:
Let G =
Let G =
1) Closure axiom :
1) Closure axiom:
X=
A=
,B=
where a, b
Y=
0, y
G, x
XY =
G, [2xy
Let E =
be the identity element
AE =
X 2xe = x, e =
XE
Closure axiom is true.

2) Associative axiom:
3) Identity axiom:

3) Identity axiom:
Let E =
.
G[ ab
AB =
G,
be the identity element

ae = a e = 1
E=
4) Inverse axiom :
Let
4) Inverse axiom :
Let
be the inverse of X
=E
be the inverse of
=1
G is the inverse of
5) Commutative axiom:
G is the inverse of
AB =
G is a group under matrix multiplication.
= BA
Commutative axiom is true

G is an abelian group under matrix multiplication.
22
7) Show that (Z,
ia an infinite abelian group where
8) Show that the set G of the positive rationals

forms a group under the composition defined
is defined as a b = a + b + 2
Solution:
Z = The set of all integers
a b = a+ b+ 2
1) Closure axiom
a, b Z, a b = a + b + 2 Z
a, b, c Z
a ( b c) = a ( b + c+ 2)
= a + (b + c + 2) + 2
= a+ b+ c+ 4
( a b c = ( a + b + 2) c
by a
for all a, b G
Solution:
G = The set of all positive rationals
1) Closure axiom: a, b G , a

2) Associative axiom: a, b, c G
=
=
=
a (b c) = (a b
= a+ b+ c+ 4
a ( b c) = ( a b c
Associative axiom is true.
3) Existence of Identity
Let e be the identity element
= a + e + 2 = a e = 2
2 Z is the identity element.
4) Existence of Inverse
Let
be the inverse of a
= 2
Z is the inverse of a
5) Commutative axiom:
a, b Z
a b = a+ b + 2 = b + a + 2 =
Commutative axiom is true.
Z is an infinite set.
Z, is an infinite abelian group
Associative axiom is true

= a, e = 3
Let
be the inverse of a
= 3
= 3
G is the inverse of a
(G,
23
is a group
9) Let G be the set of all rational numbers except 1

and be defined on G by
for all a, b G. Show that (G, is an infinite
10) Show that the set G of all rational numbers

except 1 forms an abelian group with respect
to the operation given by
=
for all a, b G.
abelian group.
Solution:
G = The set of all rational numbers except 1
1) Closure axiom:
a, b, G, a
Suppose
1, b
Solution:
G = The set of all rational numbers except 1
=
1) Closure axiom:
a, b, G, a 1 and b 1
Suppose
a = 1 (or) b = 1 to a, b, G,
a = 1 (or) b = 1 to a, b,
G
Closure axiom is true
a, b, c G
=
G
Closure axiom is true
a, b, c G
=
=
=(
=(
=
=
=(
=
e(1 a) = 0 e = 0, since a
0
is the identity element
Let
be the inverse of a
a
=
=
=
Associative axiom it true

=
e(1+ a) e = 0, [ a 1]
0 G is the identity element
Let
be the inverse of a
1,
is the inverse of a
G is the inverse of a
Inverse axiom is true

a, b, G

a, b, G
a*b= a+ b+ ab= b+ a+ ba= b*a
(G, ) is an abelian group.
G contains infinite number of elements.
G, ) is an infinite abelian group

(G, ) is an abelian group.
G contains infinite number of elements.
G, ) is an infinite abelian group
24
G,
11) Show that the set G =
is an
12) Show that the set G =
infiniteabelion group with respect to addition.

Solution:
1) Closure axiom
a+
,c+ d
group under multiplication.

Solution:
Given G =
G Where a, b, c, d Q
1) Closure axiom
G, Where a, b z
=
G, since a+ b
G
)= .
=
Since a + c, b + d Q
Addition is always associative
3) Identity axiom
a+
G, there exist an element
0= 0+ 0
G such that
G, there exist an element

G such that
=
is the inverse of
a+
, c+
(a +
) + (c +
G
)= ( a + c) + ( b + d)
= ( c + a) + ( d + b)
G,

3) Identity axiom
G, there exists an element

= 1 G such that
.1 =
1 G is the identity element.
4) Inverse axiom
G, there existy an element

G such that
=
=
is the inverse of
G
=
=
= .
Commutative axiom is true
(G, .) is an abelian group
0 G is the identity element

4) Inverse axiom
a+
is an abelian
= (c +
) + (a +
)
G Contains infinite number of elements.
is an in inite abelian group
25
=1
13) Show that the set M of complex numbers z with

the condition = 1 forms a group with respect
to the operation of multiplication of complex
numbers.
Solution:
M = Set of all complex numbers having
modulus value 1.
1) Closure axiom
M
M
since
=
=1
Multiplication of complex numbers is always
associative
3) Identity axiom
M there exists an element 1 M such that

z.1= 1.z=z
4) Inverse axiom
z M, there exists an element
z. =
.z= 1
M such that
is the inverse of z
(M, .) is a group
15) Show that
Solution:
Let
=
1) Closure axiom
[]
forms group
[ ], [m]
,m< n
[]
Addition modulo n is always associative
3) Identity axiom
[0]
is the identity element.
4) Inverse axiom :
[ ]
, there exist an element
[n ]
[]
= [0]
is the inverse of [ ]
Inverse axiom is true.
Solution:
Let G =
,
1) Closure axiom
Let ,
G, 0 , m
To prove
,
=
G
Case (i) if + m n then
G
Case (ii) if + m n
By division algoritham
+ m = (q.n) + r where 0 r < n
=
=
.
= .
G
Multiplication is always associative for the
set of complex numbers.
3) Identity axiom
G, there exists an element l G such

that . 1= 1.
=
4) Inverse axiom
G, there exists an element

G
such that .
=
=
=l
is the invese of
5) Commuative axiom
G
.
=
=
=
G. contains finite number of elements.
G, . is a inite abelian group.
such that
=
14) Show that the

roots of unity form an abelian
group of finite order with usual multiplication.
) is a group.
26
3. COMPLEX NUMBERS. (10 MARK)

One question for full testTotal number of questions : 16
1) P represents the variable complex number z.
Find the locus of P, if Im
= 2
Find the locus of P if arg
Solution:
Solution : Let z = x + iy
arg
Let z = x + iy
=
arg (z 1) arg(z + 1) =
arg (x + iy 1) arg(x + iy + 1) =
=
=
arg [(x 1) + iy] arg[(x + 1)+ iy] =
Im
= 2
x(2x + 1) +2y(1 y) = 2[(1 y)2 + x2 ]
2x2 x + 2y 2y2 = 2(1 + y2 2y + x2)
x + 2y = 2 + 4y
x + 2y 2 = 0
Locus of P is a straight line
= tan
=
2y =
Find the locus of P, if Re
=1
Find the locus of P if arg
Solution :
Let z = x+iy
=
arg (z 1) arg(z + 3) =
=
arg (x + iy 1) arg(x + iy + 3) =
Re
arg[(x 1 + iy] arg[(x + 3) + iy] =
=1
(x 1)x + y(y + 1) = x2 + (y + 1)2

x2 x + y2 + y = x2 + y2 + 1 + 2y
x+y+1=0
Locus of P is a straight line

Find the locus of P if Re
= tan
=1
Solution :
Let z = x + iy
=
Re
Solution :
Let z = x + iy
arg
=0
Locus of P is a circle
0=
=0
Locus of P is a circle
=1
(x + 1)x + y(y + 1) = x2 + (y + 1)2

x2 + x + y2 + y = x2 + y2 + 1 + 2y
x y 1 = 0 Locus of P is a straight line
27
tan = =
6) If and are the roots of x2 2x + 2 = 0 and

cot = y + 1, show that
9) Find all the values of
Solution :
:x2
Solution
2x + 2 = 0
x = 1 i, Let = 1 + i and = li = 2i
Given cot = y + 1 y = cot 1 =
consider
2 ( cos
(y + )n =
=
(y +
)n
(y + )n =
=
7) If and are the roots of the equation

x2 2px + (p 2 + q2) = 0 and tan =
show that
Solution :
= qn1
tan =
(y +
y+p=
=
y=
=
(y + )n =
) + i sin(
+ i sin
qn
=
=
=
=
= qn1
8) If and are the roots of the equation

x2 2x + 4 = 0. Prove that
n n = i2n+1sin and deduct 9 9

Solution: i
bn
2n
n n
2n
(cos
2n
) + i sin (
= 2 ( cos + i sin )
(cos
= cos (
= 2 ( cos i sin )
;k = 0, 1, 2
+ isin
i sin
, k = 0, 1, 2, 3
When k = 0,
When k = 1,
2i sin
When k = 2,
= i 2n+1sin
When k = 3,
n=9
9 9 = i 29+1 sin
and hence
prove that the product of the values is 1
Solution :
x2 2x + 4 =0
x=1i
b = 1 i
= 1+ i
)], k = 0, 1, 2
consider
2 ( cos
(y + )n =
[ cos(
Solution :x2 2px + (p2 + q2) = 0 x = p qi

Let = p + qi and = p qi = 2iq
)n
+ i sin )
Product =
9 9 = 0
28
=1
12) Solve the equation x9 + x5 x4 1 =0

Solution :
x9 + x5 x4 1 = 0
x5(x4 + 1) 1(x4 + 1) = 0
(x5 1)(x4 + 1) = 0
x5 1 = 0 x =
15) If
=2 cos and
(i)
= 2 cos , show that

n)
(ii)
n)
Solution:
Let x = cos
=
=
; y = cos + isin
=
, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
= cos(m n) + i sin (m n).(1)
x4 + 1 = 0 x =
= cos(m n) i sin (m n)..(2)

(1) + (2)
n)
(1) (2)
, k = 0, 1, 2, 3
n)
13) Solve the equation x7 + x4 + x3 + 1 = 0

Solution :
Given x7 + x4 + x3 + 1 = 0
x4(x3 + 1)+1(x3 + 1) = 0
(x4 + 1)(x3 + 1) = 0
16) If a = cos 2 + i sin 2 , b = cos 2 + isin 2
x4 + 1= 0 x =
Solution:
i)abc=(cos2 +isin2
and c = cos 2 + i sin 2

(i)
(ii)
prove that
= 2 cos (
= 2 cos (
(cos2 +isin2
(cos2 +isin2
x=
=cos2(
, k = 0, 1, 2, 3
+i sin 2(
=cos(
+i sin (
.(1)
=cos(
i sin (
(2)
x3 + 1= 0 x =
(1)+(2)
+
x=[
=2cos(
, k = 0, 1, 2
(ii)
14) Solve the equation x4 x3 + x2 x + 1 = 0

Solution:
x4 x3 + x2 x +1 = 0
+
=
=cos2(
=0
=cos2(
= 1, x 1
(3)+(4)
x=
+ =2cos2(
x=
=2 cos2(
=
x = cos
+ isin
When k = 0, x =
, k = 0, 1, 3, 4 as x 1
+i
When k = 3, x =
When k = 4, x =
When k = 1, x =
+i
+i
+i
(The root formed by k = 2
excluded, since x 1)
29
+ i sin 2(
i sin2(
.(3)
(4)
1. Matrices and Determinants- 6 and 3 mark Questions
9.Discrete Mathematics - 6 Marks questions and answers

1) Example 9/4
p
T
T
F
F
(iii)
construct the truth table for (pq)(~q) .

q
(pq)
~q
(pq)(~q)
T
F
T
F
T
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
F
2) Example 9/4 (iv) construct the truth table for ~ [(~ p)(~ )]/
p
~p
~q
3) Example 9.5: construct the truth table for (pq)(~ r )/

p
T
T
T
T
F
F
F
F
q
T
T
F
F
T
T
F
F
r
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
(pq)
(pq)(~ r )
T
T
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
T
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
4) Example 9.6: construct the truth table for (pq) r /

p
T
T
T
T
F
F
F
F
q
T
T
F
F
T
T
F
F
r
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
(pq)
(pq) r
T
T
T
T
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
F
F
5) Exercise 9.2 7 construct the truth table for (p q ) [~ (pq )]/

p
(p q
~ (pq )]
(p q ) [~ (pq )]
6) Exercise 9.2 - 9 construct the truth table for (p q ) r /

p
(p q )
(p q ) r
T
T
T
T
T
F
T
F
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
30
T
F
F
F
F
F
T
T
F
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
T
T
F
F
T
T
T
T
F
7) Exercise 9.2-10 construct the truth table for (pq ) r /

p
(pq )
(pq ) r
T
T
T
T
F
F
F
F
T
T
F
F
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
T
F
F
F
F
F
F
T
T
T
F
T
F
T
F
8) Example 9.7: Show that ~ (p q )
(~ p) ( ~q )
p q
~ (p q )
p
T
T
F
F
q
T
F
T
F
T
T
T
F
F
F
F
T
The last columns are identical /
9) Example 9.10: (i)Show that the statement [ (~ p ) (~ q ) ] p is a tautology/

p
The last column contains only T /
is a tautology.
10) Example 9.10: (ii) show that [(~ q)p) ]q is a contradiction/

p
The last column contains only F /
31
is a contradiction.
11) Example 9.11: use the truth table to determine whether the statement [(~ p)q] [ p (~q
)]is a tautology/
p
The last column contains only T / the given statement is a tautology.

12) EXERCISE 9.3 (i) Use the truth table to establish the following statement is a tautology or a
contradiction
[(~ p) q ) ] p.
p
(~ p) q )
(~ p) q ) ] p
q
T
is a contradiction.
13) EXERCISE 9.3 (ii) Use the truth table to establish the following statement is a tautology or a
contradiction
(p q ) [~ (p q ) ]
p
is a tautology.
14) EXERCISE 9.3 (iii) Use the truth table to establish the following statement is a tautology or a
contradiction
[ p (~q ) ] [ ( ~ p ) q ]/
p
T
T
F
F
q
T
F
T
F
F
F
T
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
F
T
F
T
T
is a tautology.
T
T
T
T
15) EXERCISE 9.3 ( iv) Use the truth table to establish the following statement is a tautology or a
contradiction
q [p (~q ) ] /
p
T
T
F
F
q
T
F
T
F
F
T
F
T
32
T
T
F
T
is a tautology.
T
T
T
T
16) EXERCISE 9.3 (v) Use the truth table to establish the following statement is a tautology or a
contradiction
[ p ( ~p ) ] [ (~ q) p ] /
p
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
F
F
T
T
F
T
F
T
(~ q) p
[ p ( ~p ) ] [ (~ q) p ]
F
T
F
T
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
is a contradiction.
17) EXERCISE 9.3 - 2. Show that p q (~ p ) q.

p
T
T
F
F
q
T
F
T
F
T
F
T
T
p
q
T
T
T
F
F
T
F
F
The last columns are identical / p q
F
F
T
T
(~ p ) q .
T
F
T
T
18) EXERCISE 9.3 - 3. Show that p q ( p q ) ( q p ).

p
q
p q
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
F
T
p q
q p
(p q)(q p)
T
T
T
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
T
F
F
F
T
T
The last columns are identical / p q ( p q ) ( q p ) .
T
F
F
T
19) EXERCISE 9.3 - 4. Show that p q[ (~ p ) q ) ][ (~q ) p ) ].

p
q
p q
T
T
F
F
p
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
F
T
F
F
T
q
T
F
F
T
T
F
F
T
F
T
T
T
F
T
F
F
T
T
T
T
The last columns are identical / p q [ (~ p ) q ) ][ (~q ) p ) ];.
33
T
F
F
T
20) EXERCISE 9.3 - 5. Show that ~ (pq ) (~p)(~q ).

p
(pq
~ (pq )
The last columns are identical / ~ (pq ) (~p)(~q ) .
21) EXERCISE 9.3 - 6.Show that

p
T
T
F
F
and
q
T
F
T
F
are not equivalent.

T
F
T
T
T
T
F
T
/ p q and q p are not equivalent.

22). EXERCISE 9.3 - 7. Show that (pq)
( p q) is a tautology.
pq
p q
The last column contains only T / (pq)
34
( p q)
(pq)
( p q) is a tautology .
23).Group:
Definition :
A non-empty set G, together with an operation * i.e., (G, *) is said to be a
group if it satisfies the following axioms
(1) Closure axiom : a, b G a * b G
(2) Associative axiom : a, b, c G, (a * b) * c = a * (b * c)
(3) Identity axiom : There exists an element e G such that a * e = e * a = a, a G.
( 4) Inverse axiom : a G there exists an element a1G such that a1 * a = a * a1 = e.

e is called the identity element of G and a1 is called the inverse of a in G.
24) State and prove cancellation laws of a group:

Proof
Let G be a group. Then for all a, b, c G.
(i)
(Left Cancellation Law)
(ii)
(Right Cancellation Law)
Proof:
(i)
(ii)
(
b
25) State and prove reversal law of inverses of a group.

Proof:
Let G be a group a, b G. Then
It is enough to prove
is the inverse of
To prove (i)
(ii)
=e
=
=
=
=
=
is the inverse of
i.e.,
=
26) Prove that (Z,+) is an infinite abelian group.
Solution :
Z = set of all integers
Closure axiom
Sum of 2 integers is also an integer
Associative axiom
Usual addition is always associative
Identity axiom
0 Z is the identity element
Inverse axiom
is the inverse of
Commutative axiom Addition is always commutative
Z contain infinite number of elements.
(Z,+) is an infinite abelian group.
35
27)Example 9.13: (R {0}, . ) is an infinite abelian group.

Solution:
Closure axiom
Product of two non zero real numbers is also a non zero real
number.
Associative axiom
Usual multiplication is always associative
Identity axiom
1 R {0} is the identity element
Inverse axiom
1/a R {0} is the inverse of a R {0}
Commutative axiom Multiplication is always commutative
R {0} contain infinite number of elements.
(R {0},.) is an infinite abelian group.
28)Show that the cube roots of unity forms a finite abelian group under
multiplication.
Solution :
1
1
1
1
Closure axiom
Associative axiom
Identity axiom
Inverse axiom
from the table closure axiom is true

1 is the identity element
The inverse of 1 is 1
The inverse of is
The inverse of
is
Multiplication is always commutative
G is finite group. (G,.) is a finite abelian group
Commutative axiom
29)Show that the fourth roots of unity forms a finite abelian group under multiplication.
Solution :
1
-1
i
-i
1
1
-1
i
-i
Closure axiom
Associative axiom
Identity axiom
Inverse axiom
Commutative axiom
-1
-1
1
-i
i
i
i
-i
-1
1
-i
-i
i
1
-1
from the table closure axiom is true

1 is the identity element
The inverse of 1 is 1
The inverse of -1is -1
The inverse of i is i
The inverse of -i is i
Multiplication is always commutative
G is finite group. (G,.) is a finite abelian group
36
30) Example 9.16 : Prove that (C, +) is an infinite abelian group.

Solution:
(i) Closure axiom : Sum of two complex numbers is always a complex number.
(ii) Associative axiom : Addition is always associative in C
(iii) Identity axiom : o C is the identity element .
(iv) Inverse axiom : z C is the inverse of z C
(v) Commutative property : Addition of complex numbers is always commutative
Since C is an infinite set (C, +) is an infinite abelian group.
31) Example 9.17 : Show that the set of all non-zero complex numbers is an abelian
group under the usual multiplication of complex numbers.
Solution:
(i) Closure axiom : Let G = C {0} Product of two non-zero complex
numbers is again a non-zero complex number.
(ii) Associative axiom :Multiplication is always associative.
(iii) Identity axiom : 1 G is the identity element .
(iv) Inverse axiom :
1/z G is the inverse of z G.
(v) Commutative property : Multiplication of complex numbers is always commutative.
(C-{0} , .) is an abelian.
32) Example 9.19 : Show that the set of all 2 2 non-singular matrices forms a non-abelian infinite group
under matrix
multiplication, (where the entries belong to R).
Solution:Let G be the set of all 2 2 non-singular matrices, where the entries belong to R.
(i) Closure axiom : Since product of two non-singular matrices is again non-singular and the
order is 2 2,
the closure axiom is satisfied.
(ii) Associative axiom : Matrix multiplication is always associative
and hence associative axiom is true.
(iii) Identity axiom :
is the identity element .
(iv) Inverse axiom : the inverse of A G, exists i.e. A1 exists and is of order 2 2 .
Thus the inverse axiom is satisfied.
Hence the set of all 2 2 non-singular matrices forms a group under matrix
multiplication. Further, matrix multiplication is non-commutative and the set
contain infinitely many elements.
The group is an infinite non-abelian group.
33) Example 9.21 : Show that the set G=

group, under multiplication of matrices.
Solution :
1

0
0
,
1
-1
0
,
1
1 0
,
0 -1
Let
- 1 0

0 - 1 form an abelian
.
I
(i) Closure axiom : All the entries in the multiplication table are members of G.
37

(ii) associative axiom : Matrix multiplication is always associative
(iii) identity axiom : I is the identity element in G.
(iv) inverse axiom : I is the inverse of I
A is the inverse of A
B is the inverse of B
C is the inverse of C
From the table it is clear that . is commutative. G is an abelian group
under matrix multiplication.
3 Mark Questions:34. Theorem : In a group G, (a1)1 = a for every a G.

Proof :
We know that a 1 G and hence (a1)1 G. Clearly a * a1 = a1 * a = e
a1*(a1)1= (a1)1* a1 = e
a * a1 = (a1)1* a1
a = (a1)1 (by Right Cancellation Law)
35. Theorem :
The identity element of a group is unique.
Proof : Let G be a group. If possible let e1 and e2 be identity elements in G.
Treating e1 as an identity element we have e1 * e2 = e2
(1)
Treating e2 as an identity element, we have e1 * e2 = e1
(2)
From (1) and (2), e1 = e2

Identity element of a group is unique.
36. Theorem :
The inverse of each element of a group is unique.
Proof :
Let G be a group and let a G.
If possible, let a 1 and a 2 be two inverses of a.
Treating a 1 as an inverse of a we have a * a 1 = a1 * a = e.
Treating a 2 as an inverse of a, we have a * a2 = a2 * a = e
Now a1 = a1 * e = a 1 * (a * a2) = (a1 * a) * a2 = e * a2 = a 2
Inverse of an element is unique.
Do it your self:-
Example 9.4:
Construct the truth table for the following statement:
(i) ( (~ p ) (~ q ) )
EXERCISE 9.2
(ii) ~ ( (~ p ) q
Construct the truth table for the following statement:

(1) p (~ q )
(7) ( p q ) (~ q )
(4) ( p q ) (~ p )
(2) (~ p ) (~ q )
(5) ( p q ) (~ q )
38
(3) ~ ( p q )
(6) ~ ( p (~ q ) )
XII Maths (Book Back 1 Mark Questions)

Unit 1 Matrix and Determinents
1.
The rank of the matrix
is
1) 1
2) 2
3) 3
2.
The rank of the diagonal matrix
3.
1) 0
2) 2
If A = [2 0 1], then the rank of the A AT
1) 1
2) 2
4.
If A =
4) 4
is
3) 3
4) 5
3) 3
4) 0
3) 1
4) 2
then the rank of the A AT
1) 3
2) 0
5.
If the rank of the matrix
6.
1) 1
2) 2
3) 3
If A is a scalar matrix with scalar k 0, of order 3, then A1 is
1)
7.
is 2, then is
2)
If the matrix
If A=
4) kI
2) k = 4
3) k 4
4) k 4
2)
3)
4)
3) | A |n1
4) | A |
3)
4)
, then (adj A)A =
1)
9.
3)
has an inverse then the values of k
1) k is any real number

8.
4) any real number
If A is a square matrix of order n, then | adjA | is

1) | A |2
2) | A |n
10. The inverse of the matrix

1)
is
2)
11. If A is a matrix of order 3, then det (k A)

1) k3(detA)
2) k2(detA)
3) k(detA)
4) (detA)
12. If I is the unit matrix of order n, where k 0 is a constant, then adj(kI) =
1) kn(adjI)
2) k(adjI)
3) k2 (adjI)
4) kn - 1(adjI)
13. If A and B are any two matrices such that AB = O and A is non-singular, then
1) B = O
2) B is singular
3) B is non-singular
4) B = A
14. If A =
then A12 is
1)
15. The inverse of
1)
2)
3)
4)
is
2)
3)
39
4)
16. In a system of 3 linear non-homogenous equation with three unknowns, if = 0 and x = 0, y 0 and
z = 0
then the system has
1) unique solution
2) two solutions
3) infinitely many solutions
4) no
solution
17. The system of equations ax + y + z = 0, x + by + z = 0, x + y + cz = 0 has a non-trivial solution, then
=
1) 1
18. If
2) 2
aex
bey =
c,
pex
1)
qey =
3) 1
d and 1 =
, 2 =
2)
4) 0
, 3 =
, then the value of (x, y) is
4)
3)
19. If the equation 2x + y + z = l, x 2y + z = m, x + y 2z = nsuch that l + m + n = 0, then the system has

1) a non-zero unique solution
2) trivial solution 3) infinitely many solution
4)
No solution
Unit 2 Vector Algebra

20. If
is a non-zero vector and m is a non-zero scalar then m
1) m = 1
21. If
2) a = | m |
2) =
and
2)
=
)+
1) u is an unit vector
24. If
4) a =1
= 0, |
| = 3, |
)+
=
3)
4)
4)
and
4)
and a + b + c are perpendicular when

2) a = 4, b = 4, c = 5
3) a = 4, b = 4, c = 5
1) 10
2) 6
4) a = 2, b = 3, c = 4
and a side 3 + 4
3)
is
4) 3
then
1) is parallel to 2) is perpendicular to
3) | | = | |
28. If , and + are vectors of magnitude then the magnitude of
1) 2
2)
)+
1) =
parallel
30. If
is
3)
26. The area of the parallelogram having a diagonal 3 +
29. If
. is equal to
( ) then
2)
27. If
then
| = 4, | | = 5 then the angle between
1)
25. The vectors 2 + 3 + 4
1) a = 2, b = 3, c = 4
4) =
3) 2
2)
) is a unit vector if
3) =
include an angle 120 and their magnitude are 2 and
1)
23. If
3) a =
are two unit vectors and is the angle between them, then (
1) =
22. If
is a unit vector, if
=2 + +
2)
,
3)
( )=
3)
= +3 +2
1) 5
31. The projection of
)+
and
and
is
are unit vectors
4) 1
then
are parallel 4)
or
or
and
are
then the area of the quadrilateral PQRS is
2) 10
on a unit vector
4)
3)
4)
equals thrice the area of parallelogram OPRQ. Then
is
1) tan1
32. If the projection of
2) cos1
on
3) sin1
and the projection of
is
40
on
4) sin1
are equal then the angle between
+ and
1)
2)
33. If
3)
( ) = ( ) for non-coplanar vectors
4)
,
then
1) parallel to
2) parallel to
3) parallel to
4) + + =
34. If a line makes 45, 60 with positive direction of axes x and y then the angle it makes with the z axis
is
1) 30
2) 90
3) 45
4) 60
35. If [
1) 32
] = 64 then [
2) 8
36. If [ +
1) 4
] = 8 then [ ,
2) 16
37. The value of [ + ,

1) 0
, , ] is
,
3) 128
4) 0
3) 32
4) 4
3) 2
4) 4
] is
+ ] is equal to
2) 1
38. The shortest distance of the point (2, 10, 1) from the plane
1) 2
2)
39. The vector (
)(
1) perpendicular to
. (3 + 4 ) = 2
3) 2
4)
) is
,
and
2) parallel to the vectors ( ) and (
3) parallel to the line of intersection of the plane containing
and
and the plane containing
and
4) perpendicular to the line of intersection of the plane containing
and
and the plane containing
and
40. If ,
value of
[
, ,
are a right handed triad of mutually perpendicular vectors of magnitude a, b, c then the
] is
1) a2b2c2
2) 0
41. If , , are non-coplanar and [ ,

1) 2
2) 3
42.
= s + t is the equation of
1) a straight line joining the points and
3) abc
,
]=[
3) 1
2) xoy plane
43. If the magnitude of the moment about the point

+ is
1) 1
then the value of a is

2) 2
4) abc
+ ,
3) yoz plane
of a force + a
3) 3
44. The equation of the line parallel to
] then [
4) 0
, ,
] is
4) zox plane
) acting through the point

4) 4
and passing through the point (1, 3. 5) in
vector form is
1)
=( +5 +3
) + t( + 3 + 5 )
2)
= ( + 3 + 5 ) + t( + 5 + 3
3)
=( +5 +
) + t( + 3 + 5 )
4)
=( +3 +5
) + t( + 5 +
)
)
45. The point of intersection of the line = ( ) + t (3 + 2 + 7 ) and the plane . ( + ) = 8 is

1) (8, 6, 22)
2) (8, 6, 22) 3) (4, 3, 11)
4) ( 4, 3, 11)
46. The equation of the plane passing through the point (2, 1, 1) and the line of intersection of the
planes
. ( + 3 ) = 0 and . ( + 2 ) = 0 is
1) x + 4y z = 0
2) x + 9y + 11z = 0
47. The work done by the force
= + +
3) to the point B(4, 4, 4) is
1) 2 units
2) 3 units
3) 2x + y z + 5 = 0
4) 2x y + z = 0
acting on a particle, if the particle is displaced from A(3, 3,

3) 4 units
41
4) 7 units
48. If
= 2 +3
and
=3 +
1)
+2
then a unit vector perpendicular to
2)
3)
and
1) (0, 0, 4)
2) (1, 0, 0)
50. The point of intersection of the lines
3) (0, 2, 0)
) + t (2 + + ) and
2) (1, 2, 1)
is
and
2)
is
3)
52. The shortest distance between the parallel lines

1) 3
4) (1, 2, 0)
= (2 + 3 + 5 ) + 5( + 2 + 3 )
3) (1, 1, 2)
4) (1, 1, 1)
51. The shortest distance between the lines

1)
2) 2
4)
and
3) 1
53. The following two lines are
is
4)
49. The point of intersection of the lines
= ( + 2 + 3
1) (2, 1, 1)
and
is
4) 0
and
1) parallel
2) intersecting
3) skew
4) perpendicular
54. The centre and radius of the sphere given by x2 + y2 + z2 6x + 8y 10z +1 = 0 is
1) ( 3, 4, 5), 49
2) (6, 8, 10) 1
3) (3, 4, 5), 7
4) (6, 8, 10), 7
Unit 3 Complex Numbers

55. The value of
is
1) 2
2) 0
3) 1
4) 1
56. The modulus and amplitude of the complex number [e3 - i/4 ]3 are respectively
1) e9 ,
2) e9 ,
3) e6 ,
4) e9 ,
57. If (m 5) + i(n + 4) is the complex conjugate of (2m + 3) + i(3n 2) then (n, m) are
1)
2)
58. If x2 + y2 = 1 then the value of

1) x iy
3)
4)
3) 2 iy
4) x + iy
is
2) 2x
59. The modulus of the complex number 2 + i
is
1)
2)
3)
4) 7
60. If A + iB = (a1 + ib1) (a2 + ib2) (a3 + ib3) then A2 + B2 is
1) a12 + b12 + a22 + b22 + a32 + b32
2) (a1 + a2 + a3 )2 + (b1 + b2 + b3 )2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3) (a1 + b1 ) (a2 + b2 ) (a3 + b3 ) 4) (a12 + a22 + a32) (b12 + b22 + b32)
61. If a = 3 + i and z = 2 3i then the points on the Argand diagram representing az, 3az and az are
1) Vertices of a right angled triangle
2) Vertices of an equilateral triangle
3) Vertices of an isosceles triangle
4) Collinear
62. The points z1, z2, z3, z4 in the complex plane are the vertices of a parallelogram taken in order if
and only if
1) z1 + z4 = z2 + z3 2) z1 + z3 = z2 + z4
3) z1 + z2 = z3 + z4
4) z1 z2 = z3 z4
63. If z represents a complex number then arg(z) + arg( ) is
1) /3
2) /2
3) 0
4) /4
64. If the amplitude of a complex number is /2 then the number is
1) purely imaginary
2) purely real
3) 0
4) neither real nor
imaginary
65. If the point represented by the complex number iz is rotated about the origin through the angle /2
in the counter clockwise direction, then the complex number representing the new position is
1) iz
2) iz
3) z
4) z
25
3
66. The polar form of the complex number ( i ) is --------1) cos + i sin
2) cosp + isinp
3) cosp isinp 4) cos isin
42
67. If P represents the variable complex number z and if | 2z 1| = 2| z | then the locus of P is
1) the straight line x = 1/4
2) the straight line y = 1/4
3) the straight line z = 1/2
3) the circle x2 + y2 4x 1 =0
68.
=
1) cosq+i sinq
69. If zn = cos + isin
2) cosq i sinq
3) sinq icosq
4) sin + icosq
then z1, z2 .z6 is
1) 1
2) 1
3) i
70. If lies in the third quadrant, then z lies in the --------1) first quadrant
2) second quadrant
3) third quadrant
4) i
4) fourth quadrant
71. If x = cos + isin, the value of xn +

1) 2 cosn
2) 2 i sin n
3) 2 sin n
4) 2 icosn
72. If a = cos i sin , b = cos i sin , c = cos i sin then (a2 c2 b2) / abc is
1) cos 2( + ) + i sin 2( + ) 2) 2 cos ( + )
3) 2i sin ( + )
4) 2 cos (
+ )
73. z1 = 4 + 5i, z2 = 3 + 2i, then
1)
is
2)
3)
4)
74. The value of i + i22 + i23 + i24 + i25 is

1) i
2) i
3) 1
4) 1
75. The conjugate of i 13 + i14 + i15 + i16 is

1) 1
2) 1
3) 0
4) i
76. If i + 2 is one root of the equation ax2 bx+ c = 0, then the other root is
1) i 2
2) i 2
3) 2 + i
77. The quadratic equation whose roots are i is
1) x2 + 7 = 0
2) x2 7 = 0
78. The equation having 4 3i and 4 + 3i as roots is
1) x2 + 8x + 25 = 0
2) x2 + 8x 25 = 0
79. If
4) 2i + i
3) x2 + x + 7 = 0
4) x2 x 7 = 0
3) x2 8x + 25 = 0
4) x2 8x 25 = 0
is the root of the equation ax2 + bx + 1 = 0, where a, b are real then (a, b) is
1) (1, 1)
2) (1, 1)
3) (0, 1)
2
80. If i + 3 is a root of x 6x + k = 0, then the value of k is
4) (1, 0)
1) 5
2)
3)
4) 10
2
4
2
4
81. If is a cube root of unity then the value of (1 + ) + (1+ ) is
1) 0
2) 32
3) 16
4) 32
82. If is the nth root of unity then
1) 1+ 2 + 4 + = + 3 + 5 +
2) n = 0
3) n = 1
4) = n 1
83. If is the cube root of unity then the value of (1 ) (1 2) (1 4) (1 8) is
1) 9
2) 9
3) 16
4) 32
Unit 4 Analytical Geometry
84. The axis of the parabola y2 2y + 8x 23 = 0 is

1) y = 1
2) x = 3
3) x = 3
4) y = 1
85. 16x2 3y2 32x 12y 44 = 0 represents
1) an ellipse
2) a circle
3) a parabola
4) a hyperbola
86. The line 4x + 2y = c is a tangent to the parabola y2 = 16x then c is
1) 1
2) 2
3) 4
4) 4
2
87. The point of intersection of the tangents at t1 = tand t2 = 3tto the parabola y = 8x is
1) (6t2, 8t)
2) (8t, 6t 2)
3) (t2, 4t)
4) (4t, t2)
2
88. The length of the latus rectum of the parabola y 4x + 4y +8 = 0
1) 8
2) 6
3) 4
4) 2
43
89. The diretrix of the parabola y2 = x + 4 is

1) x =
2) x =
3) x =
4) x =
90. The length of the latus rectum of the parabola whose vertex is (2, 3) and the diretrix is x = 4 is
1) 2
2) 4
3) 6
4) 8
91. The focus of the parabola x2 = 16y is
1) (4, 0)
2) (0, 4)
3) ( 4, 0)
4) (0, 4)
92. The vertex of the parabola x2 = 8y 1 is
1)
2)
3)
4)
93. The line 2x + 3y + 9 = 0 touches the parabola y2 = 8x at the point

1) (0, 3)
2) (2, 4)
3)
4)
94. The tangents at the end of any focal chord to the parabola y2 = 12x is intersect on the line
1) x 3 = 0
2) x + 3 = 0
3) y + 3 = 0
4) y 3 = 0
95. The angle between the two tangents drawn from the point ( 4, 4) to y2 = 16x is
1) 45
2) 30
3) 60
4) 90
96. The eccentricity of the conic 9x2 + 5y2 54x 40y + 116 = 0 is
1)
2)
3)
4)
97. The length of the semi-major and the length of semi-minor axis of the ellipse
1) 26, 12
2) 13, 24
3) 12, 26
4) 13, 12
98. The distance between the foci of the ellipse 9x2 + 5y2 =180
1) 4
2) 6
3) 8
4) 2
99. If the length of major and semi-minor axes of an ellipse are 8, 2 and their corresponding equations
are y 6 = 0 and
x + 4 = 0 then the equations of the ellipse is
1)
2)
3)
4)
100. The straight line 2x y + c = 0 is a tangent to the ellipse 4x2 + 8y2 = 32, if c is
1)
2) 6
3)36
4x2
4) 4
+ 9y2
101. The sum of the distance of any point on the ellipse

= 36 from (
1) 4
2) 8
3) 6
102. The radius of the director circle of the conic 9x2 + 16y2 = 144 is
, 0) and (
4) 18
, 0) is
1)
2) 4
3) 3
4) 5
103. The locus foot of the perpendicular from the focus to a tangent of the curve 16x2 + 25y2 = 400 is
1) x2 + y2 = 4
2) x2 + y2 = 25
3) x2 + y2 = 16
4) x2 + y2 = 9
104. The eccentricity of the hyperbola 12y2 4x 2 24x + 48y 127 = 0
1) 4
2) 3
3) 2
4) 6
105. The eccentricity of the hyperbola whose latus rectum is equal to half of its conjugate axis is
1)
2)
3)
4)
106. The difference between the focal distance of any point on the hyperbola
is 24
and the eccentricity is 2. Then the equation of the hyperbola is

1)
2)
107. The directrices of the hyperbola

1) y =
3)
x2
4(y
3)2
4)
= 16 are
2) x =
3) y =
4) x =
108. The line 5x 2y + 4k = 0 is a tangent to 4x2 y2 = 36 then k is

1)
2)
3)
109. The equation of the chord of contact of tangents from (2, 1) to the hyperbola
1) 9x 8y 72 = 0
2) 9x + 8y + 72 = 0
44
3) 8x 9y 72 = 0
4)
is
4) 8x + 9y + 72 = 0
110. The angle between the asymptotes to the hyperbola

1)
2)
111. The asymptotes to the hyperbola

1) y =
is
3)
36y2
25x2
4)
+ 900 = 0 are
2) y =
3) y =
4) y =
112. The product of the perpendiculars drawn from the point (8, 0) on the hyperbola to its asymptotes is
is
1)
2)
3)
4)
113. The locus of the point of intersection of perpendicular tangents to the hyperbola
is
1) x2 + y2 = 25
2) x2 + y2 = 4
3) x2 + y2 = 3
4) x2 + y2 = 7
114. The eccentricity of the hyperbola with asymptotes x + 2y 5 = 0, 2x y + 5 = 0
1) 3
2)
3)
115. Length of the semi-trasverse axis of the rectangular hyperbola xy = 8 is
1) 2
2) 4
3) 16
116. The asymptotes of the rectangular hyperbola xy = c2 are
1) x = c, y = c
2) x = 0, y = c
3) x = c, y = 0
117. The co-ordinate of the vertices of the rectangular hyperbola xy = 16 are
1) (4, 4), (4, 4)
2) (2, 8), (2, 8)
3) (4, 0), (4, 0)
118. One of the foci of the rectangular hyperbola xy = 18 is
1) (6, 6)
2) (3, 3)
3) (4, 4)
119. The length of the latus rectum of the rectangular hyperbola xy= 32 is
1) 1)
2) 32
3) 8
4) 2
4) 8
4) x = 0, y = 0
4) (8, 0), (8, 0)
4) (5, 5)
4) 16
120. The area of the triangle formed by the tangent at any point on the rectangular hyperbola xy = 72 and
its asymptotes is
1) 36
2) 18
3) 72
4) 144
121. The normal to the rectangular hyperbola xy = 9 at
1)
1.
2.
3.
2)
6.
3) 16
1) 2r
3) r2
2) 2r
4) 21
4)
The velocity v of a particle moving along a straight line when at a distance x from the origin is given
by a + bv2 = x2 where a andb are constants. Then the acceleration is
2)
3)
4)
A spherical snowball is melting in such a way that its volume is decreasing at a rate of 1 cm3 / min.
The rate at which the diameter is decreasing when the diameter is 10 cm is
cm / min
2)
cm / min
3)
cm / min
4)
The slope of the tangent to the curve y = 3x2 + 3sin x at x = 0

1) 3
2) 2
3) 1
4) 1
2
The slope of the normal to the curve y = 3x at the point whose x coordinate is 2 is
1)
7.
4)
Unit 5 Differential Calculas and its Applications I
1)
5.
3)
The gradient of the curve y = 2x3 +3x + 5 at x = 2 is

1) 20
2) 27
The rate of change of area A of a circle of radius r is
1)
4.
meets the curve again at
2)
3)
4)
The point on the curve y = 2x2 6x 4 at which the tangent is parallel to the x- axis is
1)
2)
3)
45
4)
cm / min
8.
The equation of the tangent to the curve y =

1) 5y + 3x = 2
9.
at the point (1, 1/5) is
2) 5y 3x = 2
3) 3x 5y = 2
4) 3x +3y = 2
The equation of the normal to the curve = at the point (3, 1/3) is
1) 3 = 27t 80
2) 5 = 27t 80
10. The angle between the curves

1)
3) 3 = 27t + 80
and
4) =
is
2)
3)
4)
11. The angle between the curve y = emx and y = emxfor m> 1 is
1) tan1
2) tan1
3) tan1
4) tan1
12. The parametric equations of the curve x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3 are
1) x = a sin3 ; y = a cos3
2) x = a cos3 ; y = a sin 3
3
3
3) x = a sin ; y = a cos
4) x = a3cos ; y = a3 sin
2/3
2/3
13. If the normal to the curve x + y = a2/3 makes an angle with the x- axis then the slope of the
normal is
1) cot
2) tan
3) tan
4) cot
14. If the length of the diagonal of a square is increasing at the rate of 0.1 cm /sec. What is the rate of
increase of its area when the side is
1) 1.5 cm2/sec
cm?
2) 3 cm2/sec
3) 3
cm2/sec
4) 0.15 cm2/sec
15. What is the surface area of a sphere when the volume is increasing at the same rate as its radius
1) 1
2)
16. For what values of x is the rate of increase of

1)
3) 4
x3
2x2
2)
4)
+3x +8 is twice the rate of increase of x

3)
4)
17. The radius of a cylinder is increasing at the rate of 2 cm /sec and its altitude is decreasing at the rate
of 3 cm /sec. The rate of change of volume when the radius is 3 cm and the altitude is 5 cm is
1) 23
2) 33
3) 43
4) 53
3
18. If y = 6x x and x increases at the rate of 5 units per second, the rate of change of slope when x = 3 is
1) 90 units / sec
2) 90 units / sec
3) 180 units / sec
4) 180 units / sec
19. If the volume of an expanding cube is increasing at the rate of 4 cm3 /sec then the rate of change of
surface area when the volume of the cube is 8 cubic cm is
1) 8 cm2/sec
2) 16 cm2/sec
3) 2 cm2/sec
4) 4 cm2/sec
2
20. The gradient of the tangent to the curve y = 8 + 4x - 2x at the point where the curve cuts the y-axis is
1) 8
2) 4
3) 0
4) 4
21. The angle between the parabolas y2 = x and x2 = y at the origin is
1) 2tan1
2) tan1
3)
4)
22. For the curve x = etcost; y = et sin t the tangent line is parallel to the x-axis when t is equal to
1)
2)
3) 0
4)
23. If the normal makes an angle with positive x-axis then the slope of the curve at the point where the
normal is drawn is
1) cot
2) tan
3) tan
4) cot
24. The value of a so that the curves y = 3ex and y = ex intersect orthogonally is
1) 1
25. If s =
1)
t3
2) 1
4t2
m/sec
3)
4) 3
+ 7, the velocity when the acceleration is zero is

2) m/sec
3)
46
m/sec
4) m/sec
26. If the velocity of a particle moving along a straight line is directly proportional to the square of its
distance from a fixed point on the line. Then its acceleration is proportional to
1) s
2) s2
3) s3
4) s4
2
27. The Rolles constant for the function y = x on [ 2, 2] is
1)
2) 0
3) 2
4) 2
28. The c of Lagranges Mean Value Theorem for the function f(x) = x2 + 2x 1 ;a = 0, b = 1 is
1) 1
2) 1
3) 0
4)
29. The value of cinRolles Theorem for the function f(x) = cos on [, 3] is
1) 0
2) 2
3)
30. The value c of Lagranges Mean Value Theorem for the function f(x) =
4)
when a = 1and b = 4 is
1)
2)
3)
4)
1) 2
2) 0
3)
4) 1
1)
2) 0
3) log
4)
31.
32.
33. If f(a) = 2; f(a) = 1; g(a) = 1; g(a) = 2 then the value of

1) 5
2) 5
3) 3
34. Which of the following function is increasing in (0, )
1) ex
2)
35. The function of f(x) = x2 5x + 4 is increasing in

1) ( , 1)
2) (1, 4)
36. The function of f(x) = x2 is decreasing in
1) ( , )
2) (, 0)
is
4) 3
3) x2
4) x 2
3) (4, )
4) everywhere
3) (0, )
4) ( 2, )
37. The function y = tan x x is

1) an increasing function in
2) a decreasing function in
3) increasing in
4) decreasing in
and decreasing in
and increasing in
38. In a given semi circle of diameter 4 cm a rectangle is to be inscribed. The maximum area of the
rectangle is
1) 2
2) 4
3) 8
4) 16
39. The least possible perimeter of a rectangle of area 100 m2 is
1) 10
2) 20
3) 40
4) 60
40. If f(x) = x2 4x + 5 on [0, 3] then the absolute maximum value is
1) 2
2) 3
3) 4
4) 5
41. The curve y = ex is
1) concave upward for x>0
2) concave downward for x>0
3) everywhere concave upward
4) everywhere concave downward
42. Which of the following curves is concave downward?
1) y = x2
2) y = x2
3) y = ex
4) y = x2 + 2x 3
4
43. The point of inflexion of the curve y = x is at
1) x = 0
2) x = 3
3) x = 12
4) nowhere
44. The curve y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d has a point of inflexion at x = 1 then
1) a + b = 0
2) a + 3b = 0
3) 3a + b = 0
4) 3a + b = 1
47
Unit 6 Differential Calculas and its Applications II

45. If u =
1)
xy
then
is equal to
yxy1
2) u log x
46. If
3) u log y
4) xyx1
and f = sin u then f is a homogenous function of degree
1) 0
2) 1
47. If
then
3) 2
4) 4
3) u
4) u
is equal to
1) u
2) u
48. The curve y2 (x 2) = x2 (1 + x) has

1) an asymptote parallel to x-axis
2) an asymptote parallel to y-axis
3) asymptotes parallel to both axes 4) no asymptote
49. If x = rcos ;y = rsin , then
is equal to
1) sec
2) sin
3) cos
4) cosec
50. Identify the true statements in the following
(i) If a curve is symmetrical about the origin, then it is symmetrical about both axes
(ii) If a curve is symmetrical about both the axes, then it is symmetrical about the origin
(iii) A curve f(x, y) = 0 is symmetrical about the line y = x if f(x, y) = f(y, x)
(iv) For the curve f(x, y) = 0, if f(x, y) = f(y, x), then it is symmetrical about the origin
1) (ii), (iii)
2) (i), (iv)
3) (i), (iii)
4) (ii), (iv)
51. If
then
is
1) 0
2) u
3) 2u
4) u1
52. The percentage error in the 11th root of the number 28 is approximately ______ times the percentage
error in 28
1)
2)
3) 11
4) 28
53. The curve a2y2 = x2 (a2 x2) has

1) only one loop between x = 0 and x = a
2) two loops between x = 0 and x = a
3) two loops between x = a and x = a
4) no loop
54. An asymptote to the curve y2 (a + 2x) = x2 (3a x) is
1) x = 3a
2) x = a/2
3) x = a/2
4) x = 0
2
2
55. In which region the curve y (a + x) = x (3a x) does not lie
1) x> 0
2) 0 <x < 3a
3) x a and x> 3a
4) a<x < 3a
56. If u = y sin x then
is equal to
1) cosx
57. If
2) cosy
then
3) sin x
4) 0
3) 2u
4) u
3) y = x
4) both the axes
3) x = 0,x = a
4) x = 0
is equal to
1) 0
2) 1
58. The curve 9y2 = x2 (4 x2) is symmetrical about
1) y-axis
2) x-axis
2
2
59. The curve ay = x (3a x) cuts the y-axis at
1) x = 3a,x = 0
2) x = 0,x = 3a
Unit 7 Integral Calculas and its Applications

60. The value of
1)
is
2)
61. The value of

1)
3) 0
4)
3)
4)
is
2) 0
48
62. The value of

1)
is
2)
3)
4)
2) 2
3) log 2
4) log 4
2) 3/16
3) 0
4) 3/8
3) 0
4)
63. The value of
is
1) 0
64. The value of
is
1) 3/16
65. The value of
is
1)
2)
66. The value of
is
1)
2) /2
3) /4
67. The area bounded by the line y = x, the x-axis, the ordinates x =1, x = 2 is
1)
2)
4) 0
3)
4)
68. The area of the region bounded by the graph of y = sin x and y = cosx between x = 0 and x = is
1)
+1
2)
69. The area between the ellipse
3) 2
4) 2
and its auxillary circle is
1) b(a b)
2) 2a(a b)
3) a(a b)
70. The area bounded by the parabola y2 = x and its latus rectum is
1)
2)
4)
about the minor axis is
2) 64
72. The volume, when the curve y =

1) 100
4) 2b(a b)
3)
71. The volume of the solid obtained by revolving

1) 48
+2
3) 32
4) 128
from x = 0 to x = 4 is rotated about x-axis
2)
3)
4)
73. The volume generated when the region bounded by y = x, y = 1, x = 0 is rotated about y-axis
1)
2)
3)
74. Volume of solid obtained by revolving the area of the ellipse
4)
about major and minor
axes are in the ratio

1) b2:a2
2) a2:b2
3) a:b
4) b : a
75. The volume generated by rotating the triangle with vertices at (0, 0), (3, 0) and (3, 3) about x-axis is
1) 18
2) 2
3) 36
4) 9
76. The length of the arc of the curve x2/3 + y 2/3 = 4 is
1) 48
2) 24
3) 12
4) 96
77. The surface area of the solid of revolution of the region bounded by y = 2x, x = 0 and x = 2 about xaxis is
1) 8
2) 2
3)
49
4) 4
78. The curved surface area of a sphere of radius 5, intercepted between two parallel planes of distance
2 and 4 from the centre is
1) 20
2) 40
3) 10
4) 30
Unit 8 Differential Equations

79. The integrating factor of
1) logx
+ 2 = e4x is
2) x2
3) ex
4) x
80. If cosx is an integrating factor of the differential equation

1) cot x
2) cot x
81. The integrating factor of dx + xdy = e y sec2ydy is
1) ex
2) e x
82. The integrating factor of
1) ex
3) tan x
4) tan x
3) e y
4) e y
3)
4) e x
is
2) log x
83. Solution of
+ Py = Q, then P =
+ mx = 0, where m< 0 is
1) x = cemy
2) x = ce my
84. y = cx c2 is the general solution of the
1) (y)2 xy + y = 0
2) y = 0
85. The differential equation
3) x = my + c
differential equation
3) y = c
4) x = c
4) (y)2 + xy + y = 0
+ 5y1/3 = x is
1) of order 2 and degree 1

86. The differential equation of all non-vertical lines in a plane is
1)
=0
2)
=0
3)
=m
87. The differential equation of all circles with the centre at the origin is
1) xdy + ydx = 0
2) xdy ydx = 0
3) xdx + ydy = 0
88. The integrating factor of the differential equation
1) pdx
2) Q dx
89. The complementary function of (D2 + 1)y = e2x is
1) (Ax + B) ex
2) Acosx + B sin x
4)
=m
4) xdx ydy = 0
+ py = Q
3) eQdx
4) epdx
3) (Ax + B) e2x
4) (Ax + B) ex
3) xe2x
4) e2x
90. A particular integral of (D2 4D +4)y = e2x is

1)
e2x
2) xe2x
91. The differential equation of the family of lines y = mx is

1)
=m
2) ydxxdy = 0
3)
=0
4) ydx+xdy = 0
92. The degree of the differential equation

1) 1
2) 2
3) 3
93. The degree of the differential equation
4) 6
where c is a constant is
1) 1
2) 3
3) 2
4) 2
94. The amount present in a radio active element disintegrates at a rate proportional to its amount. The
differential equation corresponding to the above statement is (k is negative)
1)
2)
= kt
3)
= kp
95. The differential equation satisfied by all the straight lines in xy plane is
50
4)
= kt
1)
96. If y =
1)
= a constant
kexthen
2)
=0
3) y +
=0
4)
+y=0
its differential equation is
= y
2)
= ky
3)
+ ky = 0
4)
= ex
97. The differential equation obtained by eliminating a and b from y = ae3x + be3x is
1)
+ ay = 0
2)
9y = 0
3)
=0
98. The differential equation formed by eliminating A and B from the relation y =
1) y2 + y1 = 0
2) y2 y1 = 0
3) y2 2y1 + 2y = 0
99. If
+ 9x = 0
(Acosx + B sin x) is
4) y2 2y1 2y = 0
then
1) 2xy + y2 + x2 = c
2) x2 + y2 x + y = c
100. If f (x) = and f (1) = 2 then f (x) is
1) (x
4)
ex
+2)
2) (x
+2)
3) x2 + y2 2xy = c
4) x2 y2 2xy = c
3) (x
4) x(
+2)
+2)
x2dy
101. On putting y =vx, the homogenous differential equation

+ y(x + y)dx = 0 becomes
1) xdv + (2v + v2)dx = 0
2) vdx + (2x + x2)dv = 0 3) v2dx (x + x2)dv = 0 4) vdv + (2x + x2)dx =
0
102. The integrating factor of the differential equation
- y tan x = cosx is
1) secx
2) cosx
3) etanx
4) cot x
2
2x
103. The P.I. of (3D + D 14)y = 13e is
1) 26xe2x
2) 13xe2x
3) xe2x
4) x2 / 2 e2x
ax
104. The particular integral of the differential equation f(D)y = e where f(D) = (D a) g(D), g(a) 0 is
1) meax
2)
3) g(a) eax
4)
Unit 9 Discrete Mathematics
105. Which of the following are statements?

(i) May God bless you
(ii) Rose is a flower (iii) Milk is white
(iv) 1 is a prime
number
1) (i), (ii), (iii)
2) (i), (ii), (iv)
3) (i), (iii), (iv)
4) (ii), (iii), (iv)
106. If a compound statement is made up of three simple statements, then the number of rows in the
truth table is
1) 8
2) 6
3) 4
4) 2
107. If p is T and q is F, then which of the following have the truth value T ?
(i) p q
(ii) ~ p q
(iii) p ~ q
(iv) p ~ q
1) (i), (ii), (iii)
2) (i), (ii), (iv)
3) (i), (iii), (iv)
4) (ii), (iii), (iv)
108. The number of rows in the truth table of ~ [ p (~ q)] is
1) 2
2) 4
3) 6
4) 8
109. The conditional statement pq is equivalent to
1) p q
2) p ~ q
3) ~ p q
4) p q
110. Which of the following is tautology?
1) p q
2) p q
3) p ~ p
4) p ~ p
111. Which of the following is contradiction?
1) p q
2) p q
3) p ~ p
112. p q is equivalent to
1) p q
2) qp
3) (pq) (qp)
113. Which of the following is not a binary operation on R?
1) a * b = ab
2) a * b = a b
114. A monoid becomes a group if it also satisfies the
1) closure axiom
2) associative axiom
115. Which of the following is not a group?
1) (Zn , +n)
2) (Z, +)
51
4) p ~ p
4) (pq)
(qp)
3) a * b =
4) a * b =
3) identity axiom
4) inverse axiom
3) (Z, .)
4) (R, +)
116. In the set of integers with operation * defined by a * b = a + b ab, the value of 3*(4*5) is is
1) 25
2) 15
3) 10
4) 5
117. The order of [7] in (Z9 , +9) is
1) 9
2) 6
3) 3
4)1
118. In the mulplicative group of cube root of unity, the order of w 2 is
1) 4
2) 3
3) 2
4)1
119. The value of [3] +11 ([5] +11 [6]) is
1) [0]
2) [1]
3) [2]
4) [3]
120. In the set of real numbers R, an operation * is defined by a * b =
is
. Then the value of (3 * 4) * 5
1) 5
2)
3) 25
4) 50
121. Which of the following is correct
1) An element of a group can have more than one inverse.
2) If every element of a group is its own inverse, then the group is abelian.
3) The set of all 2 2 real matrices forms a group under matrix multiplication
4) (a * b) 1 = a1 * b1 for all a, bG
122. The order of i in the mulplicative group of 4th roots of unity is
1) 4
2) 3
3) 2
4)1
123. In the mulplicative group of nth roots of unity, the inverse of k is (k<n)
1) 1/k
2) 1
3) nk
4) n/k
124. In the set of integers under the operation * defined by a * b = a + b 1, the identity element is
1) 0
2) 1
3) a
4) b
Unit 10 Probability Distributions

125. If
is a probability density function then the value of k is
1)
2)
3)
4)
, <x< is a p.d.f. of a continuous random variable X, then the value of A is
126. If
1) 16
2) 8
3) 4
127. A random variable X has the following probability distribution
X
P(X = x)
1/4
2a
3a
4a
5a
1/4
4) 1
thenP(1 x 4) is
1)
2)
3)
4)
128. A random variable X has the following probability mass function as follows
P(X = x)
then the value of is
1) 1
2) 2
3) 3
4) 4
129. X is a discrete random variable which takes the values 0, 1, 2 and

P(X = 0) =
, P(X = 1) =
1)
then the value of P(X = 2) is

2)
3)
4)
130. A random variable X has the following probability distribution function
X
P(X = x)
2k
2k
3k
k2
2k2
7k2 +
k
52
The value of k is
1)
2)
3)0
4) 1 or
131. Given E(X + c) = 8 and E(X c) = 12 then the value of c is

1) 2
2) 4
3) 4
4) 2
132. X is a random variable which takes the values 3, 4 and 12 with probabilities , and
. Then E(X ) is
1) 5
2) 7
3) 6
4) 3
133. Variance of random variable X is 4. Its mean is 2. Then E(X 2) is
1) 2
2) 4
3) 6
4) 8
134. 2 = 20, 2 = 276 for a discrete random variable X . Then the mean of the random variable X is
1) 16
2) 5
3) 2
4) 1
135. Var (4X + 3) is
1) 7
2) 16 Var (X)
3) 19
4) 0
136. In 5 throws of a die, getting 1 or 2 is a success. The mean number of success is
1)
2)
3)
4)
137. The mean of a binomial distribution is 5 and its standard deviation is 2. Then the value of n and p are
1)
2)
3)
4)
138. If the mean and standard deviation of a binomial distribution are 12 and 2 respectively. Then the
value of its parameter p is
1)
2)
3)
4)
139. In 16 throws of a die, getting an even number is considered a success. Then the variance of success is
1) 4
2) 6
3) 2
4) 256
140. A box contains 6 red and 4 white balls, if 3 balls are drawn at random, the probability of getting 2
white balls without replacement, is
1)
2)
3)
4)
141. If 2 cards are drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards, the probability that they are of the same
colours without replacement, is
1)
2)
3)
4)
142. If in a Poisson distribution P(X = 0) = k then the variance is

1) log
2) log k
3) e
4)
143. If a random variable X follows Poisson distribution such that E(X 2) = 30 then the variance of the
distribution is
1) 6
2) 5
3) 30
4) 25
144. The distribution function F(X) of a random variable X is --------1) a decreasing function
2) a non-decreasing function
3) a constant function
4) increasing first and then decreasing
145. For a Poisson distribution with parameter = 0.25 the value of the 2nd moment about the origin is
1) 0.25
2) 0.3125
3) 0.0625
4) 0.025
146. In a Poisson distribution if P(X = 2) = P(X = 3) then the value of its parameter is
1) 6
2) 2
3) 3
4) 0
147. If f(x) is a p.d.f. of a normal distribution with mean then

1) 1
2) 0.5
3) 0
148. The random variable X follows normal distribution f(x) =

1)
2)
3)
53
is
4) 0.25
then the value of c is
4)
149. If f(x) is a probability distribution function of a normal variateX and X ~ N(, 2) then
is
1) undefined
2) 1
3) 0.5
4)0 0.5
150. The marks scored by 400 students in a mathematics test were normally distributed with mean 65. If
120 students got more marks above 85, the number of students securing marks between 45 and 65
is
1) 120
2) 20
3) 80
4) 160
54
HSC 10 Marks Questions not asked(MARCH 06 OCOBER

2015)
(1) APPLICATION OF MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS (17)
EXERCISE 1.1.
(3)
(6)
3 - 3
Find the adjoint of the matrix A = 2 - 3
0 - 1
3 - 3
Find the inverse of the matrix A = 2 - 3
0 - 1
4
4 and verify the result A ( adj A ) = ( adj A ) A = A . I
1
4
4
1
and verify that
A 3 = A -1 .
- 1 - 2 - 2
T
1 - 2 is 3 A .
2 - 2 1
(7)
Show that the adjoint of A = 2
(9)
If A =
2 2 1
1
- 2 1 2 , prove that
3
1 - 2 2
A -1 = AT .
EXERCISE 1.2.
(3)
Solve by matrix inversion method eachof the following system of linear equations:
x + y + z = 9, 2 x + 5 y + 7z = 52, 2x + y - z = 0 .
(4)
Solve by matrix inversion method eachof the following system of linear equations:
2 x - y + z = 7, 3 x + y - 5z = 13, x + y + z = 5 .
EXERCISE 1.4
(4)
Solve the following non-homogeneous system of linear equations determinant method:
x + y + z = 4 ; x - y + z = 2 ; 2x + y - z = 1
(6)
3 x + y - z = 2 ; 2x - y + 2z = 6 ; 2x + y - 2z = -2
(7)
x + 2 y + z = 6 ; 3 x + 3 y - z = 3 ; 2 x + y - 2z = -3
EXERCISE 1.5.
(1)
Examine the consistency of the following system of equations. If it is consistent then solve the same:
(ii) solve : x - 3 y - 8 z = -10 ; 3 x + y - 4 z = 0 ; 2 x + 5 y + 6 z - 13 = 0
1
1 1
Example 1.4 : If A = 1 2 - 3 ,verify A (adj A) = (adj A ) A = A I 3
2 - 1 3
Example 1.18:
Solve the following non-homogeneous equations of three unknowns.

(2) x + y + 2z = 6 ; 3 x + y - z = 2 ; 4 x + 2 y + z = 8
Example 1.21:
Solve :
Example 1.23 :
Examine the consistency of the equations.
Example 1.25:
Verify whether the given system of equations is consistent. If it is consistent, solve them:
Example 1.27:
Solve the following homogeneous linear equations.
(4)
x + y + 2z = 4 ; 2 x + 2 y + 4 z = 8 ; 3 x + 3 y + 6 z = 12
x + y + 2z = 0 ; 3 x + 2y + z = 0 ; 2 x + y - z = 0
2x - 3y + 7z = 5 , 3 x + y - 3z = 13 , 2 x + 19 y - 47 z = 32
x - y + z = 5 , - x + y - z = -5 , 2x - 2y + 2z = 10
55
x + 2 y - 5z = 0 ,
3x + 4 y + 6 z = 0 ,
x+ y+z =0
MODEL TESTS 10 MARK Questions

TEST - 1
1. Prove by vector method that Cos (A B) = Cos A Cos B + Sin A Sin B.
2. Find the vector and cartesian equation of the plane through the point (1, 3, 2) and parallel
x +1 y + 2 z + 3
x- 2
y +1 z + 2
=
=
and
=
=
2
-1
3
1
2
2 .
to the lines
3. Find the vector and cartesian equation of the plane through the points (1, 2, 3) and (2, 3, 1)
perpendicular
to the plane 3x 2y + 4z 5 = 0 .
4. If a = i + j + k , b = 2 i + k , c = 2 i + j + k ,
d = i + j + 2k ,
Verify that ( a x b ) x ( c x d ) = [ a b d ] c [ a b c ] d .
5. Derive the equation of the plane in the intercept form.
TEST 2
6. Prove by vector method that Sin (A B) = Sin A Cos B Cos A Sin B.
7. Find the vector and cartesian equation of the plane containing the line
and parallel to the line
x - 2
y - 2
z -1
=
=
2
3
3
x + 1
y - 1
z + 1
.
=
=
3
2
1
8. Find the vector and cartesian equation of the plane containing the line
x - 2
y - 2
z -1
and passing through the point (1, 1, 1).
=
=
2
3
- 2
9. Show that the lines
x - 2 y -1 - z -1
x -1 y +1 z
and
intersect and find their
=
=
=
=
1
2
1
1
-1
3
point of intersection.
10. Find the vector and cartesian equation of the plane passing through the points with position
3 i + 4 j + 2k , 2i 2 j k and 7i + k .
vectors
TEST 3
11. Prove by vector method that Cos (A + B) = Cos A Cos B Sin A Sin B.
12. Find the vector and cartesian equations of the plane through the point (2, 1, 3) and parallel to
the lines
x - 2 y -1 z - 3
x -1
y +1
z - 2
=
=
and
=
=
.
3
2
-4
2
- 3
2
13. Find the vector and cartesian equations of the plane passing through the points ( 1, 1, 1) and
(1, 1, 1) and perpendicular to the plane x + 2y + 2z = 5.
14. If a = 2i + 3 j k , b = - 2 i + 5 k , c = j 3 k , Verify that a x ( b x c ) = ( a . c ) b
(a .b)c .
15. Prove by vector method that the Altitudes of a triangle are concurrent.
56
TEST 4
16. Prove by vector method that Sin (A + B) = Sin A Cos B + Cos A Sin B.
17. Find the vector and cartesian equation to the plane through the point ( 1, 3, 2) and perpendicular
to
the planes x + 2y + 2z = 5 and 3x + y + 2z = 8.
18. Find the vector and cartesian equations of the plane passing through the points A( 1, 2, 3) and
B( 1, 2, 1)
and is parallel to the line
x - 2
y + 1
z - 1
.
=
=
2
3
4
x -1 y -1 z +1
x - 4
y
z +1
intersect and hence find
=
=
and
=
=
3
-1
0
2
0
3
the point of intersection.
19. Show that the lines
20. Find the vector and cartesian equations of the plane passing through the points (2, 2, 1), (3, 4, 2)
and (7, 0, 6).
TEST 5
21. Find the axis, vertex, focus, directrix, equation of the latus rectum, length of the latus rectum of
the parabola y 2 + 8 x - 6 y + 1 = 0 and hence draw the graph.
the parabola x
- 2 x + 8 y + 17 = 0 and hence draw the graph.
23. Find the eccentricity, centre, foci, vertices of the ellipse 16x 2 + 9y2 + 32x - 36y = 92 and draw the
diagram.
24. Find the eccentricity, centre, foci and vertices of the hyperbola 9 x 2 - 16 y 2 - 18 x - 64 y 199
= 0 and draw the diagram.
25) Show that the line x y + 4 = 0 is a tangent to the ellipse x 2 + 3 y 2 = 12 . Find the co-ordinates
of the point of contact.
TEST 6
the parabola x
- 6 x - 12 y - 3 = 0 and hence draw the graph.
27. Find the eccentricity, centre, foci, and vertices of the ellipse x 2 + 4 y 2 - 8x - 16 y - 68 = 0 and
draw the diagram.
28. Find the eccentricity, centre, foci and vertices of the hyperbola x - 3 y + 6 x + 6 y + 18 = 0 and
draw the diagram.
2
29. Find the eccentricity, centre, foci and vertices of the hyperbola
9 x 2 - 16 y 2 + 36 x + 32 y + 164 = 0 and draw the diagram.

30. Find the equation of the hyperbola if its asymptotes are parallel to x + 2y 12 = 0 and x 2y + 8
= 0. (2, 4) is the centre of the hyperbola and it passes through (2, 0).
57
TEST 7
the parabola y - 8 x + 6 y + 9 = 0 and hence draw the graph.
2
32. Find the eccentricity, centre, foci, vertices of the ellipse 36 x 2 + 4 y 2 - 72 x + 32 y - 44 = 0. and
draw the diagram.
33. Find the eccentricity, centre, foci and vertices of the hyperbola x - 4 y + 6 x + 16 y - 11 = 0
and draw the diagram.
2
34. Prove that the line 5x + 12y = 9 touches the hyperbola x 2 - 9 y 2 = 9 and find its point of contact.
35. Find the equation of the rectangular hyperbola which has for one of its asymptotes the line x + 2y
5 = 0 and passes through the points (6, 0) and ( 3, 0).
TEST 8
36.The girder of a railway bridge is in the parabolic form with span 100 ft. and the highest point on
the arch is 10ft. above the bridge. Find the height of the bridge at 10ft. to the left or right from the
midpoint of the bridge.
37. An arch is in the form of a semi ellipse whose span is 48 feet wide. The height of the arch is 20
feet. How wide is the arch at a height of 10 feet above the base?
38. A satellite is traveling around the earth in an elliptical orbit having the earth at a focus and of
eccentricity . The shortest distance that the satellite gets to the earth is 400 kms. Find the longest
distance that the satellite gets from the earth.
39. A kho kho player in a practice session while running realizes that the sum of the distances from
the two kho kho poles from him is always 8m. Find the equation of the path traced by him if the
distance between the poles is 6m.
40. A cable of a suspension bridge is in the form of a parabola whose span is 40 mts. The road way is
5 mts below the lowest point of the cable. If an extra support is provided across the cable 30 mts
above the ground level, find the length of the support if the height of the pillars are 55 mts.
TEST 9
41. On lighting a rocket cracker it gets projected in a parabolic path and reaches a maximum height of
4mts when it is 6mts away from the point of projection. Finally it reaches the ground 12mts away
from the starting point. Find the angle of projection.
42. A comet is moving in a parabolic orbit around the sun which is at the focus of a parabola. When
the comet is 80 million kms from the sun. the line segment from the sun to the comet makes an angle
of
p
radians with the axis of the orbit. Find (i) the equation of the comets orbit (ii) how close does
3
the comet come nearer to the sun? (Take the orbit as open rightward).
43. The arch of a bridge is in the shape of a semiellipse having a horizontal span of 40ft and 16ft
high at the centre. How high is the arch, 9ft from the right or left of the centre.
44. The ceiling in a hallway 20ft wide is in the shape of a semi ellipse and 18ft high at the centre. Find
the height of the ceiling 4 feet from either wall if the height of the side walls is 12 ft.
TEST 10
45. Assume that water issuing from the end of a horizontal pipe, 7.5m above the ground, describes a
Parabolic path. The vertex of the parabolic path is at the end of the pipe. At a position 2.5m below the
line of the pipe, the flow of water has curved outward 3m beyond the vertical line through the end of
the pipe. How far beyond this vertical line will the water strike the ground?
58
46. A cable of a suspension bridge hangs in the form of a parabola when the load is uniformly
distributed horizontally. The distance between two towers is 1500 ft. the points of support of the cable
on the towers are 200 ft above the road way and the lowest point the cable is 70 ft. above the roadway.
Find the vertical distance to the cable (parallel to the roadway) from a pole whose height is 122 ft.
47. The orbit of the planet mercury around the sun is in elliptical shape with sun at a focus. The semimajor axis is of length 36 million miles and the eccentricity of the orbit is 0.206. Find
(i) how close the mercury gets to sun? (ii) the greatest possible distance between mercury and
sun.
48. A ladder of length 15m moves with its ends always touching the vertical wall and the horizontal
floor. Determine the equation of the locus of a point P on the ladder, which is 6m from the end of the
ladder in contact with the floor.
--------------
59

TEST 11
1 2
0 - 1
-1
-1 -1
and B = 1 2 verify that ( AB) = B A .
1
1
1. If A =
- 1
0
- 1
2. Find the inverse of the matrix A = 2 - 2
3. (i) Find the adjoint of the matrix A = a

c
4. If
- 1 2
A=
,
1 - 4
b
d
(ii) Solve by determinant method: x + y = 3 ; 2x + 3y = 7
verify the result A (adj A) = (adj A) A = A I 2
5. (i) Solve: x + y + 2z = 0 ; 2x + y - z = 0 ; 2x + 2y + z = 0 (ii) Solve by determinant method

: x - y = 2 ; 3y = 3x - 7
6. State and prove reversal law for inverses of matrices.
- 1
- 4 2
7. (i) Find the inverse of the matrix: 2
8. Find the rank of the matrix
-2
(ii) Find the rank of the matrix - 2
3
- 6
- 1
3 1 - 5 - 1
1 - 2 1 - 5
1 5 - 7 2
9. Solve the following non-homogeneous equations of three

unknowns: x + y + 2z = 4 ; 2x + 2y + 4z = 8 ; 3x + 3 y + 6z =10
10. Solve by matrix inversion method: x + y = 3 , 2 x + 3 y = 8
TEST 12
1. Construct the truth table for the statement :
2. Construct the truth table for ( p q
3. Show that p q
( pq ) ( ~ q )
( ( ~ p ) q ) ( ( ~ q ) p )
4. Use the truth table to establish the statement
( p (~ q )) ( (~ p ) q ) is tautology or contradiction.
( (~ p ) q ) p
is tautology or contradiction.
6. Show that the cube roots of unity forms a finite abelian group under multiplication.
7. Prove that ( Z , + ) is an infinite abelian group.
8. (i) Prove that identity element of a group is unique. (ii) Prove that inverse element of an element
of a group is unique.
9. State and prove reversal law on inverse of a group.
10. Find the order of each element in the Group of fourth roots of unity under multiplication.
60
TEST 13
1 2 3
1. (i) Find the adjoint of the matrix: 0 5 0 (ii) Solve by determinant method:
2 4 3
3 x + 2y = 5 ; x + 3y = 4
2. Find the rank of the matrix
6 12 6
1 2 1
4 8 4
1 2 - 2
- 1 3 0
0 - 2 1
3. Find the inverse of the matrix A =
1 2
3 - 5
4. Find the adjoint of the matrix A =
and verify the
result A ( adj A ) = ( adj A ) A = A . I

5. Examine the consistency of the system of equations: x + y + z = 7 ; x + 2y + 3z = 18 ; y + 2z = 6
6. Solve by matrix inversion method: 7 x + 3y = -1, 2x + y = 0
2 - 1
7. If A = 5 2 and B =
7 3
- 1 1
verify that ( AB )T = B T AT
8. Solve the non-homogeneous system of linear equations by determinant method:

4 x + 5 y = 9 ; 8 x + 10 y = 18
9. If A =
and
7 3
5 2
10 For
2 - 1
B=
- 1 1
- 1 2 - 2
A = 4 - 3 4
4 - 4 5
verify that ( AB)-1 = B -1 A -1
show that A = A -1 .
TEST 14
1. Construct the truth table for the statement :
2. Construct the truth table for ( p q
( pq ) ( ~ q )
3. Show that p q ( p q ) ( q p )
4. Use the truth table to determine whether the statement
tautology.
( (~ p ) q ) ( p ( ~ q ))
is a
( p ( ~ p ) ) ( (~ q ) p ) is tautology or contradiction.
6. Prove that the set of all 4th roots of unity forms an abelian group under multiplication.
7. Show that (R - {0}, .) is an infinite abelian group. Here . denotes usual multiplication.
8. (i) Show that
(a )
-1 -1
= a " a G , a group.
(ii) Find the order of each element in the Group of cube roots of unity under multiplication.
9. State cancellation laws on groups and prove any one of them.
10. Find the order of each element in the Group
(Z 5 - {[0]},
61

TEST 1
1. If A = [2
1], then rank of AA is

(1) 1
(2) 2
(3) 3
(4) 0
2. If A is a scalar matrix with scalar k 0, of order 3, then A 1 is

(1)
1
I
k2
1
I
k3
(2)
(3)
1
I
k
(4) kI
0 0 1
3. The inverse of the matrix 0 1 0 is
1 0 0
1 0 0
(1) 0 1 0
0 0 1
- 1 0 0
0 - 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 1
(2) 0 1 0
- 1 0 0
0 0 1
(3) 0 1 0
1 0 0
(4)
2) AT
3) A
4)
4. (AT ) is equal to
-1
1) A -1
(A )
-1 T
5. If a and b are two unit vectors and q is the angle between them, then ( a + b ) is a unit vector, if
(1) q =
p
3
(2) q =
p
4
(3) q =
p
2
(4) q =
2p
3
6. The area of the parallelogram having a diagonal 3 i + j - k and a side i - 3 j + 4 k is

(1) 10 3
(2) 6 30
(3)
3
2
30
(4) 3 30
7. If a x ( b x c ) + b x ( c x a ) + c x ( a x b ) = x x y , then
(1) x = 0
(2) y = 0
(3)
x and
y are
parallel
(4) x = 0 or y = 0 or x and y are parallel.
8. If [ a x b , b x c , c x a ] = 64 ; then a , b , c is
(1) 32
(2) 8
(3) 128
(4) 0
3) 3
4) 4
9. The value of a b when a = j + 2 k and b = 2 i + k is

1) 2
2) - 2
62
10. The value of a b when a = j - 2 k and b = 2 i + 3 j - 2 k is

1) 7
2) - 7
3) 5
4) 6
11. The modulus and amplitude (argument) of the complex number

(1) e9,
p
2
(2) e9,
-p
2
(3) e6,
[e
3- i ( p / 4 ) 3
- 3p
4
are respectively
(4) e9,
- 3p
4
12. If (m 5) + i(n + 4) is the complex conjugate of (2m + 3) + i(3n 2) , then (n, m) are
,-8
2
(1) -
(2) -
1
2
1
,8
2
,8
2
(3) ,-8
(4)
13. If z represents a complex number, then arg(z) + arg( z ) is

(1)
(2)
(3) 0
(4)
p
3
14.The complex number form of 3 - - 7 is

1) - 3 + i 7
2) 3 - i 7
3) 3 - i 7
4) 3 + i 7
15.The point of intersection of the tangents at t1 = t and t2 = 3t to the parabola y2 = 8x is

(1) (6t2, 8t)
(2) (8t, 6t2)
(3) (t2 , 4t)
(4) (4t, t2)
16. The directrix of the parabola y2 = x + 4 is

(1) x =
15
4
(2) x =
15
4
(3) x =
17
4
(4) x =
17
4
17. The line 2x + 3y + 9 = 0 touches the parabola y2 = 8x at the point

(1) (0, 3)
(3) - 6 ,
(2) (2, 4)
, -6
2
(4)
18. The focus of the parabola y 2 = 4 x is

1) (0, 1)
2) (1, 1)
3) (0, 0)
4) (1, 0)
19. The slope of the tangent to the curve y = 3x2 + 3sin x at x = 0 is

(1) 3
(2) 2
(3) 1
(4) 1
20. The point on the curve y = 2x2 6x 4 at which the tangent is parallel to the x-axis is
5 - 17
2 2
(1) ,
- 5 - 17
,
2
2
(2)
- 5 17
,
2 2
(3)
3 - 17
2 2
(4) ,
21. If the normal to the curve x2/3 + y 2/3 = a 2/3 makes an angle q with the x-axis, then the slope of
the
normal is
(1) cot q
(2) tan q
(3) tan q
(4) cot q
22. Let h be the height of the tank. Then the rate of change of pressure p of the tank with
respect to height is
63
1)
dh
dt
2)
23. If u = x y , then
(1) yx y 1
dp
dt
3)
dh
dp
u
is equal to
x
(2) u log x
(2) an asymptote parallel to y-axis
(3) asymptotes parallel to both axes

p/2
(1)
dp
dh
(4) x yx 1
(3) u log y
24. The curve y2 (x 2) = x2 (1 + x) has

(1) an asymptote parallel to x-axis
25. The value of
4)
(4) no asymptotes
sin x - cos x
dx is
1 + sin x cos x
p
2
(2) 0
(3)
p
4
(4) p
26. The value of
sin
x dx is
(1)
3p
16
(2)
3
16
(3) 0
(4)
3p
8
27. The value of
sin
x cos 3 x dx is
(1) p
(2)
(3)
(4) 0
2a
28.
f (x ) dx = 0 if
1) f (2a - x ) = f (x )
2) f (2a - x) = - f (x )
3) f (x) = - f (x )
4) f (- x ) = f (x )
29. The integrating factor of the differential equation dx + xdy = e y sec2 y dy is

(2) e x
(1) ex
(4) e y
(3) ey
dx
+ 5y1/3 = x is
dy
30. The differential equation
(1) of order 2 and degree 1
31. The differential equation of all non-vertical lines in a plane is

(1)
dy
=0
dx
(2)
d2y
=0
dx 2
(3)
dy
=m
dx
32. The order and degree of the differential equation y = 4

1) 2, 1
2) 1, 2
(4)
dy
dx
+ 3x
are
dx
dy
3) 1, 2
64
d2y
=m
dx 2
4) 2, 2
33. Which of the following are statements?

(i) May God bless you
(ii) Rose is a flower
(1) (i), (ii), (iii) (2) (i), (ii), (iv)
(iii) Milk is white (iv) 1 is a prime number
(3) (i), (iii), (iv)
(4) (ii), (iii), (iv
34. Which of the following is a contradiction?

(1) p q
(2) p q
(3) p ~ p
(4) p ~ p
35. p q is equivalent to
(1) p q
(2) q
(3) (p q) (q p) (4) (p q) (q p)
36. The truth values of the following statements are

i) Chennai is in India or
irrational number
2 is an integer.
iii) Chennai is in China or

irrational number
1) T F T F
2 is an integer
0<x<3
0,
else where
3) F T F T
2 is an
4) T T F T
is a probability density function, then the value of k is
(1) 1
(2) 1
(3) 1
(4) 1
12
38. X is a discrete random variable which takes the values 0, 1, 2 and P(X = 0) =
= 1 ,
169
2 is an
iv) Chennai is in China or
2) T F F T
kx 2 ,
37. If f(x) =
ii) Chennai is in India or
144 , P(X = 1)
169
then the value of P(X = 2) is
(1) 145
(2) 24
169
169
(3) 2
169
(4) 143
169
1 1
5 . Then E(x)
and
3 4
12
39. X is a random variable taking the values 3, 4 and 12 with probabilities ,

is
(1) 5
(2) 7
(3) 6
(4) 3
40. A discrete random variable takes

1) Only a finite number of values
certain given limits
2) all possible values between
3) Infinite number of values
4) a finite or countable number of
values
---------------
65
TEST 2
1

1) If A = 2 , then the rank of AAT is

3
(1) 3
(2) 0
(3) 1
(4) 2
- 1 3 2
2) If the matrix 1 k - 3 has an inverse, then the values of k
1 4 5
(2) k = 4
(1) k is any real number
3) k 4
(4) k 4
(3) |A|n 1
(4) |A|
3) If A is a square matrix of order n, then | adj A | is

(1) | A|2
(2) |A|n
4) If A and B are matrices conformable to multiplication then (AB )T is

1) AT B T
2) B T AT
3) AB
4) BA

5) If a and b include an angle 120o and their magnitude are 2 and 3 , then a . b is equal to
(2) 3
(1) 3
(3) 2
3
2
(4) -
6) The vectors 2 i + 3 j + 4 k and a i + b j + c k are perpendicular, when
(1) a = 2, b = 3, c = 4
(2) a = 4, b = 4, c = 5
(3) a = 4, b = 4, c = 5
(4) a = 2, b = 3, c = 4
7) If PR = 2 i + j + k , QS = - i + 3 j + 2 k , then the area of the quadrilateral PQRS is

(1) 5 3
(2) 10 3
(3)
5 3
2
(4)
3
2
8) If the projection of a on b and projection of b on a are equal, then the angle between a + b and
a b is
(1)
p
2
(2)
p
3
(3)
p
4
(4)
2p
3
9) If m i + 2 j + k and 4 i - 9 j + 2 k are perpendicular then m is

1) - 4
2) 8
3) 4
4) 12
10) If 5 i - 9 j + 2 k and m i + 2 j + k are perpendicular then m is

1)
5
16
2)
-5
16
3)
66
16
5
4)
- 16
5
11) If x2 + y2 = 1, then the value of
1 + x + iy
is
1 + x - iy
(1) x iy
(2) 2x
-1 + i 3
12) The value of
100
-1 - i 3
+
(1) 2
(3) 2iy
(4) x + iy
(3) 1
(4) 1
100
is
(2) 0
13) If a = 3 + i and z = 2 3i, then the points on the Argand diagram representing az, 3az and az are
(1) vertices of a right angled triangle
(2) vertices of an equilateral triangle
(3) vertices of an isosceles triangle
(4) collinear
3
i are
2
14) Real and imaginary parts of

1) 0, 3/2
2) 3/2, 0
3) 2, 3
4) 3, 2
(3) a parabola
(4)
15) 16x2 3y2 32x 12y 44 = 0 represents

(1) an ellipse
hyperbola
(2) a circle
16) The length of the latus rectum of the parabola whose vertex is (2, 3) and the directrix x = 4 is
(1) 2
(2) 4
(3) 6
(4) 8
17) The vertex of the parabola x = 8y 1 is
(1) -
1
,0
8
,0
8
(2)
(3) 0 ,
(4) 0 , -
18) The length of the Latus Rectum of y 2 = 4 x is

1) 2
2) 3
3) 1
19) The slope of the tangent to the curve y = 3x2 + 3sin x at x = 0 is

(1) 3
(2) 2
(3) 1
20) The equation of the normal to the curve q =
(1) 3 q = 27 t 80
4) 4
(4) 1
1
at the point ( 3, 1/3) is
t
(2) 5 q = 27t 80
(3) 3 q = 27 t + 80
(4) q =
1
t
21) What is the surface area of a sphere, when the volume is increasing at the same rate as its radius?
(1) 1
(2)
1
2p
(3) 4 p
(4)
4p
3
22) If the temperature q C of the certain metal rod of l meters is given

by l = 1 + 0.00005q + 0.0000004q 2 then the rate
100C is
1) 0.00013 m C
of change of lin m / C when the temperature is
2) 0.00023 m C
3) 0.00026 m C
67
4) 0.00033 m C
x4 + y4
2
2
x +y
23) If u = sin 1
and f = sinu, then f is a homogeneous function of degree
(1) 0
(2) 1
24) If u =
x +y
1
(1) u
2
2
p/2
25) The value of
(1)
, then x
(3) 2
(4) 4
u
u
+ y
is equal to
y
x
(2) u
(3)
3
u
2
(4) u
cos 5 / 3 x
dx is
cos 5 / 3 x + sin 5 / 3 x
p
2
(2)
p
4
(3) 0
1
30
(3)
1
3
(3) 0
(4) p
x (1 - x)
26) The value of
dx is
(1)
1
12
(2)
1
24
(4)
1
20
(4)
2p
3
p /4
27) The value of
cos 2x dx is
3
(1)
2
3
(2)
28) I n = sin n x dx then I n =

1) -
1
n -1
sin n -1 x cos x +
I n-2
n
n
2) sin n -1 x cos x +
1
n
n -1
I n -2
n
3) -
1
n -1
sin n -1 x cos x I n -2
n
n
4) -
1
n -1
sin n -1 x cos x +
In
n
n
29) If cosx is an integrating factor of the differential equation

(1) cot x
(2) cotx
30) Solution of the differential equation

(1) x = cemy
dy
+ Py = Q, then P =
dx
(3) tan x
(4) tan x
dx
+ mx = 0, where m < 0 is
dy
(2) x = ce my
(3) x = my + c
(4) x = c
31) The differential equation of all circles with centre at the origin is
(1) xdy + ydx = 0
(2) xdy ydx = 0
(3) xdx + ydy = 0
32) The order and degree of the differential equation

1) 1, 1
2) 1, 2
dy
+ y = x 2 are
dx
3) 2, 1
68
(4) xdx ydy = 0
4) 0, 1
33) If a compound statement is made up of three simple statements, then the number of rows in the
truth table is
(1) 8
(2) 6
(3) 4
(4) 2
(3) ~ p q
(4) p q
34) The conditional statement p q is equivalent to

(1) p q
(2) p ~ q
35) If p is T and q is F, then which of the following have the truth value T?
(i) p q
(ii) ~ p q
(1) (i), (ii), (iii)
(iii) p ~ q
(iv) p ~ q
(2) (i), (ii), (iv)
(3) (i), (iii), (iv)
(4) (ii), (iii), (iv)
36) The truth values of the following statements are

i. Ooty is in Tamilnadu and 3 + 4 = 8
ii. Ooty is in Tamilnadu and 3 + 4 = 7
iii. Ooty is in Kerala and 3 + 4 = 7
iv. Ooty is in Kerala and 3 + 4 = 8
1) F,T,F,F
2) F,F,F,T
3) T,T,F,F
4) T,F,T,F
1
, - < x < is a p.d.f of a continuous random variable X, then the value
p 16 + x 2
37) If f(x) = A
of A is
(1) 16
(2) 8
(3) 4
(4) 1
38) A random variable X has the following probability mass function as follows:
X
P(X = x)
Then the value of
(1) 1
12
is
(2) 2
(3) 3
(4) 4
39) A random variable X has the following probability distribution

Then P(1 x 4 ) is
(1) 10
21
(2) 2
(3) 1
14
(4) 1
2
40) A continuous random variable takes

1) Only a finite number of values
certain given limits
2) all possible values between
3) Infinite number of values
4) a finite or countable number of
values
---------------
69
TEST 3
1 - 1 2
1) The rank of the matrix 2 - 2 4 is
2 - 4 8
(1) 1
(2) 2
(3) 3
(4) 4
l -1 0
2) If the rank of the matrix 0
l - 1 is 2, then l is
- 1 0 l
(1) 1
(2) 2
(3) 3
(4) any real number
3) If I is the unit matrix of order n, where k 0 is a constant, then adj(kI) =

(1) kn (adj I)
(2) k (adj I )
(3) k2 (adj I)
(4) kn 1 (adj I)
3) 0
4) 8
2 - 4
is
-1 2
4) The rank of the matrix

1) 1
2) 2
5) The shortest distance of the point (2, 10, 1) from the plane r . (3 i j + 4 k ) = 2 26 is
(1) 2 26
(2)
26
(3) 2
(4)
1
26
6) The projection of OP on a unit vector OQ equals thrice the area of parallelogram OPRQ. Then
POQ is
(1) tan 1
10
1
3
(4) sin 1 1
(3) sin 1 3
(2) cos 1
10
7) If a , b , c are a right handed triad of mutually perpendicular vectors of magnitude a, b, c. Then the

value of [ a , b , c ] is
(1) a2 b2 c2
(2) 0
(3)
1
abc
2
(4) abc
8) If a line makes 45o, 60o with positive direction of axes x and y, then the angle it makes with the z
axis is
(1) 30o
(2) 90o
(3) 45o
(4) 60o
9) The angle between the vectors i - j and j - k is

1)
p
3
2)
- 2p
3
3)
-p
3
4)
2p
3
10) If the vectors a = 3 i + 2 j + 9 k and b = i + m j + 3 k are perpendicular then m is

1) -15
2) 15
3) 30
70
4) -30
11) The polar form of the complex number (i25)3 is

(1) cos
p
p
+ isin
2
2
(2) cos p + isin p
12) If x = cos q + isin q , then the value of xn +

(1) 2 cos n q
(1)
2 22
- i
13 13
(4) cos
(3) 2 sin n q
(4) 2i cos n q
1
is
xn
(2) 2i sin n q
13) z1 = 4 + 5i, z2 = 3 + 2i ; then
p
p
isin
2
2
(3) cos p isin p
z1
is
z2
(2) -
2 22
+ i
13 13
(3) -
2 23
- i
13 13
(4)
2 22
+ i
13 13
14) The standard form (a + ib ) of 3 + 2 i + ( -7 - i ) is

1) 4 - i
2) - 4 + i
3) 4 + i
4) 4 + 4 i
15) The distance between the foci of the ellipse 9x2 + 5y2 = 180 is
(1) 4
(2) 6
(3) 8
(4) 2
16) The locus of foot of perpendicular from the focus to a tangent of the curve 16x2 + 25y2 = 400 is
(1) x2 + y2 = 4
(2) x2 + y2 = 25 (3) x2 + y2 =16
(4) x2 + y2 = 9
17) The equation of the chord of contact of tangents from (2, 1) to the hyperbola
(1) 9x 8y 72 = 0 (2) 9x + 8y + 72 = 0
(3 ) 8x 9y 72 = 0
x 2 y2
= 1 is
16 9
(4) 8x + 9y + 72 = 0
18) The focus of the parabola x 2 = 20 y is

1) (0,0)
2) (5,0)
3) (0,5)
4) (-5,0)
19) If y = 6x x3 and x increases at the rate of 5 units per second, the rate of change of slope, when x
= 3 is
(1) 90 units / sec
(2) 90 units / sec
(3) 180 units / sec
20) The value of a so that the curves y = 3ex and y =

(1) 1
(2) 1
(4) 180 units / sec
a x
e intersect orthogonally is
3
1
(3)
3
(4) 3
21) The c of Lagranges Mean Value Theorem for the function f (x) = x2 + 2x 1; a = 0, b = 1 is
(1) 1
(2) 1
(3) 0
(4) 1
2
22) The curve y = f ( x ) and y = g ( x ) cut orthogonally if at the point of intersection
1) slope of f ( x ) = slope of g ( x )
2) slope of f ( x ) + slope of g ( x ) = 0
3) slope of f ( x ) / slope of g ( x ) = -1
4) [ slope of f ( x ) ] [ slope of g ( x ) ] = -1
71
23) If u = y sin x, then
2u
is equal to
x y
(1) cosx
(2) cosy
(3) sinx
24) If f ( x , y ) is a homogeneous functions of degree n then x

1) f
2) n f
(4) 0
f
f
+y
=
x
y
3) n ( n - 1 ) f
4) n ( n + 1 ) f
25) The surface area of the solid of revolution of the region bounded by y = 2x, x = 0 and x = 2 about
x-axis is
(1) 8 5 p
(2) 2 5 p
(3)
5p
(4) 4 5 p
26) The curved surface are of a sphere of radius 5, intercepted between two parallel planes of distance
2 and 4 from the centre is
(1) 20 p
(2) 40 p
(3) 10 p
(4) 30 p
(3) 12
(4) 96
27) The length of the arc of the curve x2/3 + y2/3 = 4 is

(1) 48
(2) 24
p 2
28) If n is odd then
n
cos x dx
1)
n n-2 n-4
p
n -1 n - 3 n - 5
2
2)
n -1 n - 3 n - 5
1 p
n n-2 n-4
2 2
3)
n n-2 n-4
3
1
n -1 n - 3 n - 5
2
4)
n -1 n - 3 n - 5
2
1
n n-2 n-4
3
29) The amount present in a radio active element disintegrates at a rate proportional to its amount.
The differential equation corresponding to the above statement is ( k is negative)
(1)
dp k
=
dt p
(2)
dp
= kt
dt
(3)
dp
= kp
dt
(4)
dp
= - kt
dt
30) The differential equation formed by eliminating A and B from the relation y = ex (Acos x + Bsin
x) is
(1) y2 + y1 = 0
(2) y2 y1 = 0
(3) y2 2y1 + 2y = 0
31) The integrating factor of the differential equation

(1) sec x
(4) y2 2y1 2y = 0
dy
y tan x = cos x is
dx
(3) etanx
(2) cos x
(4) cot x
32) The order and degree of the differential equation sin x (dx + dy ) = cos x (dx - dy ) are
1) 1, 1
2) 0, 0
3) 1, 2
4) 2, 1
(3) 6
(4) 8
33) The number of rows in the truth table of ~ [p (~ q)] is

(1) 2
(2) 4
72
34) A monoid becomes a group, if it also satisfies the

(1) closure axiom
(2) associative axiom
(3) identity axiom
(4) inverse axiom
(3) [2]
(4) [3]
35) The value of [3] +11 ( [5] +11 [6] ) is

(1) [0]
(2) [1]
36) Let p be Kamala is going to school and q be There are twenty students in the class .
Kamala is not going to school or there are twenty students in the class stands for
1) p q
2) p q
4) ~ p q
3) ~ p
37) If the mean and standard deviation of a binomial distribution are 12 and 2 respectively. Then the
Value of its parameter p is
(1) 1
2
(2) 1
3
(3) 2
3
(4) 1
4
38) A box contains 6 red and 4 white balls. If 3 balls are drawn at random, the probability of getting
2 white balls without replacement, is
(1) 1
(2) 18
(3) 4
(4) 3
20
125
25
10
39) In a Poisson distribution, if P(X = 2) = P(X = 3), then the value of its parameter
(1) 6
(2) 2
is
(3) 3
(4) 0
3) 0,1
4) 1,1
40) For a standard normal distribution the mean and variance are
1) m , s 2
2) m , s
---------------
73
TEST 4
- 1
1) The rank of the diagonal matrix
(1) 0
(2) 2
2
3
(4) 5
1
, then (adjA)A =
4
2) If A =
(1) 5
0
(3) 3
0
1
1 0
0 1
5 0
0 - 5
(2)
5 0
0 5
(3)
(4)
(3) k det (A)
(4) det (A)
3) If A is a matrix of order 3, then det(kA)

(1) k3 det (A)
(2) k2 det (A)

7 - 1
is
2 1
4) The rank of the matrix

1) 9
2) 2
3) 1
4) 5
5) If a is a non- zero vector and m is non-zero scalar, then m a is a unit vector, if

(1) m = 1
(2) a = | m|
(3) a =
1
|m|
(4) a = 1
6) If p , q and p + q are vectors of magnitude l , then the magnitude of p - q is

(1) 2 l
(2)
3l
7) If a + b + c = 0 ; a = 3 ;
(1)
p
6
(3)
(2)
2l
(4) 1
b = 4 ; c = 5, then the angle between a and b is
2p
3
(3)
8) The equation of the line parallel to
5p
3
(4)
p
2
x - 3 y + 3 2z - 5
and passing through the point (1, 3, 5)
=
=
1
5
3
in vector form is
(1) r = ( i + 5 j + 3 k ) + t ( i + 3 j + 5 k )
(3) r = ( i + 5 j +
(2) r = ( i + 3 j + 5 k ) + t ( i + 5 j + 3 k )
3
k ) + t ( i + 3 j + 5k )
2
(4) r = ( i + 3 j + 5 k ) + t ( i + 5 j +
74
3
k)
2
9) The projection of the vector 7 i + j - 4 k on 2 i + 6 j + 3 k is

1)
7
8
2)
3)
66
8
7
66
8
4)
10) a b , when a = 2 i + 2 j - k and b = 6 i - 3 j + 2 k is

1) 4
2) -4
3) 3
4) 5
11) If the point represented by the complex number iz is rotated about the origin through the angle
p /2 in the counter clockwise direction, then the complex number representing the new position is
(2) iz
(1) iz
12) If zn = cos
(3) z
(4) z
(3) i
(4) i
np
np
+ i sin
, then z1 . z2 . . . z6 is
3
3
(2) 1
(1) 1
13) If z lies in the third quadrant, then z lies in the

(1) first quadrant
14) If
p +iq =
1) 14
(2) second quadrant
(3) third quadrant
(4) fourth quadrant
2 - 3i
then q is
4 + 2i
2) - 14
3) - 8
4) 8
15) The straight line 2x y + c = 0 is a tangent to the ellipse 4x2 + 8y2 = 32, if c is
(1) 2 3
(2) 6
(4) 4
(3) 36
16) The sum of the distances of any point on the ellipse 4x2 + 9y2 = 36 from ( 5 , 0) and ( 5 , 0) is
(1) 4
(2) 8
(3) 6
(4) 18
17) The directrices of the hyperbola x2 4(y 3)2 = 16 are

(1) y =
(2) x =
8
5
(3) y =
5
8
(4) x =
5
8
18) The equation of the latus rectum of y 2 = - 8 x is

1) y 2 = 0
3) x 2 = 0
2) y + 2 = 0
4) x + 2 = 0
19) The angle between the curve y = emx and y = e mx for m > 1 is
2m
1 2m
(2) tan
2
2
m -1
1- m
(1) tan 1
- 2m
2
1 + m
(3) tan 1
2m
2
m + 1
(4) tan 1
20) The gradient of the tangent to the curve y = 8 + 4x 2x2 at the point, where the curve cuts the y
axis is
(1) 8
(2) 4
(3) 0
(4) 4
21) The radius of a cylinder is increasing at the rate of 2cm / sec and its altitude is decreasing at the
rate of 3cm / sec. The rate of change of volume, when the radius is 3 cm and the altitude is 5 cm is
(1) 23 p
(2) 33 p
(3) 43 p
(4) 53 p
75
22) The angular displacement of a fly wheel in radius is given by q = 9t 2 - 2t 3 .The time when the
angular acceleration zero is
1) 2.5 s
2) 3.5 s
3) 1.5 s
4) 4.5 s
23) An asymptote to the curve y2 (a + 2x) = x2 (3a x) is

(1) x = 3a
(2) x = a/2
(3) x = a/2
(4) x = 0
24) If u = f ( x , y ) then with usual notations, u xy = u yx if

1) u is continuous 2) u x is continuous
(2)
4) u , u x , u y are continuous
3 + x 2 from x = 0 to x = 4 is rotated about x-axis is
25) The volume, when the curve y =

(1) 100 p
3) u y is continuous
100
p
9
(3)
100
p
3
(4)
100
3
x 2 y2
+
= 1 about major and
a 2 b2
26) Volume of solid obtained by revolving the area of the ellipse

minor axes are in the ratio
(1) b2 : a2
(2) a2 : b2
(3) a : b
(4) b : a
27) The volume generated when the region bounded by y = x, y = 1, x = 0 is rotated about y-axis is
(1)
p
4
(2)
p
2
(3)
p
3
(4)
2p
3
28) If f ( x ) is even then f (x ) dx is

-a
2) 2 f (x ) dx
1) 0
3) f (x ) dx
4) - 2 f (x ) dx
2x
29) A particular integal of the differential equation (D 4D + 4) y = e is

(1)
x 2 2x
e
2
30) If f (x) =
(1)
(3) xe 2x
(2) xe2x
(4)
x
e
2
-2x
x and f(1) = 2, then f(x) is
2
(x x + 2)
3
(2)
3
( x x + 2)
2
(3)
2
(x x + 2)
3
(4) -
3
x( x + 2)
2
31) The particular integral of the differential equation f(D)y = eax , where f (D) = (D a)g(D), g(a)
0 is
(1) meax
(2)
e ax
g (a )
(3) g(a) eax

1) 2, 1
2) 1, 2
d2y
dx 2
+x=
y+
(4)
xe ax
g(a )
dy
are
dx
3) 2 , 1/2
4) 2, 2
33) In the set of integers with operation * defined by a * b = a + b ab, the value of 3 * (4*5) is
(1) 25
(2) 15
(3) 10
76
(4) 5
34) The order of [7] in (Z 9 , + 9) is

(1) 9
(2) 6
(3) 3
(4)
1
35) Which of the following is not a group?
(1) ( Z n , + n )
(3) ( Z , . )
(2) ( Z , + )
(4) ( R , + )
36) The truth values of the following statements are

ii. 1 + 19
i. All the sides of a rhombus are equal in length

iii. Milk is white
1) T T T F
is an irrational number
iv. The number 30 has four prime factors.

2) T T T T
3) T F T F
4) F T T T
(2) 16Var (X)
(3) 19
(4) 0
(3) e l
(4)
37) Var(4X + 3) is
(1) 7
38) If in a Poisson distribution P(X = 0) = k, then the variance is

(1) log 1
k
(2) log k
1
k
39) If 2 cards are drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards, the probability that they are of the
same colours without replacement, is
(1) 1
2
40)
(2)
26
51
(3) 25
(4) 25
51
102
Mean and variance of binomial distribution are

1) nq, npq
2) np,
npq
3) np, np
---------------
77
4) np, npq
TEST 4
a b
c b
a c
; D2=
, D3=
, then the value of (x,
p q
d q
p d
1) If aex + bey = c; pex + qey = d and D 1=

y) is
D2 D3
,
D1 D1
(1)
(2) log
D
D2
D
D
, log 3 (3) log 1 , log 1
D1
D1
D3
D2
D
D
(4) log 1 , log 1
D2
D3
2) In a system of 3 linear non-homogenous equation with three unknowns, if D = 0, D x = 0, D y 0

and D z = 0, then the system has
(1) unique solution
(2) two solutions
(3) infinitely many solutions (4) no solutions.
3) If A and B are any two matrices such that AB = 0 and A is non- singular, then
(1) B = 0
(2) B is singular
(3) B is non-singular
(4) B = A
4) In the homogeneous system r (A ) < the number of unknowns then the system has
1) only trivial solution
2) trivial solution and infinitely many non-trivial solutions
3) only non-trivial solutions
4) no solution
5) The centre and radius of the sphere given by x2 + y2 + z2 6x + 8y 10z + 1 = 0 is

(1) ( 3, 4, 5), 49
(2) ( 6, 8, 10), 1
6) The point of intersection of the lines

(1) (0, 0, 4)
(3) (3, 4, 5), 7
(4) (6, 8, 10), 7
x-6 y+4 z-4

x +1 y + 2 z + 3
=
=
and
=
=
is
-6
4
-8
2
4
-2
(2) (1, 0, 0)
(3) (0, 2, 0)
(4) (1, 2, 0)
7) The equation of the plane passing through the point (2, 1, 1) and the line of intersection of the
planes r . ( i +3 j k ) = 0 and r . ( j + 2 k ) = 0 is
(1) x + 4y z = 0
(2) x + 9y + 11z = 0
(3) 2x + y z + 5 = 0
(4) 2x y + z = 0
(2) xoy plane
(4) zox plane
8) r = s i + t j is the equation of
(1) a straight line joining the points i and j
(3) yoz plane
9) If a , b , c are a right handed triad of mutually perpendicular vectors of magnitude a, b, c. Then the
value of [ a , b , c ] is
(1) a2 b2 c2
(2) 0
(3)
78
1
abc
2
(4) abc
10) The projection of

1)
3 i + j - k on 4 i - j + 2 k is
2)
-9
21
3)
81
21
4)
21
- 81
21
11) The value of i + i22 + i23 + i24 + i25 is

(2) i
(1) i
12) If
(4) 1
(3) 1
1- i
is a root of the equation ax2 + bx + 1 = 0, where a, b are real, then (a, b) is
1+ i
(2) (1, 1)
(1) (1, 1)
(3) (0, 1)
(4) (1, 0)
13) If w is the nth root of unity, then

(1) 1 + w 2 + w 4 + . . . = w + w 3 + w 5 + . . .
(2) w n = 0
(3) w n = 1
(4) w = w n - 1
14) The conjugate of (2 + i )(3 - 2 i ) is

1) 8 - i
2) - 8 - i
3) - 8 + i
4) 8 + i
15) The angle between the two tangents drawn from the point ( 4, 4) to y2 = 16x is
(1) 45o
(2) 30o
(3) 60o
(4) 90o
16) The radius of the director circle of the conic 9x2 + 16y2 = 144 is
(1)
(2) 4
(3) 3
(4) 5
17) The equation of the chord of contact of tangents from (2, 1) to the hyperbola
(1) 9x 8y 72 = 0 (2) 9x + 8y + 72 = 0
x 2 y2
= 1 is
16 9
(3 ) 8x 9y 72 = 0
(4) 8x + 9y + 72 = 0
18) The directrix of the parabola x 2 = - 4 y is

1) x = 1
2) x = 0
3) y = 1
4) y = 0
19) The gradient of the curve y = - 2 x 3 + 3 x + 5 at x = 2 is

(1) 20
(3) 16
(2) 27
(4) 21
20) The parametric equations of the curve x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3 are
(1) x = a sin3 q ; y = a cos3 q
(2) x = a cos3 q ; y = a sin3 q
(3) x = a3 sin q ; y = a3 cos q
(4) x = a3 cos q ; y = a3 sin q
21) The angle between the parabolas y2 = x and x2 = y at the origin is
3
4
(1) 2 tan 1
4
3
(2) tan 1
(3)
79
p
2
(4)
p
4
22) The law of the mean can also be put in the form
1) f (a + h) = f (a ) - hf ' (a + qh) 0 < q < 1
2) f (a + h ) = f (a ) + hf ' (a + qh ) 0 < q < 1
3) f (a + h ) = f (a ) + hf ' (a - qh ) 0 < q < 1
4) f (a + h ) = f (a ) - hf ' (a - qh ) 0 < q < 1
23) Identify the true statements in the following:
(i)
If a curve is symmetrical about the origin, then it is symmetrical about both axes.
(ii)
If a curve is symmetrical about both axes, then it is symmetrical about the origin.
(iii)
A curve f(x, y) = 0 is symmetrical about the line y = x if f(x, y) = f(y, x).
(iv)
For the curve f(x, y) = 0, if f(x, y) = f( y, x), then it is symmetrical about the
origin.
(1) (ii), (iii)
(2) (i), (iv)
(3) (i), (iii)
(4) (ii), (iv)
y
x
24) If u = f , then x
u
u
+ y
is equal to
y
x
(1) 0
(2) 1
25) The area between the ellipse

(1) p b(a b)
(3) 2u
(4) u
x2 y2
+
= 1 and its auxillary circle is
a 2 b2
(2) 2 p a (a b)
(3) p a (a b)
(4) 2 p b(a b)
26) The area bounded by the parabola y2 = x and its latus rectum is
(1)
4
3
(2)
1
6
(3)
2
3
(4)
8
3
27) The area of the region bounded by the graph of y = sin x and y = cos x between x = 0 and x = p /4
is
2 +1
(1)
(2)
2 1
(3) 2 2 2
(4) 2 2 + 2
28) f (x ) dx is
a
1) 2 f (x ) dx
0
2) f (a - x ) dx
a
29) Integrating factor of the differential equation
(1) ex
3) f (b - x ) dx 4) f (a + b - x ) dx
dy
1
2
+
y = 2 is
dx x log x
x
(2) log x
(3)
1
x
(4) e x
30) The differential equation of the family of lines y = mx is

(1)
dy
=m
dx
(2) ydx xdy = 0
80
(3)
d2y
=0
dx 2
(4) ydx + x dy = 0
31) The complementary function of the differential equation (D2 + 1)y = e2x is
(1) (Ax + B)ex
(Ax + B)e x
(3) (Ax + B)e2x
(2) Acosx + Bsinx
(4)
dy d 3 y 2
- y + + 3 = 0 are
2
dx dx
dx
d2y
1) 2, 3
2) 3, 3
3) 3, 2
4) 2, 2
(3) p ~ p
(4) p ~ p
33) Which of the following is a tautology?

(1) p q
(2) p q
34) which of the following is not a binary operation on R

(2) a * b = a b (3) a * b =
(1) a * b = ab
ab
(4) a * b =
a 2 + b2
35) In the multiplicative group of cube root of unity, the order of w2 is

(1) 4
(2) 3
(3) 2
(4) 1
36) If p is true and q is false then which of the following statements is not true ?
1) p q is false 2) p q is true
3) p q is false
4) p q is true
37) A random variable X has the following probability mass function

X
P(X = x)
2k
2k
3k
k2
2k2
7k2 + k
The value of k is
(1) 1
(2) 1
10
(4) 1 or 1
(3) 0
10
38) The mean of a binomial distribution is 5 and its standard deviation is 2. Then the value of n and p
are
4
(1) , 25
5
4
(2) 25 ,
1
(3) , 25
1
(4) 25 ,
39) If a random variable X follows Poisson distribution such that E(X2) = 30, then the variance
of the distribution is
(1) 6
(2) 5
(3) 30
(4) 25
40) The p.d.f of the standard normal variate Z is j (z ) =

1)
1
2p s
1 2
z
2
2)
1
2p
- z2
3)
1
2p
---------------
81
1 2
z
2
4)
1
2p
1 2
z
2

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SPEED AND ACCURACY BRING SUCCESS IN MATHEMATICS

Higher Secondary Second Year Mathematics

Application of Matrices and

42 Marks can be scored if we practice 15 Ten mark questions 31 Six mark

Application of Matrices and

Differentials calculus Application - I

GUIDELINES TO GET; 100% MARKS

2) Prove that Sin(A-B) = SinACosB CosASinB

4) Prove thatSin (A+B) = SinACosB +CosASinB

vectors along the

and be the unit

vectors along the

= Sin (A+B) ..(1)

= Sin (AB) .(1)

5)Altitides of a triangle are concurrent prove by

+ 2 , then verify that

= (10) (12)+ (02)

= (21) (41)+ (21)

8) Show that the lines

10) Find the vector and cartesian equations of

intersect and hence find the point

parallel to the lines

= Any point on theline is

= Any point on theline is

From (1) and (2) + 1 = 0 (or) 3 1 = 1

9) Show that the lines

11) Find the vector and cartesian equations of

intersect and find their point of

= Any point on the line is

The lines are intersecting

The lines are intersecting.

= Any point on the line is

12) Find the vector and cartesian equations of

15) Find the vector and cartesian equations of

(x + 1) (4) (y 1) (4) + (z 1) (6) = 0

(x 2) (3) (y 2) (7) + (z 1) (5) = 0

(x+1)(2) (y3) (4) + (z2) (5) = 0

(x1) (0) (y2) (10) + (z3) (5) = 0

14) Find the vector and cartesian equations of

17) Find the vector and cartesian equations of

Vector equation is = (1s)

and passing through the point (1, 1, 1)

(x + 1) (8) (y 1) (10) + (z + 1) (7) = 0

(x1) (28) (y+2) (0) + (z3) (14) = 0

20) Derive the equation of the plane in the

(ii) Cartesian equation is

(x2) (20) (y2) (8) + (z+1) (12) = 0

4. ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY (10 MARK)

and hence draw their graph,

3) Find the axis, vertex, focus, directrix,

(4) Find the axis, vertex, focus, directrix,

and hence draw their graph,

5) Find the eccentricity, centre, foci, vertices of

A (0, a)= A (0,6)

7) Find the eccentricity, centre, foci, vertices of

6) Find the eccentricity, centre, foci, vertices of

A (0, a)= A (0,4)

8) Find the eccentricity centre, foci and vertices

9) Find the eccentricity, centre, foci and

Transverse axis is parallel to xaxis

Transverse axis is parallel to xaxis

10) Find the eccentricity, centre, foci and vertices

11) Find the eccentricity, centre, foci and