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I.
INTRODUCTION
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C. Communications protocols
Several communication protocols are suggested to prolong
the life time of the sensor network for pipeline monitoring.
Jawhar et al presented in [1, 10] a routing protocol for linear
structure wireless sensor networks named ROLS. The
system tries to take advantage of the linear structure to
increase the reliability, efficiency and maximize the sensor
node battery life time.
In [11] another routing algorithm is proposed based on
graded residual energy (GRE) of the sensor node to utilize
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The drawback can also be noticed that this work assume that
the node with power harvest generates constant amount of
power per unit time. That assumption is not practical
because the power generated varied with time and the above
work does not provide any detail about the type of the power
harvest used.
C. Electrostatic mechanism
Electrostatic generators use vibrations to separate the plates
of an initially charged variable capacitor against the force of
the electrostatic attractions. The main advantage of
electrostatic mechanism is that it is easy to integrate into
Microsystems (MEMS). But, the main drawback is that it
needs external power source.
In order to maximize the energy generated, the resonant
frequency of the harvester device should be matched to the
fundamental vibration frequency. Many efforts have been
conducted to optimize the performance of the energy
harvester in different applications, for example: in [13]
Guoliand et al. succeeded to optimize piezoelectric power
harvested system using genetic algorithm from vibration
generated from car passing over a manhole cover. Moreover,
Wang et al. in [14] suggested an integrated approach
between mechanical and electrical parts to model and
optimize the performance of the energy harvester using
Hardware Description Language (HDL).
A. Piezoelectric mechanism
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VII. CONCLUSION
Continuous monitoring using wireless sensors networks is
needed to monitor water quality and hydraulic parameter to
predict the behavior of the water distribution system in the
long run and improve the safety of drinking water supplied
for the consumers because of its rapid response to any
change in the behavior of hydraulic and water quality. Power
harvesting techniques may provide a solution for the power
supply problem for continuous monitoring. The previous
researches in the area of smart sensor networks for
monitoring water distribution system have been reviewed
and the challenges in designing wireless sensor networks
which are powered by power harvesting from ambient
environment for continuous monitoring water distribution
system have been discussed in this paper.
C. Communication
Communication is one of the critical issues in monitoring
water distribution system. One can classify the
communication channel into outside and inside the pipe. In
case of outside the pipe communications, Trinchero et al in
[27] discussed the possibility of establish wireless sensor
network buried underground. In [28] (RF) is affected by the
presence of surrounding soil components which is lossy
medium causing fast fading effect and restricted by
landscape limitation. The second option is in-pipe
communications which uses the water pipe itself as a
communication channel by using low frequency Radio
frequency identification (RFID) [2, 7] or acoustics
communications [8. 15] to communicate between the nodes.
Therefore, further investigation is needed to determine
which transmission medium is more suitable for
transmission data in terms of low power consumption and
reliability as well as determine the power budget of
transceiver and range of communication required. Moreover,
communication protocols must ensure minimal power
required along with reliability and accuracy of the data
transmitted.
VIII. REFERENCES
[1] I. Jawhar, et al., "A framework for pipeline
infrastructure monitoring using wireless sensor
networks,"
in
Wireless
Telecommunications
Symposium, 2007. WTS 2007, 2007, pp. 1-7.
[2] K. Jong-Hoon, et al., "SPAMMS: A sensor-based
pipeline autonomous monitoring and maintenance
system," in Communication Systems and Networks
(COMSNETS), 2010 Second International Conference
on, 2010, pp. 1-10.
[3] I. S. A. Aisopou, A. Arora, D O'Hare & N. Graham,
"Multi-parameter water quality sensors for water
supply systems," presented at the Integrated Water
Systems, 2010.
[4] A. J. W. A. Preis, and A. Ostfeld, "Multi-objective
Sensor Network Placement Model for Integrated
Monitoring of Hydraulic and Water Quality
Parameters," presented at the World City Water Forum,
WCWF 2009, Incheon, Korea, 2009.
[5] L. N. I. Stoianov, A. Whittle, S. Ma Madden, R. Kling,
"Sensor Networks for Monitoring Water Supply and
Sewer Systems: Lessons from Boston."
D. Power Storage
Choose the efficient storage to store the power during
inactive period is one of the challenges. The common used
techniques are rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors.
Using rechargeable batteries as power storage in the water
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