WCDMA Fundamentals

WCDMA Fundamentals
MODULE 1
Nokia Siemens Networks
Presentation / Author / Date
Module 1 WCDMA Fundamentals

Objectives
After this module the participant shall be able to: Understand the main cellular standards and allocated
frequency bands
Understand the main properties of WCDMA air interface

Recognize the main Nokia RRM functions and their main
tasks
Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands
Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
Overview of Nokia Radio Resource Management (RRM)
Module Contents
Standardisation of 3G cellular networks

IMT-2000 frequency allocations
UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution

Standardisation of 3G cellular networks

ITU (Global guidelines and recommendations)
IMT-2000: Global standard for third generation (3G) wireless communications
3GPP is a co-operation between standardisation bodies
ETSI (Europe), ARIB/TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), ATIS (North America) and TTA (South Korea)
GSM
EDGE
UMTS
WCDMA - FDD
WCDMA - TDD
TD-SCDMA
3GPP2 is a co-operation between standardisation bodies
ARIB/TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), TIA (North America) and TTA (South Korea)
CDMA2000
CDMA2000 1x
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
5
IMT-2000 frequency allocations
PCS
Europe
UMTS
(FDD)
Japan
USA
Mobile
Satellite
IMT-2000
IMT-2000
Mobile
Satellite
ITU
2200 MHz
Mobile
Satellite
2150
UMTS (TDD)
2100
IMT-2000
(TDD)
UMTS (TDD)
IMT-2000
Mobile
Satellite
UMTS (TDD)
2050
Mobile
Satellite
PCS
UMTS
(FDD)
PCS
unlicensed
PHS
DECT
IMT-2000
GSM
1800
2000
Mobile
Satellite
1950
Mobile
Satellite
1900
Mobile
Satellite
1850
UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution

Release 99
I
II
1920 1980 MHz

1850 1910 MHz
2110 2170 MHz

1930 1990 MHz
UMTS only in Europe, Japan

US PCS, GSM1900
III
1710-1785 MHz
1805-1880 MHz
GSM1800
IV
V
VI
1710-1755 MHz
824-849MHz
830-840 MHz
2110-2155 MHz
869-894MHz
875-885 MHz
US 2.1 GHz band

US cellular, GSM850
Japan
VII
VIII
IX
2500-2570 MHz
880-915 MHz
1749.9-1784.9 MHz
2620-2690 MHz
925-960 MHz
1844.9-1879.9 MHz
GSM900
Japan
New in Release 5
New in Release 6
New in Release 7
Module Contents
UMTS Air interface technologies
WCDMA FDD
WCDMA vs. GSM

CDMA principle
Processing gain
WCDMA codes and bit rates
UMTS Air Interface technologies

UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological solutions
WCDMA FDD
WCDMA TDD
WCDMA FDD is the more widely used solution

FDD: Separate UL and DL frequency band
WCDMA TDD technology is currently used in limited number of networks

TDD: UL and DL separated by time, utilizing same frequency
Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands

This course concentrates on design principles of WCDMA FDD solution, basic
planning principles apply to both technologies
WCDMA FDD technology

Multiple access technology is wideband CDMA (WCDMA)
All cells at same carrier frequency
Spreading codes used to separate cells and users

Signal bandwidth 3.84 MHz
Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity
Inter-Frequency functionality to support mobility between frequencies
Compatibility with GSM technology
Inter-System functionality to support mobility between GSM and UMTS
10
WCDMA Technology
WCDMA Carrier
Frequency
Users share same time and frequency
3.84 MHz
f
5 MHz
5+5 MHz in FDD mode

5 MHz in TDD mode
WCDMA
5 MHz, 1 carrier
11
TDMA (GSM)
5 MHz, 25 carriers
Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA
Time
UMTS & GSM Network Planning
GSM900/1800:
12
3G (WCDMA):
Differences between WCDMA & GSM

High bit rates
Carrier spacing
Frequency reuse factor
Power control
frequency
Services with
Different
quality
requirements
GSM
5 MHz
200 kHz
118
1500 Hz
2 Hz or lower
Quality control
Radio resource
management algorithms
Network planning
(frequency planning)
Frequency diversity
5 MHz bandwidth gives

multipath diversity with
Rake receiver
Frequency hopping
Load-based packet
scheduling
Timeslot based
scheduling with GPRS
Supported for
improving downlink
capacity
Not supported by the

standard, but can be
applied
Packet data
Downlink transmit
diversity
Efficient
packet data
13
WCDMA
Multiple WCDMA carriers Layered network

1 - 10 km
F3
F2
F3
200 - 500 m
Micro BTS
F3
14
F2
50 - 100 m
Pico BTSs
F1
Macro BTS
CDMA principle - Chips & Bits & Symbols
Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips SF=8)

+1
Baseband Data
Chip
Chip
-1
+1
Spreading Code
-1
+1
Spread Signal
Air Interface
-1
ng
i
d
a
re
p
s
e
D
-1
+1
Data
15
+1
-1
Energy Box
Received Bit
Fr
eq
ue
n
cy
Ba
nd
Power/Hz
Originating Bit
Energy per bit = Eb = const
Duration
(t = 1/Rb)
Higher spreading factor Wider frequency band Lower power spectral density
BUT
Same Energy per Bit
16
Spreading & Processing Gain

User bit rate
Power density (Watts/Hz)
Unspread narrowband signal
Spread wideband signal
Frequency
Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)
W const 3.84 Mchip

Processing gain:
17
W
G p dB
R
sec
Processing Gain Examples

Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)
Power density (W/Hz)
Gp=W/R=24.98 dB
Spreading sequences have
a different length
Processing gain depends
on the user data rate
Frequency (Hz)
Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)

Power density (W/Hz)
18
Gp=W/R=10 dB
Frequency (Hz)
Transmission Power
Power density
Frequency
High bit rate user
5MHz
Low bit rate user

Time
19
WCDMA Codes
In WCDMA two separate codes are used in the spreading operation
Channelisation code
Scrambling code
Channelisation code
DL: separates physical channels of different users and common channels, defines
physical channel bit rate
UL: separates physical channels of one user, defines physical channel bit rate
Scrambling code
DL: separates cells in same carrier frequency

UL: separates users
20
DL Spreading and Multiplexing in WCDMA

Radio frame = 15 time slots
CHANNELISATION codes:
Pilot
CODE 1
BCCH
P-CPICH
Pilot
BCCH
User 1
CODE 2
User 2
P-CCPCH
User 3
X
SUM
CODE 3
User 1
DPCH1
CODE 4
User 2
DPCH2
Time
3.84 MHz
RF carrier
SCRAMBLING
CODE
CODE 5
User 3
DPCH3
3.84 MHz bandwidth

21
RF
DL & UL Channelisation Codes

Walsh-Hadamard codes: orthogonal variable spreading factor codes (OVSF codes)
SF for the DL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512}
SF for the UL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256}
Good orthogonality properties: cross correlation value for each code pair in the code set
equals 0
In theoretical environment users of one cell do not interfere each other in DL
In practical multipath environment orthogonality is partly lost Interference between users

of same cell
Orthogonal codes are suited for channel separation, where synchronisation between
different channels can be guaranteed
Downlink channels under one cell
Uplink channels from a single user
Orthogonal codes have bad auto correlation properties and thus not suited in an
asynchronous environment
Scrambling code required to separate signals between cells in DL and users in UL
22
Channelisation Code Tree

SF=1
SF=2
SF=4
SF=8
C8(0)=[11111111]
C4(0)=[1111]
C2(0)=[11]
C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1-1]
C8(2)=[11-1-111-1-1]
C4(1)=[11-1-1]
C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111]
C0(0)=[1]
C4(2)=[1-11-1]
C8(0)=[1-11-11-11-1]
C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11]
C2(1)=[1-1]
C4(3)=[1-1-11]
C8(6)=[1-1-111-1-11]
C8(7)=[1-1-11-111-1]
23
SF=16
C16(0)=[............]
C16(1)=[............]
C16(2)=[............]
C16(3)=[............]
C16(4)=[............]
C16(5)=[............]
C16(6)=[............]
C16(7)=[............]
C16(8)=[............]
C16(9)=[............]
C16(10)=[...........]
C16(11)=[...........]
C16(12)=[...........]
C16(13=[...........]
C16(14)=[...........]
C16(15)=[...........]
...
SF=256 SF=512
Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL)

Spreading
factor
Channel
symbol
rate
(ksps)
7.5
15
30
60
120
240
480
960
2880
512
256
128
64
32
16
8
4
4, with 3
parallel
codes
RSymbol
24
Channel bit
rate
(kbps)
15
30
60
120
240
480
960
1920
5760
SF
DPDCH
channel bit
rate range
(kbps)
36
1224
4251
90
210
432
912
1872
5616
Maximum user
data rate with rate coding
(approx.)
13 kbps
Half rate speech
612 kbps
Full rate speech
2024 kbps
45 kbps
105 kbps
128 kbps
215 kbps
384 kbps
456 kbps
936 kbps
2.3 Mbps
2 Mbps
Rb _ phy 2 RSymbol
(QPSK modulation)
Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL) - HSDPA

3GPP Release 5 standards introduced enhanced DL bit rates with High Speed
Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology
Shared high bit rate channel between users High peak bit rates
Simultaneous usage of up to 15 DL channelisation codes (In HSDPA SF=16)
Higher order modulation scheme (16-QAM) Higher bit rate in same band
16-QAM provides 4 bits per symbol 960 kbit/s / code physical channel peak rate
HSDPA
Coding
Codingrate
rate Coding
Codingrate
rate
QPSK
QPSK
16QAM
16QAM
25
55codes
codes
10
10codes
codes
15
15codes
codes
1.2
1.2Mbps
Mbps
2.4
2.4Mbps
Mbps
3.6
3.6Mbps
Mbps
1/4
1/4
600
600kbps
kbps
3/4
3/4
1.8
1.8Mbps
Mbps
3/4
3/4
3.6
3.6Mbps
Mbps
2/4
2/4
2/4
2/4
4/4
4/4
2.4
2.4Mbps
Mbps
4.8
4.8Mbps
Mbps
1.2
1.2Mbps
Mbps
3.6
3.6Mbps
Mbps
4.8
4.8Mbps
Mbps
7.2
7.2Mbps
Mbps
9.6
9.6Mbps
Mbps
1.8
1.8Mbps
Mbps
5.4
5.4Mbps
Mbps
7.2
7.2Mbps
Mbps
10.7
10.7Mbps
Mbps
14.4
14.4Mbps
Mbps
Physical Layer Bit Rates (UL) - HSUPA

3GPP Release 6 standards introduced enhanced UL bit rates with High Speed
Downlink Packet Access (HSUPA) technology
Fast allocation of available UL capacity for users High peak bit rates
Simultaneous usage of up to 2+2 UL channelisation codes (In HSUPA SF=2 4)

Initial expected capability 1.46 Mbps
Coding
Codingrate
rate
1/2
1/2
480
480kbps
kbps
4/4
4/4
960
960kbps
kbps
3/4
3/4
26
11xxSF4
SF4
720
720kbps
kbps
960
960kbps
kbps
1.92
1.92Mbps
Mbps
22xxSF2
SF2++
22xxSF4
SF4
2.88
Mbps
2.88 Mbps
1.92
1.92Mbps
Mbps
3.84
3.84Mbps
Mbps
5.76
5.76Mbps
Mbps
22xxSF4
SF4
1.46
1.46Mbps
Mbps
22xxSF2
SF2
2.88
2.88Mbps
Mbps
4.32
4.32Mbps
Mbps
DL & UL Scrambling Codes

DL Scrambling Codes
Pseudo noise codes used for cell separation

512 Primary Scrambling Codes
UL Scrambling Codes
Two different types of UL scrambling codes are generated
Long scrambling codes of length of 38 400 chips = 10 ms radio frame
Short scrambling codes of length of 256 chips are periodically repeated to get the
scrambling code of the frame length
Short codes enable advanced receiver structures in future
27
Scrambling Codes & Multipath Propagation

Scrambling
code C1
C1 +
+
1
C1+2
UE has simultaneous connection

to two cells (soft handover)
28
C2
Scrambling
code C2
RAKE Receiver
Cell-1
Rx
Finger
Rx
Finger
Rx
Finger
Rx
Finger
Cell-1
Cell-1
Cell-2
Delay 3
Delay 2
Code used
for the
connection
Delay 1
Combination or multipath components and signal from different cells

29
Output
Channelisation and Scrambling Codes

Usage
Channelisation code
Scrambling code
Uplink: Separation of physical data

(DPDCH) and control channels
(DPCCH) from same terminal
Uplink: Separation of mobile

Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells)
Downlink: Separation of downlink

connections to different users within one
cell
Length
4256 chips (1.066.7 s)

Downlink also 512 chips
Different bit rates by changing the length
of the code
Uplink: (1) 10 ms = 38400 chips or (2)

66.7 s = 256 chips
Option (2) can be used with advanced
base station receivers
Downlink: 10 ms = 38400 chips
Number of codes
Code family
Number of codes under one scrambling

code = spreading factor
Uplink: 16.8 million
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
Long 10 ms code: Gold code
Downlink: 512
Short code: Extended S(2) code family

Spreading
30
Yes, increases transmission bandwidth
No, does not affect transmission

bandwidth
Module Contents
Load control
Admission Control
Packet Scheduler
Resource Manager
Power Control
Handover Control
31
Radio Resource Management

RRM is responsible for optimal utilisation of the radio resources:
Transmission power and interference
Logical codes
The trade-off between capacity, coverage and quality is done all the time
Minimum required quality for each user (nothing less and nothing more)
Maximum number of users
The radio resources are continuously monitored and optimised by several RRM
functionalities
service quality
Optimization
and Tailoring
cell coverage
32
cell capacity
RRM Functionalities
LC
PS
RM
AC
HC
33
Load Control
AC
Admission Control
PS
Packet Scheduler
RM Resource Manager
For each cell
PC
LC
PC
Power Control
HC
HO Control
For each connection/user
Load Control (LC)

LC performs the function of load control in association with AC & PS
LC updates load status using measurements & estimations provided by AC and PS
Continuously feeds cell load information to PS and AC;
Interference levels (UL)
BTS power level (DL)
Load change info
LC
Load status
NRT load
34
AC
PS
Load Control Load Status

Load thresholds set by radio network planning parameters
Overload
Overload
threshold x
Load Margin
Load Target
threshold y
Power
Normal load
Time
Free capacity
35
Measured load
Admission Control (AC)

Checks that admitting a new user will not sacrifice planned coverage or quality
of existing connections
Admission control handles three main tasks
Admission decision of new connections
Take into account current load conditions (from LC) and load increase by the new
connection
Real-time higher priority than non-real time
In overload conditions no new connections admitted
Connection QoS definition

Bit rate, BER target etc.
Connection specific power allocation (Initial, maximum and minimum power)
36
Packet Scheduler (PS)

PS allocates available capacity after real-time (RT) connections to non-real time
(NRT) connections
Each cell separately
In overload conditions bit rates of NRT connections decreased
PS selects allocated channel type (common or dedicated)

PS relies on up-to-date information from AC and LC
Capacity allocated on a needs basis using best effort approach
RT higher priority
37
Resource Manager (RM)

Responsible for managing the logical radio resources of the RNC in cooperation with AC and PS
On request for resources, from either AC(RT) or PS(NRT), RM allocates:
DL spreading code
UL srambling code
Code Type
38
Uplink
Downlink
Scrambling codes
User separation
Cell separation
Spreading codes
Data & control channels from same UE
Users within one cell
Power control (PC) in WCDMA

Fast, accurate power control is of utmost importance particularly in UL;
UEs transmit continuously on same frequency Always interference between users

Poor PC leads to increased interference reduced capacity
Every UE accessing network increase interference
PC target to minimise the interference Minimize transmit power of each link

while still maintaining the link quality (BER)
Mitigates 'near far effect in UL by providing minimum required power for each
connection
Power control has to be fast enough to follow changes in propagation
conditions (fading)
Step up/down 1500 times/second
39
Uplink power control target

Minimise required UL received power
minimised UL transmit power and interference
Target:
min(Prx1)
min(Prx2)
About equal when
Ptx1
Ptx1
UE2
UE1
40
Rb1 = Rb2
Power Control types

Power control functionality can be divided to three main types
Open loop power control
Initial power calculation based on DL pilot level/pathloss measurement by UE
Outer (closed) loop power control
Connection quality measurement (BER, BLER) and comparison to QoS target
RF quality target (SIR target) setting for fast closed loop PC based on connection
quality
Fast closed loop power control
Radio link RF quality (SIR) measurement and comparison to RF quality target (SIR
target)
Power control command transmission based on RF quality evaluation
Change of transmit power according to received power control command
41
Power Control types
Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access)
MS
Closed Loop Power Control
BS
DL Outer Loop
Power Control
42
BLER target
UL Outer Loop
Power Control
RNC
Power control in HSPA

In HSDPA (DL) the transmit power from base station is kept constant and the
signal modulation and coding is adapted according to the channel conditions
2 ms interval 500 Hz
In HSUPA (UL)
The power control of HSUPA channels in UL utilise both

Fast closed loop power control
Outer loop power control
Both work according to similar principles as the dedicated channel power control
43
Handover Control (HC)

HC is responsible for:
Managing the mobility aspects of an RRC connection as UE moves around the

network coverage area
Maintaining high capacity by ensuring UE is always served by strongest cell
Soft handover
MS handover between different base stations
Softer handover
MS handover within one base station but between different sectors
Hard handover
MS handover between different frequencies or between WCDMA and GSM
44
Soft/softer handover
UE is simultaneously connected to 2 to 3 cells during soft handover
Soft handover is performed based on UE cell pilot power measurements and

handover thresholds set by radio network planning parameters
Radio link performance is improved during soft handover
Soft handover consumes base station and transmission resources

Received signal strength
BS1
Soft handover
Threshold
BS2
BS2
BS3
BS3
Distance from BS1

45
BS1
Hard handover
Hard handovers are typically performed between WCDMA frequencies and
between WCDMA and GSM cells
GSM/GPRS
GSM/GPRS
GSM/GPRS
GSM/GPRS
Inter-System handovers (ISHO)
ff1
1
ff1
1
Inter-Frequency handovers (IFHO)
ff2
2
46
ff2
2
ff2
2
ff2
2
HSPA mobility
HSDPA
Soft handover on associated DCH channels (signalling, UL data)

Serving cell change for HSDPA data channel
Connected only to one cell at a time
Serving
HS-DSCH cell
HS-SCCH
Notice that soft/softer handover

is not supported for HS-SCCH/HS-PDSCH
HS-PDSCH
DPCH
HSUPA
DPCH
Soft handover utilised for uplink channels as required due to near-far problem
Only Serving Cell can allocate more UL capacity/power
47
Module 1 WCDMA Fundamentals

Summary
Radio interface technology of UMTS is WCDMA with FDD and
TDD versions
WCDMA networks can be built on European, US-based and

Asian/Japanese frequency bands
WCDMA air interface utilises combination of two spreading

codes
Radio Resource Management is responsible of efficient

utilisation of radio resources while offering required
quality of service to users
48

WCDMA Fundamentals

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WCDMA Fundamentals

Nokia Siemens Networks

Presentation / Author / Date

Module 1 WCDMA Fundamentals

Understand the main properties of WCDMA air interface

Nokia Siemens Networks

Presentation / Author / Date

Nokia Siemens Networks

Presentation / Author / Date

Standardisation of 3G cellular networks

UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution

Main properties of UMTS Air Interface

Nokia Siemens Networks

Presentation / Author / Date

Standardisation of 3G cellular networks

IMT-2000: Global standard for third generation (3G) wireless communications

3GPP is a co-operation between standardisation bodies

3GPP2 is a co-operation between standardisation bodies

Nokia Siemens Networks

Presentation / Author / Date

IMT-2000 frequency allocations

Nokia Siemens Networks

Presentation / Author / Date

UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution

1920 1980 MHz

2110 2170 MHz

UMTS only in Europe, Japan

US 2.1 GHz band

Nokia Siemens Networks

Presentation / Author / Date

WCDMA vs. GSM

WCDMA codes and bit rates

Overview of Nokia Radio Resource Management (RRM)

Nokia Siemens Networks

Presentation / Author / Date

UMTS Air Interface technologies

WCDMA FDD is the more widely used solution

WCDMA TDD technology is currently used in limited number of networks

Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands

Nokia Siemens Networks

Presentation / Author / Date

WCDMA FDD technology

Spreading codes used to separate cells and users

Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity

Inter-Frequency functionality to support mobility between frequencies

Compatibility with GSM technology

Inter-System functionality to support mobility between GSM and UMTS

Nokia Siemens Networks

Presentation / Author / Date

Users share same time and frequency

5+5 MHz in FDD mode

Nokia Siemens Networks

Presentation / Author / Date

Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA

UMTS & GSM Network Planning

Nokia Siemens Networks

Presentation / Author / Date

Differences between WCDMA & GSM

Nokia Siemens Networks

5 MHz bandwidth gives

Not supported by the

Presentation / Author / Date

Multiple WCDMA carriers Layered network