Reservoir Engineering 1 Course (1st Ed.

1.
2.
3.
4.

About This Course

Resources
Training Outline (beta)
Petroleum Engineering & Its Importance

2013 H. AlamiNia

Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

Course Description
This course is prepared for:
3 semester (or credit) hours and meets for a total of 3
hours a week.
Sophomore or junior level students (BS degrees)
(Major) Petroleum engineering students
(Minors) Production, Drilling and reservoir engineering
students

Prerequisites :Reservoir fluid properties and

reservoir rock properties.
The main objective: explaining the fundamentals of
reservoir engineering and their practical application
2013 H. AlamiNia

Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

Lectures
Each session
Consists of different sections (about 4-5 sections)
Consists of about 50 slides
Is divided into 2 parts with short break time
Would be available online

2013 H. AlamiNia

Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

Timing
Last Session (Review)
Session Outlook
Presentation A
Break Time
Presentation B
Next Session Topics
Roll Call

Roll Call, 5

Last session
(Review), 5

Next Session
Topics, 5

Session
Outlook , 5

Presentation B,
45

Break
Time, 5

Presentation A,
45

TIME (MIINUTE)
2013 H. AlamiNia

Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

Assessment Criteria
Class activities

Class
activities,
5

5%

Mid-term exam

Mid-term
exam, 25

25%

Final exam
70%
Final
exam, 70

PERCENT OF GRADE
2013 H. AlamiNia

Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

Syllabus
1390 edition
1378 edition

2013 H. AlamiNia

Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

1390 Edition

2013 H. AlamiNia

Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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1390 Edition (Cont.)

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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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1390 Edition (Cont.)

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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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1378 Edition

2013 H. AlamiNia

Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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1378 Edition (Cont.)

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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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Class Lectures

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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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Major References
Ahmed, T. (2006). Reservoir engineering handbook
(Gulf Professional Publishing).

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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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Syllabus Proposed References:

Ahmed Tarek, H. (2001). Reservoir engineering
handbook (Houston, Texas: ButterworthHeinemann).
Craft, B.C., Hawkins, M.F., and Terry, R.E. (1991).
Applied petroleum reservoir engineering.
Dake, L.P. (1983). Fundamentals of reservoir
engineering (Elsevier Science).
Slider, H.C. (1983). Worldwide practical petroleum
reservoir engineering methods (PennWell Books).

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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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Class Schedule
Lec. No. Topic
Lec. 1 Introduction
Lec. 2 Lec. 2: Petroleum Reservoirs
Lec. 3 Lec. 3: Gas & Oil Properties
Lec. 4 Lec. 4: Oil & Water
Properties and Experiments
Lec. 5 Lec. 6

Lec. 7

Lec. No. Topic

Lec. 9

Lec. 10 Lec. 11 Lec. 12 Lec. 13 Lec. 14 Lec. 15 -

Lec. 8

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Lec. 16 Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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Lec. 1: Introduction
About This Course
Resources
Training Outline (beta)
Petroleum Engineering & Its Importance

2013 H. AlamiNia

Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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Lec. 2: Petroleum Reservoirs

Reservoir Fluid Behaviors
Petroleum Reservoirs
Oil
Gas

Gas Behavior
Gas Properties: Z Factor

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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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Lec. 3: Gas & Oil Properties

Gas Properties:
Isothermal gas compressibility (Cg)
Gas formation volume factor (Bg)

Crude Oil Properties:

Density
Solution gas
Bubble-point pressure
Oil formation volume factor (Bo)
Total formation volume factor (Bt)

2013 H. AlamiNia

Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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Lec. 4: Oil & Water Properties and

Experiments
Crude Oil Properties:
Viscosity
Surface Tension

Laboratory Analysis
Laboratory Experiments

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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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Petroleum Engineering
Definition
Petroleum Engineering, by definition, is finding crude oil
and natural gas in the ground and devising a way to bring
it out of the ground.

Petroleum Engineer Role

Petroleum Engineers supply society with crude oil and
natural gas for energy. This energy fuels our cars and
planes, heats our homes, powers our plants and
generates electricity.

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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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What Is Petroleum?
Crude oil, or petroleum, is an organic substance
derived from the remains of prehistoric plant and
animal matter.
It is a mixture of hydrocarbons, i.e. molecules
containing hydrogen and carbon, which exist
sometimes in liquid form (crude oil) and sometimes
as a vapor (natural gas).

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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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Fish and Plant Fossil

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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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Petroleum Formation
Millions of years ago, rains washed prehistoric
plant and animal remains into the seas along with
sand and silt, and layer upon layer piled up on the
sea bottom.
These layers were compressed under the weight of
these sediments, and the increasing pressure and
temperature changed the mud, sand and silt into
rock and the organic matter into petroleum. This
rock is known as source rock.

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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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Oil Sources
Because oil and gas are lighter than water, they
float on top of water.
Oil and gas that formed in the source rock deep
within the earth floated up through tiny pore
spaces in the rock.
Some seeped out at the surface of the earth.
Some was trapped by dense, non-porous rock, called
shale.
These underground traps of oil and gas are called reservoirs.
Reservoirs contain porous rocks which allow fluids to flow
through the pore spaces, i.e. which are permeable.

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An Example of Porous Rocks

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Petroleum Extraction

Courtesy OEOC, Ahvaz, 2011

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Petroleum Extraction: Drilling

Once the geoscientists analyze a prospective oil
field and the land is leased, a wildcat well is drilled
to obtain more information about the reservoir.
In late 1800's, oil wells were drilled by hammering steel
pipes into the rock.
Today, rotary drilling rigs are used, where a drill bit is
turned around and around, deeper and deeper, cutting
into the rock.

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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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Drilling: Top Drive

Courtesy GPTK, Tabnak, 2008

2013 H. AlamiNia

Courtesy GPTK, Tabnak, 2008

Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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Rotary Drilling
Drilling fluid, or drilling mud, is used to lubricate
the bit so it doesn't get stuck, and to flush the rock
pieces to the surface. These cuttings are examined
by a mud logger, who looks for signs of oil and gas.
Not all wells are straight and vertical. Horizontal
drilling has become a very profitable way to
increase production by having the wellbore
contacting more of the formation.
When the drilling is completed, the rigs can be
disassembled for assembly at another drill site.
Some rigs are on ships and barges for drilling
offshore.
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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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Drilling Mud System

Courtesy OEOC, Ahvaz, 2011

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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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Well Completion
After drilling, steel pipe called casing is set in the
hole and is cemented into place.
A heavy-duty system of valves called a Christmas
Tree is set into place at the wellhead to control the
flow of the oil, gas and water and prevent a
blowout.
Then the well casing is perforated at the right
depths to make holes for the oil and gas to flow into
the wellbore and up to the surface.

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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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Christmas Tree

Courtesy ICOFC, Khangiran, 2011

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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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Casing & Cementing

Courtesy OEOC, Ahvaz, 2011

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Petroleum Extraction: Production

Because oil, gas and water underground are under
a lot of pressure at first, these fluids flow up a
wellbore all by themselves, much like a soft drink
that has been shaken up. When oil and gas are
produced this way, it is called primary recovery.
When the initial pressure is spent, sucker rod
pumps are used to pull the oil out of the reservoir
rock and up the well.
Sometimes gas is injected at the bottom of the
well, and as it expands, it lifts the oil up to the
surface. This is called gas lift.
2013 H. AlamiNia

Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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Producing the Well

Opening up new channels in the rock for the oil
and gas to flow through is called stimulation.
Three stimulation treatments are commonly used:
Explosives to break up the rock,
Injection of acid to partially dissolve the rock, and
Hydraulic fracturing to split the rock and prop it open
with proppants.

2013 H. AlamiNia

Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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Secondary Recovery
After primary recovery, only a portion of the oil and
gas has been produced, so secondary recovery, or
waterflooding is done.
Water and oil do not mix; oil is generally lighter than
water and floats on top of it in the reservoir.
During a waterflood, water is injected into the water
zone of some of the wells to push the oil and gas up the
other wells.

2013 H. AlamiNia

Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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Consumption of Oil: Fuels

Fuel from produced oil and gas is used variously as
gasoline for cars, jet fuel, kerosene, propane gas for
cooking, heating oils for home furnaces, diesel fuels for
trucks and buses and trains, industrial fuels for boilers in
factories and ships, and solid coke for burning.
Many electricity generating plants are also run on oil or
natural gas.

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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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Consumption of Oil: Plastics, Rubber,

Other Products and Fibers
Plastics, Rubber, Other Products
Many plastics and polymers are made from petroleum
feedstocks.
These are used to manufacture things like food wrap, toys,
containers, and automobile tires.

Other products include lubricating oils for machinery,

grease, wax for candles, asphalt for roads and roofs,
agricultural pesticides and fertilizers, and white oils and
petrolatum for medicinal purposes.

Fibers
Polyester and nylon are petrochemicals that are made
into thousands of consumer products like panty hose,
nylon thread, and polyester.
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Careers in Oil Industry:

Engineers and Scientists
There are many careers in the oil industry. Nearly
every type of engineer can be found upstream or
downstream, including
Chemical, industrial, mechanical, civil, electrical,
bioengineers, and of course, petroleum engineers.

Natural and earth sciences are also prevalent in the

oil business.
Chemists, biologists, physicists, geologists, geophysicists,
and computer scientists work together on multidisciplinary teams with engineers to research and
optimize oil field and refinery operations.
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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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Careers in Oil Industry:

Other Professional
There are also other professional and support
careers, as in any business.
These include business administration, accounting, law
and tax, advertising, sales and marketing, secretarial and
library functions, trucking, public and employee
relations, and a host of other positions to keep operation
smooth.

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Reservoir Engineering 1 Course: (Lec1) Introduction

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1. ONGC Videsh (2003). Petroleum Engineering &

Its Importance.

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1. Reservoir Fluid Behaviors

2. Petroleum Reservoirs
A. Oil
B. Gas

3. Gas Behavior
4. Gas Properties: Z Factor

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