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2. Laboratory Analysis
3. Laboratory Experiments
1. Rock Properties:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Porosity
Saturation
Wettability
Capillary Pressure
Transition Zone
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Special tests:
Overburden pressure, Capillary pressure, Relative permeability,
Wettability, Surface and interfacial tension
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Porosity Definition
The porosity of a rock is a measure of the storage
capacity (pore volume) that is capable of holding
fluids.
As the sediments were deposited and the rocks
were being formed during past geological times,
some void spaces that developed became isolated
from the other void spaces by excessive
cementation. This leads to two distinct types of
porosity, namely:
Absolute porosity, Effective porosity
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Absolute Porosity
The absolute porosity is defined as the ratio of the
total pore space in the rock to that of the bulk
volume. A rock may have considerable absolute
porosity and yet have no conductivity to fluid for
lack of pore interconnection.
Determination method?
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Effective Porosity
The effective porosity is the percentage of
interconnected pore space with respect to the bulk
volume, or
Where = effective porosity
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Saturation Definition
Saturation is defined as that fraction, or percent, of
the pore volume occupied by a particular fluid (oil,
gas, or water).
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Average Saturation
Proper averaging of saturation data requires that
the saturation values be weighted by both the
interval thickness hi and interval porosity .
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Illustration of Wettability
Wettability is defined as the tendency of one fluid
to spread on or adhere to a solid surface in the
presence of other immiscible fluids.
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Contact Angle
The tendency of a liquid to spread over the surface
of a solid is an indication of the wetting
characteristics of the liquid for the solid.
This spreading tendency can be expressed more
conveniently by measuring the angle of contact at the
liquid-solid surface.
This angle, which is always measured through the liquid
to the solid, is called the contact angle .
The contact angle has achieved significance as a
measure of wettability.
Complete wettability: 0, complete nonwetting: 180 and
intermediate wettability contact angles of 60 to 90
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Capillary Forces
The capillary forces in a petroleum reservoir are the
result of the combined effect of the surface and
interfacial tensions of the rock and fluids, the pore
size and geometry, and the wetting characteristics
of the system.
When two immiscible fluids are in contact, a
discontinuity in pressure exists between the two
fluids, which depends upon the curvature of the
interface separating the fluids. We call this pressure
difference the capillary pressure and it is referred to
by pc.
pc = pnw pw
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Capillary Hysteresis
Drainage process:
The process of displacing the wetting phase, i.e., water,
with the nonwetting phase (such as with gas or oil).
Imbibition process:
Reversing the drainage process by displacing the
nonwetting phase (such as with oil) with the wetting
phase, (e.g., water).
Capillary hysteresis:
The process of saturating and desaturating a core with
the nonwetting phase
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