Final Wireless Microwave Communication

ICCT Colleges Foundation Inc.
College of Engineering
V.V. Soliven Ave. II, Cainta, Rizal
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ECE Department
A point to point link that connects Brgy. Santo Domingo, Capas, Tarlac to
Brgy. Bangad, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM DESIGN
A Microwave Communications System Design Presented

to the Faculty of Electronics and Communications
Engineering Department
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree in Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications
Engineering
Briones, John Lemuel M.
Evangelista, John Almar P.
Merza, Timothy James C.
Pardilla, Leo I L.
Setenta, Raynald B.
Solajo, Christelle Ron C.
Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering
Wireless Communication
APPROVAL SHEET
In partial fulfillment for the course of Bachelor of Science in Electronics

and Communications Engineering, the WIRELESS COMMUNICATION DESIGN that
connects Brgy. Santo Domingo, Capas, Tarlac to Brgy. Bangad, Cabanatuan
City, Nueva Ecija has been prepared and submitted by the following students:
Briones, John Lemuel M.
Evangelista, John Almar P.
Merza, Timothy James C.
Pardilla, Leo I L.
Setenta, Raynald B.
Solajo, Christelle Ron C.
Approved by:
Engr. Michael Stephen T. Gorospe

Professor, Wireless Communication Laboratory
Approved and accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering
with the grade of ________.
Prof. Rommel T. Dasalla
Academic Coordinator, College of Engineering
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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The success of this research would not have been achieved if not
because of the unwavering support, encouragement, and assistance of the
people who have given their time and solicited advice to this study.
We acknowledge Engr. Michael Stephen T. Gorospe, for his patience and
guidance, encouragement and for sharing his expertise in making this project.
We will remain forever indebted to you.
Our parents, who gave us life and guided us ever since we were born,
and for the financial and moral support; also to our friends, who are always
there for us, to our classmates and instructors who gave us inspiration and
support to finish this study; and
Above all to God be the glory, honor, and highest praise for the
knowledge and wisdom that he bestowed upon us in making this research
successful.
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Dedication
This project is dedicated to the most wonderful parents in the world,

For instilling the importance of hard work and higher education;
For their patience and understanding;
For their endless love and support;
And for their motivation and for good moral they have taught to us.
And to our friends and love ones,
For the love, inspiration, and understanding.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page...
Approval Sheet.1
Acknowledgement..2
Dedication..3
Table of Contents.4
I. Overview of the
Project...7
1. Introduction7
2. Overview of the Design..9
II. Project Description.12
1. Significance of the Study.12
2. Statement of the Problem...13
3. Design Objectives..14
4. Scope and Delimitations..15
5. Design Considerations................16
5.1 Site Considerations..16
5.2 Line of Sight Considerations..20
5.3 Equipment Considerations21
5.4 Operating Frequency Considerations...25
III. Microwave Link
Profile.27
1. Location of Sites.27
2. Path Profiling and Reflection Point33
IV. Floor Plans and
Perspectives.40
1. Site A..40
1.1 Floor Plan40
1.2 Perspective41
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2. Site B ..42
2.1 Floor Plan42
2.2 Perspective43
V. Microwave Path Link
Reliability.44
1.1 Site Coordinates...44
1.2 Great Circle Distance.45
1.3 Operating Frequency.52
1.4 Antenna Height53
1.5 Antenna Orientation...72
1.5.1 Panning Angle...72
1.5.2 Antenna Tilting...77
1.6 Reflection Point.84
1.7 Transmission Calculation86
1.7.1 Radio Frequency Propagation Gain..86
1.7.2 Radio Frequency Propagation Loss87
1.7.2.1 Wave Guide Loss...88
1.7.2.2 Free Space Path Loss...94
1.7.2.3 Net Path Loss..95
1.7.3 Fade Margin...96
1.7.4 Reliability of the Main System98
1.7.5 Hot-Standby System..100
1.7.6 Overall System Reliability (1+1 redundancy)..101
1.7.7 Unavailability Base on Radio Frequency
Propagation103
1.7.8 Reliability with Diversity.105
1.8 Overall Reliability of the System and the
Propagated Radio Wave with Hot-Standby
and Diversity107
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1.9 Link Budget .109
2. Tower Layout.114
3. Waveguide Layout..116
4. Design Summary..118
VI. Occupational Safety.121
Safety Precaution.121
Electrical Safety ...123
Power Contact Induction..124
AC and DC Safety125
Ground126
Electric Shock126
Tower Safety..127
Safety Belt and Climbing Accessories128
Clothing...129
Hard Hats131
Rope and Pulley131
Installing Antennas on the Tower.132
Some Tower Climbing Tips.134
Equipment Protection.136
VII. Glossary...137
VIII. Technical References.145
1. Formulas..145
2. References.159
4. Standards...160
3. Specification Sheets......
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I. Overview of the Project

1. Introduction
In this generation, radio communication is used by people for services
such as voice and data. With many of these features, one would realize the
allotted space in the frequency spectrum. The expansion of the frequency
spectrum are up to VHF and UHF range at first. This time, frequency spectrum
is expanded to the microwave region. Microwaves are signals with a frequency
greater than 1 GHz (Frenzel, 1994). Communication systems operating in the
microwave region have an advantage compared to those operating at lower
frequencies. Microwave radio systems can carry large quantities of information
(Tomasi, 2014).
Modern microwave links are quite prevalent due to the cost effective
nature of utilizing microwave point to point links to relay traffic compared to
wire line rental rules and fiber usage. Wireless microwave links also can serve
as an excellent back up to fiber optic links. Microwave techniques adopted in
applications such as long distance communication should also be considered;
wherein microwaves are point to point communications that utilize the line of
sight path, which means the two antennas (for transmitter and receiver),
should see each other (no obstructions). Microwaves are widely recognized as
providing flexible, reliable, and economical point-to-point communications
using Earths atmosphere for the transmission medium.
A microwave system normally consists of a transmitter subsystem,
including a microwave oscillator, waveguides, and a transmitting antenna, and
a receiver subsystem that includes a receiving antenna, transmission line
or waveguide, a microwave amplifier, and a receiver (Liao). In order to design a
microwave system, an adequate knowledge of the components involved is
essential.
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In designing a point to point communication, one must utilize the line of
sight path, which means the antennas (for transmitter and receiver) should see
each other, meaning, no obstructions. Frequently, however, the locations of the
desired links are fixed. When a clear line of sight cannot be achieved, the
researcher must plan accordingly, as too with other considerations.
In Microwave Designing there are so many parameters must be
considered by a researcher to have a good point to point link. These
parameters must be considered clearly by a researcher to avoid failure and
minimized signal losses of microwave link.
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2. Overview of the Design
The link for point-to-point communication is located in the Philippines,
particularly from Brgy. Santo Domingo, Capas, Tarlac to Brgy. Bangad,
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija. The design relies on the fact that microwave
frequencies propagate in a straight line (Tomasi, 2014). The straight line is
called Line of Sight. The link has a distance of approximately 50.54 kilometers.
The design for microwave radio comprises important components such as
transmitter, tower, antenna, waveguide, and power supply.
This microwave design is a fixed link or fixed service application that can
provide backhaul capacity for suitable quality and capacity to carry the
required traffic for the link like for Internet, telephone, and radio. Also this link
is operated in full duplex mode. Duplex operation means that each radio
frequency (RF) channel consists of a pair of frequencies for the transmit and
receive directions, respectively. These are sometimes referred to as Go and
Return channels or low band and high band channels (Manning, 2009). Our link
of Site A and Site B has operating frequency of 7.275 GHz, the high band is
7.29 GHz and the low band is 7.26 GHz.
The calculated reflection point is said to be reflected or pointed on a rice
field in Jaen, Nueva Ecija with a distance of 25.09328125 km from Site A and
25.4467151 km from Site B.
The calculated overall reliability of the system and propagated radio
wave with hot-standby and diversity is
of
99.9999999999940%, unavailability
0.000000005160671889825610sec/day,
0.0000001548201566947680sec/month,
0.000001883645239786350
sec/year.
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The microwave radio used is a
Transcend TM
800 Indoor Unit (IDU)
version with interface for 1xSTM-1/OC-3, 16 E1/T1 & 7GigE interface and also
integrated with Layer 2 10/100/1000 Base T-Ethernet switch, full featured Layer
3 10/100/1000 Base T-Ethernet router, and can support for up to 2 x STM-1/OC3, 3 x DS3, 84 x E1/T1s and 8 x DVB-ASI which is ideal carrier grade IP, TDM,
and Broadcast microwave radio manufactured by Advantech Wireless which is
global leader in wireless broadband solutions for commercial, military and
government. It can support frequency bands from 4-38 GHz and can be
installed via Split or All-Indoor.
The antenna used is a dual polarized High Performance Parabolic Antenna
is manufactured by Andrew Corporation (under CommScope Inc.) which is well
known in manufacturer of wireless communication system products.
The Radome used is a molded radome that also manufactured by Andrew
Corporation (under CommScope Inc.) which are made from fiberglass or ABS
plastic. It can withstand 150 mph (240 km/h). Optional colors are available. The
standard color is white with logo of Andrew Corporation.
In case of failure in power supply a P110-2 Industrial Generator powered
by diesel and manufactured by FGWilson which has over 45 years of
experience in supplying diesel and gas generator sets. P110-2 has Standby
Rating power of 125 kVA/100 kW and Prime Rating of 113 kVA/90.4 kW in
Generating Set Model of 480V, 60Hz. The performance of engine speed is 1800
rpm. Designed to operate in ambient conditions up to 50
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(122
A RSM 48/50 & 24/100 modular rectifier system for AC/DC conversion
which can provide of maximum output of 200A at 48 VDC and 400A at 24 VDC
and a Digital EnergyTM LP-33U Series for Uninterruptible Power Supply.
For the protection system, a ERITECH SYSTEM 3000 which a
technically advanced lightning protection system introduced by ERICO which
well known for manufacturing lightning protection systems in full accordance
with more than twelve national and international standards.
The detailed information for the equipment are in Chapter VIII. Technical
References Specification Sheets.
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II. Project Description

1. Significance of the Study
It is pointed out that as a result of the accelerating rate of growth of

microwave technology and industry, those who are preparing for, and working
in the microwave area are faced with the need to understand the theoretical
and experimental design and analysis of this area (Liao).
This research is designed to give limited amounts of information that can be
easily digested and presents the basic characteristics, and applications
commonly used in microwave devices and explain the techniques for designing
a microwave point to point link.
This study aims to provide fundamental concepts, theories, and techniques
that may be used for future Electronics and Communications Engineering
students. May the future researchers use this design for additional knowledge
and improvement of their own design, and be blessed to achieve their tasks
and goals.
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2. Statement of the Problem

Our top priorities in order to obtain our desired goals are the different
factors and problems, which we knew will affect the reliability of the whole
communication system. In order to have a properly working and functioned
point to point microwave communication, we must consider different factors
that we must handle and problems that need to be solved.
Is there any obstruction encountered in the path for point-to-point link
between Capas, Tarlac and Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija?

What are the effects of climate and weather in the reliability of the
system?
What are the application and services produced by the design?
According to the design, are measurements and calculations of the
design accurate?
What are the theories and standards to be considered in microwave
communication?
Will the overall reliability of at least 99.999 percent be attained in the
design?
What are the aggregated methods to improve such parameters? (i.e.
Fade margin, System Gain, Free Space path loss, path clearance and
antenna height etc.)

What are the protocols and system protection that one should follow for
safety?
What are the compatible and functional equipments for the best design?
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3. Design Objectives
Understand some of the aspects and criteria involved in microwave link

planning.
Discuss the regulatory bodies and available frequencies together with

planning and documents required to be submitted.
Show different methods of configuration of the radio equipment to

provide optimum performance.
Look at different tower options depending on location and environment.
Help identify the correct transmission line types and understanding the
performance differences between antennas.
Investigate microwave paths and help understand losses as a result of

reflection, absorption and diffraction.
Discuss Fresnel zones, look at terrain and how obstacles can interfere
with the quality of transmission.
Understand line of site surveys and why they should be completed.
Ensure the reliability of the path.
Investigate interference calculations mathematically to ensure the link is

viable.
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4. Scope and Delimitations

Scope
A microwave design that will link Brgy. Santo Domingo, Capas, Tarlac
to Brgy. Bangad, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija.

Topographical maps acquired from the National Mapping and Resource
Information Authority (NAMRIA) and map site locations data from
software Google Earth are included.

The design information that includes link budget analysis, path
profiling of the design, different types of consideration, safety and
precautions, mathematical calculations and technical references to
support the design. All internal calculations within this documentation
are calculated using Microsoft Excel 2016.

The different theories and information that concerns in designing a
microwave point-to-point link is acquired.

At least 99.999% overall reliability of a communication link is attained.
Knowledge on selecting correct and proper equipment that is
compatible with the design is obtained.
Delimitations
The sites are actually not visited. Path clearance is based on Google
Earth.
Construction plan and electrical layout of the tower are not included.
Electric installation on the building is delimited. Philippine Electrical
Code is not acquired due to unavailability of such resource.

Building and construction of actual site station on the both sites are
based only on our own knowledge.

The topographical maps used are not up to date.
5. Design Considerations
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5.1. Site Considerations
There are different factors to be checked when considering a possible
path for a microwave link. Ideally, a microwave link would operate
between two points without passing through any material substances,
including the atmosphere and rain, and without any objects being near
the path of propagation.
Choosing site for microwave link must consider the meteorological,
geographical, and demographical parameters. We must also include
structural presences near the site like existing microwave towers, higher
buildings and natural obstruction like mountains.
The two sites chosen for the design are in the nearby areas in the
Central Luzon where the common terrains are settlement, cultivated land
and rice fields.
As for flood and landslide mapping shown below, the Site A flood
and landslide map is illustrated in Map A and for Site B is illustrated in
Map B where both sites are in the low to moderate susceptibility to
flooding.
The two sites have the economic benefits since the availability of
power supply/ electricity near the site is available as well as the accurate
location of the nearest transportation route. Building new sites for the
major transportation route and power station can cost a lot thats why
the availability near to the sites is also considered.
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Site A
Brgy. Santo Domingo, Capas, Tarlac
Map A
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Site B
Brgy. Bangad, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Map B
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Earthquake is highly considered because it could greatly affect the antenna

orientations and alignments. Also at the location of base stations, it may cause
a long term unavailability of the communication or worse sites may be rebuilt
or relocated.
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5.2. Line of Sight Considerations
Basic consideration is the physical location of the sites at each end
of the link. Because microwave signals travel in a straight line, a clear
line of sight between antennas is best.
This is of course ideal, and
normally, though the locations of the desired links may contain

obstruction. For achieving the clear line of sight, Radio LOS takes into
account the concept of Fresnel ellipsoids and their clearance criteria.
Fresnel Zone areas of constructive and destructive interference

created when electromagnetic wave propagation in free space is
reflected (multipath) or diffracted as the wave intersects obstacles. It is
specified employing ordinal numbers that correspond to the number of
half wavelength multiples that represent the difference in radio wave
propagation path from the direct path. The Fresnel Zone must be clear of
all obstructions. Typically, the First Fresnel Zone is used to determine the
obstruction Loss.
The direct path between the transmitter and the receiver needs a
clearance above ground of at least 60% of the radius of the First Fresnel
Zone to achieve free space propagation conditions. Earth radius factor K
compensates the refraction in the atmosphere. Clearance is described as
any criterion to ensure sufficient antenna heights so that, in the worst
case of refraction (for which k is minimum) the receiver antenna is not
placed in the obstruction region.
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5.3. Equipment Consideration
In designing a microwave link, most of data will come from
equipment that will be on site like numerical and logical calculation.
Equipment
must
be
compatible
with
each
other
especially
connectors flange, antenna and waveguide to avoid losses which

will affect signal link in each site.
Antenna
The antenna must have compatible flange connector with
waveguide.
High directive or beam antennas are preferred because they
do not waste radiated energy, provide an increase in gain
which helps off set the path loss at frequency and radiates
greater power in specific direction allowing for increased
performance and reduced interference from unwanted
sources
which
likely
very
important
in
microwave
transmission.
Microwave antenna set in same polarization where in Site A
antenna transmitter is in vertical then in Site B the antenna
receiver
is
in
vertical
also
for
optimum
transmission
reception.
Range of Operating Frequency:
7.125-7.750 GHz
Polarization: Dual Polarized (Horizontal and Vertical)

Antenna Type: Parabolic
Diameter: 2.4 m
Flange: CPR112G or PDR84
Radio Equipment
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Considering amplification of the signal at the transmitter and
the receiver for successful communication.

Transmitting Standard Power: 33 dBm
Range of Frequency: 4 to 38 GHz
Modulation Technique: 256-QAM
RF Channel Bandwidth: 3.5 to 40 MHz
Tower
The self-support tower has easy, low cost solution to build,
and have minimum usage of land area.

Light Medium
56 m high in both Site
Weighing 8045 lbs.
It can stand wind that has maximum speed of 90 mph
It is hotdip galvanized, inside and out for corrosion
protection.
Made of High tensile Galvanized Steel
Radome
It can withstand winds up to 150 mph (240 km/h)

Made of fiber glass/ ABS plastic
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Waveguides
Waveguides are preferred because of their low loss.

Wave guides must be available in standard sizes and special
pieces are used for right angle bends and 90
twists.
Typically Operating frequency operate in 7.125 to 7.750 GHz

Has attenuation of (dB/100m); 4.83
TE11 mode cut-off of 4.320 GHz
Connectors
It has same extension and compatible to the waveguides

Having range of operating frequency; 7.125 to 7.75 GHz
Have typical Insertion loss of 0.01 dB
Power Supply
It provides uninterrupted power for critical applications
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Lightning Arrester
It is used to withstand lightning and switching surge, have

good response characteristics to steep lightning impulse and
superior anti-pollution property.

Lightning Protection System are comprised of these principal
components:
o Air Termination Network
o Down Conductors
o Grounding System
o Bonding
Beacon
Fast and easy assembly with interlocking construction

Surface, pole or wall mounted
Bright and even light distribution through prism cut lense
Have long life and reliability
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5.4. Operating Frequency Considerations

Before microwave link planning commences, the planner/operator
must determine the available frequency bands and channel plans that
are specific to the country (and the local area) in which the network will
operate. Users of a common band of radio frequencies must follow a
procedure of radio frequency coordination so as to minimize and control
potential interference among systems. Frequency coordination is a
multilateral process that involves the cooperative sharing of technical
operating information among parties utilizing the same spectrum. A
typical link length policy is shown in the table (Manning, 2009)
Frequency Link Band

7 GHz
13/15/18 GHz
23/26 GHz
38 GHz
Maximum Distance Allowed

>30 km
15 km to 30 km
5 km to 15 km
Up to 5 km
The microwave link planner also must determine if the plan link system
will experience any interference from existing environment. Potential
interference can be calculated for different cases:
1. Interference between microwave stations
2. Interference between microwave stations and Earth Stations
3. Interference between microwave stations and a geostationary
satellite in orbit.
The key aspect of the frequency coordination procedures involves

informed microwave frequency planning. Microwave systems should be
designed such that they do not to cause or suffer objectionable
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interference while operating with other existing or planned systems using
the same frequency band.
Also with such as high demand for implementation of links, but limited
frequency spectrum, governments have to provide guidelines that assure
pattern performance is such that interference is not caused by two links
that are geographically close.
Table of microwave frequency bands designation by the Radio Society of
Great Britain:
Frequency Link Band
Frequency Range
L band
1 to 2 GHz
S band
2 to 4 GHz
C band
4 to 8 GHz
X band
8 to 12 GHz
KU
band
K band
12 to 18 GHz
18 to 26.5 GHz
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III. Microwave Link Profile

1. Location of the Sites
Site location information are to be checked and verified. Site coordinates
are to be accurate within a few meters in most cases (Manning, 2009). To
establish a good path for point-to-point communication, the line of sight is
checked for parameters like obstructions, reflection point, refractivity and so
on. When it comes to path survey, the use of satellite imagery program such as
Google Earth is possible to be employed. In this microwave link design, it is
deployed the same way. As stated before, the sites for microwave link are
located at Capas, Tarlac and Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija. Let us denote these
sites as site A and site B respectively.
Capas, Tarlac (Site A)
Capas is a first class high urbanized municipality in the province of
Tarlac and also a populated place in the country of the Philippines with an
average elevation of 43 meter above sea level. The area is mildly densely
populated with 334 people per square kilometers and a total population
of around 125,852 people. An estimated 2.82% of the children below 5
years old are underweight, with a mortality of 24 per 1000 births based
on 2010 census
Natural Hazards
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Capas can have destructive earthquakes (on average one every 50
years), with occurances at >7 Richter. When a strong earthquake occurs,
damage will be slight in specially designed structures but considerable in
ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Heavy furniture is
moved. Poorly built structures will be demolished. There is a low
occurence of periods with extreme drought. Flooding risk is extremely
high. There is a extremely high chance of cyclones hitting Capas.
Weather
April is warmest with an average temperature of
January is coldest with an average temperature of
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20.6
at noon.
at night.
Capas has no distinct temperature seasons, the temperature is relatively

constant during the year. The temperature at night are cooler that during
daytime. Like the rest of Central Luzon, the province has two distinct
seasons: dry from November to April and Wet for the rest of the year.
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija (Site B)
Cabanatuan officially the City of Cabanatuan is a city in the
province of Nueva Ecija and also is a populated place in the country of
the Philippines with an average elevation of 34 meters above sea level.
The area is very densely populated with 2,241 people per square km and
a total population of around 272,676 people. An estimated 2.82% of the
children below 5 years old are underweight, with a mortality of 24 per
1,000 births based on the 2010 Census of Population and Housing.
Natural Hazards
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Cabanatuan can have ruinous earthquakes (on average one every

50 years), with occurrences at 7> Richter. When a strong earthquake
occurs, there will be general panic. Damage will be considerable even in
specially designed structures, well designed frame structures can be
thrown out of plumb and buildings shifted off foundations. It may be that
almost everything is destroyed and objects are thrown into the air. The
ground may move in waves or ripples destroying bridges and bending
rails. There is a low occurrence of periods with extreme drought. Flooding
risk is extremely high. There is extremely high chance of cyclones hitting
Cabanatuan.
Weather
Cabanatuan has a tropical wet and dry climate with year round
warm weather and distinct dry and wet seasons. It is touted as one of the
hottest cities in the country; in the summer season of 2011 Cabanatuan
reached its hottest in temperature at
39.8 , also the hottest in the
Philippines in that same year and in June 4,2015 PAGASA reported

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real feel on the city which is the hottest yet recorded. Like the
rest of Central Luzon, the province has two distinct seasons: dry from
November to April and Wet for the rest of the year.
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Line of Sight
From Brgy. Santo Domingo, Capas, Tarlac (Site A) to Brgy. Bangad,
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija (Site B)
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Site A: Brgy. Santo Domingo, Capas, Tarlac(Central Luzon)
Coordinates of Site A according to Google Earth:
Longitude :
Latitude
120 35' 43.27 E

15 20' 28.65 N
Elevation above mean sea level of Site A according to Google Earth:
Approximately 52 meters above mean sea level

Distance of Site A to Site B according to Google Earth:
Approximately 50.5 km
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Site B: Brgy. Bangad, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija (Central Luzon)
Coordinates of Site B according to Google Earth:
Longitude :
Latitude
'
121 02 36.56 E
15 28' 51.78 N
Elevation above mean sea level of Site B according to Google Earth:
Approximately 55 meters above mean sea level

Distance of Site B to Site A according to Google Earth:
Approximately 50.5 km
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2. Path Profile and Reflection Point
Fresnel
Allowance
First
Fresne
l
Radiu
s (m)
Optimum
Fresnel
Clearance
(0.6F) (m)
67.000
64.472
65.914
38.746
38.608
36.092
0.021
4.517
6.356
0.012
2.710
3.813
Path
Elevation
with
Earth
Bulge
(m)
AMSL
52.000
49.472
50.914
48
67.327
33.875
7.745
4.647
52.327
5.711
7.065
45
45
65.711
67.065
34.830
32.906
5.338
5.937
50.711
52.065
47.540
8.389
45
68.389
31.078
6.470
53.389
rice field
3.500
47.040
9.685
45
69.685
29.331
6.952
54.685
built-up area
4.000
46.540
10.951
41
66.951
31.654
7.392
51.951
rice field
4.500
46.040
12.187
40
67.187
31.041
7.798
52.187
rice field
5.000
45.540
13.394
36
64.394
33.486
8.175
49.394
loose surface or dry

weather
5.500
45.040
14.572
36
65.572
31.986
8.527
50.572
rice field
6.000
44.540
15.720
34
64.720
32.538
8.857
49.720
toll road express way
6.500
44.040
16.839
32
63.839
33.139
9.167
48.839
rice field
7.000
43.540
17.928
31
63.928
32.787
8.897
9.896
10.78
4
11.58
6
12.32
0
12.99
7
13.62
6
14.21
2
14.76
1
15.27
8
15.76
settlement
rice field
rice field
hard surface all
weather
cultivated land
rice field
9.458
48.928
creek
Distanc
e from
Tower A
(dA ;
km)
Distanc
e from
Tower B
(dB ,
km)
Earth
Curvatur
e (eb,m)
Path
Elevatio
n (eo,
m) AMSL
Obstructio
n Height
0.000
0.500
1.000
50.540
50.040
49.540
0.000
1.472
2.914
52
48
48
1.500
49.040
4.327
2.000
2.500
48.540
48.040
3.000
Terrain
7.500
43.040
18.988
32
65.988
30.481
8.000
42.540
20.019
32
67.019
29.219
8.500
42.040
21.020
30
66.020
30.001
9.000
41.540
21.992
28
64.992
30.825
9.500
41.040
22.934
26
63.934
31.690
10.000
40.540
23.847
27
65.847
29.595
10.500
40.040
24.731
24
63.731
31.541
11.000
39.540
25.585
23
63.585
31.526
11.500
39.040
26.409
23
64.409
30.551
12.000
38.540
27.205
22
64.205
30.613
12.500
38.040
27.971
20
62.971
31.714
13.000
37.540
28.707
21
64.707
29.853
13.500
37.040
29.414
20
64.414
30.029
14.000
36.540
30.092
18
63.092
31.242
14.500
36.040
30.740
18
63.740
30.492
15.000
35.540
31.359
18
64.359
29.778
15.500
35.040
31.948
17
63.948
30.101
4
16.22
3
16.65
8
17.06
9
17.45
9
17.83
0
18.18
1
18.51
5
18.83
2
19.13
3
19.41
9
19.69
0
19.94
8
20.19
2
20.42
3
20.64
2
20.84
9
21.04
9.734
50.988
rice field
9.995
52.019
creek
10.242
51.020
sand
10.476
49.992
rice field
10.698
48.934
sand
10.909
50.847
sand
11.109
48.731
plantation
11.299
48.585
plantation
11.480
49.409
rice field
11.651
49.205
rice field
11.814
47.971
settlement
11.969
49.707
settlement
12.115
49.414
rice field
12.254
48.092
rice field
12.385
48.740
rice field
12.509
49.359
rice field
12.626
48.948
rice field
16.000
34.540
32.508
18
65.508
28.461
16.500
34.040
33.039
17
65.039
28.856
17.000
33.540
33.540
17
65.540
28.288
17.500
33.040
34.012
19
68.012
25.755
18.000
32.540
34.454
16
65.454
28.257
18.500
32.040
34.867
17
66.867
26.796
19.000
31.540
35.251
19
69.251
24.369
19.500
31.040
35.605
21
71.605
21.978
20.000
30.540
35.929
15
65.929
27.622
20.500
30.040
36.225
17
68.225
25.302
21.000
29.540
36.491
16
67.491
26.016
21.500
29.040
36.727
16
67.727
25.766
22.000
28.540
36.934
17
68.934
24.550
22.500
28.040
37.112
18
70.112
23.369
23.000
27.540
37.260
19
71.260
22.223
23.500
27.040
37.379
19
71.379
22.112
24.000
26.540
37.468
16
68.468
25.036
4
21.22
7
21.40
0
21.56
2
21.71
3
21.85
4
21.98
4
22.10
5
22.21
5
22.31
6
22.40
8
22.49
0
22.56
3
22.62
6
22.68
1
22.72
6
22.76
2
22.78
12.736
50.508
rice field
12.840
50.039
rice field
12.937
50.540
river
13.028
53.012
rice field
13.112
50.454
rice field
13.190
51.867
rice field
13.263
54.251
rice field
13.329
56.605
built-up area
13.390
50.929
rice field
13.445
53.225
rice field
13.494
52.491
rice field
13.538
52.727
rice field
13.576
53.934
rice field
13.608
55.112
creek
13.636
56.260
rice field
13.657
56.379
built-up area
13.674
53.468
rice field
24.500
26.040
37.528
18
70.528
22.995
25.000
25.540
37.559
18
70.559
22.988
25.500
25.040
37.560
17
69.560
24.016
26.000
24.540
37.532
18
70.532
23.079
26.500
24.040
37.474
18
70.474
23.177
27.000
23.540
37.387
19
71.387
22.309
27.500
23.040
37.271
22
74.271
19.477
28.000
22.540
37.125
21
73.125
20.679
28.500
22.040
36.949
20
71.949
21.916
29.000
21.540
36.745
22
73.745
20.188
29.500
21.040
36.511
22
73.511
20.495
30.000
20.540
36.247
21
72.247
21.836
30.500
20.040
35.954
22
72.954
21.213
31.000
19.540
35.632
25
75.632
18.625
31.500
19.040
35.280
24
74.280
20.073
32.000
18.540
34.899
23
72.899
21.555
32.500
18.040
34.488
25
74.488
20.073
9
22.80
8
22.81
7
22.81
7
22.80
9
22.79
1
22.76
5
22.72
9
22.68
5
22.63
1
22.56
8
22.49
6
22.41
5
22.32
4
22.22
4
22.11
4
21.99
4
21.86
13.685
55.528
rice field
13.690
55.559
rice field
13.690
54.560
rice field
13.685
55.532
rice field
13.675
55.474
rice field
13.659
56.387
rice field
13.638
59.271
rice field
13.611
58.125
rice field
13.579
56.949
rice field
13.541
58.745
rice field
13.498
58.511
rice field
13.449
57.247
rice field
13.394
57.954
rice field
13.334
60.632
rice field
13.268
59.280

weather
13.196
57.899
rice field
13.119
59.488
rice field
33.000
17.540
34.048
25
74.048
20.627
33.500
17.040
33.579
27
75.579
19.216
34.000
16.540
33.080
27
75.080
19.841
34.500
16.040
32.552
29
76.552
18.501
35.000
15.540
31.994
28
74.994
20.198
35.500
15.040
31.407
27
73.407
21.931
36.000
14.540
30.791
26
71.791
23.701
36.500
14.040
30.145
28
73.145
22.507
37.000
13.540
29.469
28
72.469
23.350
37.500
13.040
28.765
30
73.765
22.230
38.000
12.540
28.031
24
67.031
29.148
38.500
12.040
27.267
32
74.267
22.103
39.000
11.540
26.474
29
70.474
26.096
39.500
11.040
25.652
28
68.652
28.128
40.000
10.540
24.800
30
69.800
27.199
40.500
10.040
23.919
28
66.919
30.309
41.000
9.540
23.008
29
67.008
30.459
4
21.72
4
21.57
4
21.41
3
21.24
2
21.05
9
20.86
5
20.65
9
20.44
1
20.21
1
19.96
8
19.71
1
19.44
1
19.15
6
18.85
6
18.54
1
18.20
8
17.85
13.035
59.048
rice field
12.944
60.579
settlement
12.848
60.080
toll road express way
12.745
61.552
settlement
12.635
59.994
rice field
12.519
58.407
rice field
12.395
56.791
cultivated land
12.265
58.145
rice field
12.127
57.469
rice field
11.981
58.765
plantation
11.827
52.031
river
11.665
59.267
rice field
11.494
55.474

weather
11.314
53.652
rice field
11.124
54.800
settlement
10.925
51.919
rice field
10.715
52.008
41.500
9.040
22.068
29
66.068
31.650
42.000
8.540
21.099
31
67.099
30.882
42.500
8.040
20.100
33
68.100
30.156
43.000
7.540
19.072
34
68.072
30.473
43.500
7.040
18.014
35
68.014
30.835
44.000
6.540
16.927
35
66.927
32.242
44.500
6.040
15.811
35
65.811
33.696
45.000
5.540
14.665
35
64.665
35.199
45.500
5.040
13.489
37
65.489
34.754
46.000
4.540
12.285
38
65.285
35.363
46.500
4.040
11.051
39
65.051
36.031
47.000
3.540
9.787
41
65.787
35.761
47.500
3.040
8.494
48
71.494
30.561
48.000
48.500
49.000
49.500
50.000
50.500
2.540
2.040
1.540
1.040
0.540
0.040
7.172
5.820
4.439
3.028
1.588
0.119
47
47
49
49
55
55
69.172
67.820
68.439
67.028
71.588
70.119
33.442
35.416
35.509
37.769
34.310
37.854
8
17.49
0
17.10
1
16.69
2
16.25
9
15.80
2
15.31
8
14.80
4
14.25
7
13.67
4
13.04
9
12.37
6
11.64
7
10.85
1
9.970
8.982
7.844
6.479
4.692
1.283
weather
weather
10.494
51.068
10.261
52.099
rice field
10.015
53.100
rice field
9.755
53.072
rice field
9.481
53.014
settlement
9.191
51.927
rice field
8.882
50.811
rice field
8.554
49.665
river
8.204
50.489
rice field
7.830
50.285
rice field
7.426
50.051
rice field
6.988
50.787
rice field
6.510
56.494
rice field
5.982
5.389
4.706
3.887
2.815
0.770
54.172
52.820
53.439
52.028
56.588
55.119
settlement
settlement
rice field
rice field
rice field
settlement
50.540
0.000
0.000
55
70.000
38.731
0.021
0.012
55.000
settlement
Parameters
Obstruction Height (m)
Distance from Site A(km)
Highest Point of Obstruction
76.4706
34.50
Reflection Point
70.5000
25.00
Illustration of Path Profiling
Path P rofi le
0.0000000
0.00
50.00
Earth
Ground
T
Line
First
60%
ree of
Growth
Fresnel
ofCurvature
Sight
First
Elevation
Zone
above LOS
below
Fresnel
LOS
Z one
above LOS
below
LOS
IV. Floor Plan and Perspectives

1. Site A
1.1. Floor Plan
Site B
Site A
Latitude
'
15 20 28.65 N
Longitude
Operating
120
35' 27 E
Elevation
Frequency
K Factor
52 m
(AMSL)
Latitude
15 28 51.78 N
Longitude
121 02' 36.56 E
Elevation
55 m
(AMSL)
7.275
GHz
4
3
Total Path
50.5 km
Length
Tree Growth
15m
Allowance
1.2. Perspective
'
2. Site B
2.1. Floor Plan
1.2. Perspective
V. Microwave Path Link Reliability

1. Calculations
1.1 Site Coordinates
Based on the application Google Earth, the locations with respect to
the latitude and longitude and their respective elevation levels above
mean sea level are the following:
Site A: Brgy. Santo Domingo, Capas, Tarlac

'
Latitude : 15 20 28.65 N
'
Longitude: 120 35 43.27 E
Elevation above mean sea level

52m AMSL
Site B: Brgy. Bangad, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija

Latitude
'
: 15 28 51.78 N
'
Longitude: 121 02 36.56 E
Elevation above mean sea level

55m AMSL
1.2 Great Circle Distance
The Great Circle Distance from microwave Site A and Site B is the
length measure of the arc segment connecting these sites on the
surface of the earth. To compute for the Great Circle Distance, we
use Spherical Trigonometry for the formulas.
Spherical Trigonometry investigates the relations between the parts
of a spherical triangle (Palmer and Leigh, 1935). Only here in this
documentation let us define some parts and parameters for brief
information. Please take note that the following definitions may not
be exact though they are restated in another way.
A Great Circle is a circle

that its center is also the
surface of the sphere. It lies
on the surface of the Sphere
A Spherical Triangle is
triangle on the
surface of a
sphere created
by
three arc
segments from
three great
circles
A side of a Spherical
Triangle is the arcs angle
measurement with respect to
two vertices of the triangle
and the center of the sphere.
There are three sides in a
spherical triangle
An angle of a Spherical
Triangle is an angle
measurement between two
arcs they meet at one vertex.
There are three angles in a
Spherical Triangle
A Polar Triangle is
generated when there are
three Great Circle from
three poles. These poles
are the vertices of the
original spherical triangle
In this Figure a, b and c are the
sides and
A, B and C are the angles. To solve these parameters. In general,

according to Palmer and Leigh derived formula such as sine law and
cosine law are sufficient to solve any oblique spherical triangle. Other
formulas such as Napiers analogies are delimited in this documentation
due to cumbersome solution.
Angles and Sides are solved interchangeably. To convert formula in

terms of sides and in terms of angles, we can use the property applied to
Polar Triangle
Sides to Angles :
a 180 A b 180 B c 180 C
Angles to Sides: A 180 a B 180 b C 180 c
Given Parameters:
Variable
Parameter
Value
longitudeA
Site A Longitude
120 35' 43.27 E
longitudeB
Site B Longitude
121 02 36.56 E
latitudeA
Site A Latitude
15 20' 28.65 N
latitudeB
Site B Latitude
15 28 51.78 N
'
'
Unknown Parameters:
Variable
Parameter
Unit
DGC
Great Circle Distance
km
Formula :
sin A sin B sinC

=
=
sin a sin b sin c
(Law of Sines)
Law of Cosines (parameters interchangeable in terms of the

given)
cos c=cos a cos b+ sin a sin b cos C

Another Law of Cosines by the use of property of Polar
Triangles
cos C=cos A cos B+sin A sin B cos c
Let us denote Great Circle Distance as
DGC
. Consider the Site A and
Site Bs latitude and longitude, the equator, the North Pole and the
Spherical Triangle formed
by Site A, Site B and North
Pole
Solution
D GC
For
Determine the side of the equator which is the difference between

longitudeA & longitudeB
|longitude Alongitude B|= 120 35' 43.27
- 121 {02} ^ {'} 36.56
|longitude Alongitude B|=0 26' 53.29
Determine angle C, the angle with respect to the north pole and two
points that intersect longitudeA & longitudeB and equator. Using Sine
Law:
c=|longitude A longitude B|
c=0 26' 53.29
equator
a=90 ( north pole )
angle
A=90( equator longitude )
sin C sin A
=
sin c sin a
sin C
sin 90
=
sin|longitude A longitude B| sin 90
0 26 ' 53.29 }
sin C=sin
0 26 ' 53.29 }}
sin
C=sin1
C=0 26 ' 53.29
Determine sides b and a by subtracting the latitude from

Pole)
'
b=90 latitude A=90 15 20 28.65

b=74 39 ' 31.35
'
a=90 latitude B=90 15 28 51.78

'
a=74 31 8.22
90 (North
Determine the degree measure of the side c (The Great Circle Distance)
cos c=cos a cos b+sin a sin b cos C
'
'
74 31 8.22} cos {74 {39} ^ {'} 31.35 =0 4 14.23}}

b=cos
cos a cos
b= 0.07061944444
cos a cos
'
0 26 53.29 }
sin a sin b cos C=sin 74 31' 8.22 } sin {74 {39} ^ {'} 31.35 cos
sin a sin b cos C=0.92935
( 0.07061944444+0.92935)
c=cos1
c=0.454065933016206
'
D GC =0.4540659330434020 27 14.64
The
DGC
(Great Circle Distance) is a degree measure. To determine the
parameter in kilometers, we have to determine the earths path radius

using both equatorial and polar radius of earth. According to Kizer, for
most modern map coordinate systems, these parameters used are the
following to solve the radius on earths path (R).
R e =Eart h' s radius ( equatorial )=6378.1km
'
R p=Eart h s radius ( polar )=6356.8 km

2
R R
E (eccentricity) = e 2 p
Re
2
6356.8
6378.1
2
(6378.1)
2
E =
E2=0.00666795245152689
R=Eart h' s radius on path
R=
R=
RP
1E2 cos (
latitude A +latitude B
)
2
6356.8 km
1( 0.0066795245152689)cos (
15 20' 28.65 + 15 {28} ^ {'} 51.78

)
2
R=6377.33041457035 km
The Circumference of a circle is approximated as:

Circumference=2 R=2 (6377.33041457035 km)
Circumference=40069.9487598579 km
The Great Circle distance is finally computed as it is the partial degree

measure from one revolution (360
D GC(km)=
DGC
( Circumference )
360
D GC(km)=
0.454065933043402
( 40069.9487598579km )
360
D GC(km)=50.5399963073505 km 50.54 km
1.3 Operating Frequency

Given Parameters:
Variable
Parameter
Value
RFU range
Radio Frequency Unit
4 GHz 38 GHz
(Radio Equipment
AF range
Specification)
Antenna Frequency
7.125GHz 7.750 GHz
(Antenna Equipment
RF U CB
Specification)
Radio Frequency Unit
30 MHz
Channel Bandwidth
(Radio Equipment
Specification)
Variable
Unknown Parameters:
Parameter
Unit
Operating Frequency
GHz
Since the typical frequency band for more than 30 km microwave

link is 7GHz band we searched equipment operating in this
frequency band.
we based the operating frequency on Rec . ITU R F .38510
Operating Frequency = 7.275GHz
1.4 Antenna Height

Path Clearance
Fresnel Zone is used to describe the amount of clearance (Tomasi,

2014). A Fresnel Zone is a locus of points (an ellipse) in which a wave is
reflected with an additional multiple of half wavelength. In an instance,
the First Fresnel Zone has a propagation delay of half a wavelength. For
the Fresnel zone radius, the formula in terms of wavelength ( ),
distance from Site A (d), total LOS path (D), is approximated by a parabola
described as (Tomasi, 2014).
Fn
n (Dd)
d
Where
Fn =
, d , D , F n=
nth Fresnel Zone

All units are the same (m, km, etc.)
For the First Fresnel Zone, the equation is simplified as follows, (Kizer,
2013)
F1=17.3
d1 d 2
f (GHz) D(km)
Where
F1=
First Fresnel Zone (meters)
d 1=
distance from Site A (kilometers)
d 2=
distance from Site B (kilometers)
D(km)d 1
D(km)=
LOS path (unit in kilometers)
As recently discussed, the equations given are approximated by an

equation related to a parabola. Based on the definition of the First Fresnel
Zone, a reflection on the locus of the first Fresnel zone pertains to an
additional distance of half a wavelength. In this case, the formula we must
use is the equation of an ellipse rather than a parabola. In this
documentation, we will derive the formula for the nth Fresnel Zone in
terms of an ellipse.
Properties of an Ellipse
Equations:
x2 y2
+ =1
a2 b2
a2=b2 +c 2
Major Axis distance = 2a
Minor Axis distance = 2b
Distance between foci = 2c
Let us relate the properties to those of the Fresnel Zone. Observe that
b=Fn =nth Fresnel radius 2 2 D+ n
a=
4
2 c=D=LOS path
b2=a2c2
a+ a=2 a=reflected wave distance
2
2 D+ n
D
b2=
4
2
2 a=D+ n
2
) ( )
()
Remember that antennas are located at the focus of the ellipse.

Substituting these values to the ellipse equation leads to
x2 y2
+ 2 =1
2
a b
x2
y =b 1 2
a
2
( )
2
( 2 D+n ) 4 D 2
16 x
y=
1
2
16
( 2 D+ n )
Let us translate
as the distance is from Site A (0) to any point from
Site A ( d ),
x d
Let
D
2
x=d
D
2
y=2 D+n
2 D+ n 4 D
z=
Then the formula for the nth Fresnel Zone radius is;
Fn = ( z ) 1
16 x 2
y2
x=d A
Where
D
2
y=2 D+n
2
z=
y 4 D
16
d A =distance A
D=LOS length
speed of light (m/ s)

frequency( Hz)
The formula for the first Fresnel Zone (n=1) is
F1= ( z ) 1
Where
16 x
2
y
x=d
D
2
y=2 D+
2
z=
y 4 D
16
d=distance A
D=LOS length
speed of light(m/ s) 299792458 m/s

=
frequency (Hz)
frequency (Hz)
The 60
of the First Fresnel Zone is
F0.6 =0.6( F 1 )
Inclined Fresnel Zone
W
he
n the antenna heights of Site A and B differ, the line of sight is inclined.
The Fresnel Zone is also inclined. Path profiles contains objects such as
Fresnel zone, antennas, obstruction points and elevations with respect to
height. As the clearance gets inclined, the Fresnel Zone radius also gets
inclined. This refers to a slant height. The parameter concerned. In this

case is the vertical distance from LOS to Fresnel Zone (
FH
and
FL
). A
more tedious analysis is required to overcome this problem.

Observe the following parameters:
hA
h B=
and
antenna height of Sites A and B above mean sea level
(meters)
DGC =
=
tan =
hB h A
DGC
D=
LOS path
h
2
2
(D GC ) +( Bh A )
D=
d A =
d=
d=
Great Circle Distance (meters)

angle of inclination
Y H =equivalent higher Fresel radius(meters)

Y L =equivalent lower Fresel radius(meters)
F H =vertical distance LOS higher Fresel radius(meters)
F L =vertical distance LOS lower Fresel radius(meters)
90
distance from Site A
()
m=tan=tan
LOS path from Site A
dA
cos
=90
tan
hB h A
DGC
1
cos
Y
F H= H
tan
hB h A
DGC
1
cos
Y
F L= L
Consider the straight line as
FH
and
FL
. Determine
then use trigonometric function instantly.

Slope ( m )=cot
Equation of Two-Point Slope Form:
( y y 1 ) =m( xx 1)
YH
and
YL
y 1=0,
Let
x 1=d
y=m ( xd ) y=mxmd y +md =mx
x=
y
+d
m
Substitute to First Fresnel Radius equation

2
2 D+
D 2
16 x
2
1
()
( 2 D+ )24 D2
16
y=
2 D+
2
y
D
16 + d
m
2
1
( )
( 2 D+ )24 D2
16
y 2=
Let
z=
(2 D+ ) 4 D
16
2 D+ 2
d 2
16 d
2
z ( ( 2 D+ )2 )=0
( )+
D
32 z d
2
256
z
y 2 1+ 2
+Y
m ( 2 D+ )
Let
A=1+
256 z
=1+
2
m (2 D+ )
32 z d
B=
D
2
( 2 D+ )2
1
m
( )
) = 32 xz
y2
D 2 (
2
2 D+ ) )
2
z (16 x 2 y 2 )
=
(2 D+ )2
y2
z (16 d
C=
256 z
Ay 2 + By+C=0
y=
FH
The parameters
and
FL
B B24 AC
2A
are the higher and lower inclined Fresnel
Zones.
FH=
F L=
YH
( (
cos tan 1
h Bh A
D GC
))
YL
( (
2
tan1
D= (D GC )2 +(cos
hB h
A)
d=
hB h A
DGC
dA
B B2 4 AC
Y L =h h
cos tan 1 A B 2 A
DGC
( (
c
f
))
299792458 m/s
frequency ( Hz)
Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications

Engineering
= =
))
B+ B2 4 AC
YH=
2A
256 z
Where
A=1+
1
m
( )
B=
32 xz
y2
C=
z (16 x 2 y 2 )
y2
x=d
D
2
y=2 D+
y 24 D 2
z=
16
h h
1
=tan = B A
m
DGC
Compute the formula for 60% Fresnel clearance, multiply 0.6 to Fresnel
Zone radius, y.
y 0.6=0.6 y
( 0.61 ) y
=y
0.6
[( ) ]
1
y = y2
0.6 0.6
( 0.361 ) y
2
0.6
= y2
1
0.36
The factor
1
y2
to
for the 60% Fresnel Clearance is analogous to a factor
of the First Fresnel Zone Radius. Therefore, the previous
equations have expression
1
0.36 .
changed to
Y H (0.6 )
F H (0.6 )=
( (
cos tan 1
hB h A
DGC
))
Y L(0.6 )
F L(0.6)=
( (
cos tan1
h Bh A
DGC
))
Where:
B+ B 4 AC
2A
A=
1
+
0.36
B B24 AC
Y L(0.6)=
2A
B=
32 xz
y2
Y H (0.6)=
x=d
D
2
1
m
( )
z (16 x 2 y 2 )
C=
y2
y=2 D+
d=
2
z=
256 z
y 4 D
16
dA
( (
cos tan1
h Bh A
DGC
))
h h
1
=tan = B A
m
DGC
D= (D GC )2 +( hB h A )2
C 299792458 m/s
= =
f frequency (Hz)
Line of Sight Equation
In order to plot the Fresnel zone on the path profile, we must consider
elevation due to line of sight. So we derive the equation for the Line of
Sight
Observe the following parameters
h A =
antenna height at Site A above mean sea level (meters)
h B=
antenna height at Site B above mean sea level (meters)
D GC =
hi=
h LOS=

height of inclination
line of sight height with respect to distance frome Site A
(meters)
Consider two triangles formed by
h A , LOS , d A .
Using similar triangles
we relate these parameters.
hi hB h A
=
dA
DGC
hi=
d A (hB h A )
DGC
Add the height of inclination (
hi
) to the height of Site A antenna (
to find the LOS

hLOS =h A +hi
hA
h LOS=h A +
d A (hB h A )
DGC
Antenna Height Calculation
We
design
microwave link that each site has the same parameters such as antenna
height, waveguide length and tower height. For Identical calculation of
both sites for tower height and waveguide length, we consider the
antenna height above ground level the same. This means antenna height
above mean sea level area is the first parameter to calculate. The
equations for Fresnel Zone we derived are applied as we determine the

appropriate antenna height.
Given Parameters:
Variable
Parameter/Unit
Value
DGC
Total distance (m)
50539.9963073505
eA
Elevation at Site A (m,
52
eB
AMSL)
Elevation at Site B (m,
55
dA
AMSL)
Distance between the
34500
point of obstruction and

eO
Site A (m)
Elevation at point of
29
T .G
obstruction (m, AMSL)

Tree Growth
15
For normal atmospheric

conditions
4
3
Unknown Parameters:
Variable
Parameter
Unit
eb
Earth bulge at the point
m, AMSL
hO
of obstruction
Total height of
m, AMSL
a A ,a B
obstruction
Antenna Height at Site A
m, AGL
hA , hB
and Site B
m, AMSL
and Site B
Line of Sight Distance
FL
Distance of the Firs
Fresnel Zone from LOS at

point of obstruction
Solution for Unknown Parameters:

h A =a A +e A
h B=a B +e B , since
a A =a B
h B=a A +e B
h Bh A =a A +e B (a A +e A )
h Bh A =e B e A
e Be A =55 m52 m
e Be A =3 m=h Bh A
D= (D GC )2 +( hB h A )2
(D GC )2+(e Be A )2
(50539.9963073505 m)2 +(3 m)2

D=50539.9963963889 m
=tan
d=
hB h A
D GC
dA
( (
cos tan 1
h Bh A
DGC
)) ( (
cos tan1
34500 m
=34500.0000607801 m
3m
50539.9963073505
Now for the Fresnel zone from LOS,
))
FL
x=d
D
50539.996396889 m
=34500.0000607801 m
2
2
x=9230.00186258562
y=2 D+ =2 (50539.996396889 m )+
299792458 m/s
7.275 109 Hz
y=101080.034001363
50539.9963963889 m 2
101080.034001363m 24
y 24 D2
z=
=
16
z=520.670544147491
h h
1
3m
=tan = B A =
m
DGC
50539.9963073505 m
1
5
=5. 93589279618464 10
m
5.93589279618464 105 2
256(520.67054414791)( 101080.034001363)
1+
1 2
256 z
m
A= 1+
=
y
( )
A=1.00000000464633
101080.034001363
32 xz 32(9230.00186258562)(520.670544147491)
B= 2 =
y
B=0.01505164667552137
101080.0340013622
9230.0018625856 m 2()
m
101080.034001362
16
(520.67053125 m2 )
z (16 x 2 y 2 )
C=
=
y2
C=451.20718035469
Y L=
B B2 4 AC
2A
451.20718035469
2
(0.01505164675) 4 (1.000000004)
(0.01505164675)
Y L =
Y L =21.2491649996457 m
|(
|F L|=
cos tan
|F L|=
YL
1
h Bh A
DGC
))
21.2491649996457 m
3m
cos tan 1
50.5399963073505 m
( (
))
|F L|=21.24916503708120 m
Variable
Parameter
Unit
eb
Earth bulge at the point
m, AMSL
of obstruction
Formula: e b=
e b=
d A ( DGC d A )
12.75 k
( 34.5 ) (50.539996307350534.5)
=32.551757211976 m
4
( 12.75 ) ( )
3
Variable
Parameter
Unit
hO
Total height of
m, AMSL
obstruction
Formula:
ho =e b+ T . G+ e o+10
ho =32.551757211976+15+29+10
ho =86.551757211976 m
Line of Sight Elevation

h LOS=ho +|F L|=86.551757211976 m+21.2491650370812 m
NOTE:
10m allowance
between Line of
Sight and Total
h LOS=107.800922249057 m
Variable
Parameter
Unit
aA
m, AGL
aB
Antenna Height at Site B
m, AGL
hA
m, AMSL
hB
Antenna Height at Site B
m, AMSL
Formula
h LOS=h A +
h A =107.80092249057 m
d A (hB h A )
d (h h )
h A =h LOS A B A
D GC
D GC
34500 m(3 m)
50539.9963073505 m
h A =105.753039234374 m, AMSL
( h Bh A ) =3 m
h B=h A +3 m=105.753039234374 m+ 3 m=108.753039234374 m, AMSL
a A =h A e A =105.753039234374 m52 m=53.753039234374 m, AGL
a B=h Be B=108.753039234374 m55 m=53.753039234374 m , AGL
a A =53.753039234374 m , AGL Height of Antenna at Site A AGL

a B=53.753039234374 m , AGL Height of Antenna at Site B AGL
1.5 Antenna Orientation

1.5.1 Panning Angle
Antennas of microwave Site A and Site B are to be
panned together in terms of their bearing to establish a line of
sight (LOS). In order to compute their respective bearings in
terms of the given latitude and longitude.
Site A and Site B have the following bearings.
Angles A and B determine the degree measure of

antenna panning with respect to earths grid north direction.
Angle A is an acute angle and Angle B is an obtuse angle.
Longitude grids of Site A and Site B are not considered as
Great Circles because the equator
0
) is the only largest
circle among other longitude grids. But since the Sites west
and east directions are tangent to great circles perpendicular
to Sites latitude grid, the angle panning is deployed the
same.
We
compute
angles
and
using
spherical
trigonometric formula.
Given Parameters:
Variable
Unit
Value
DGC c
degree
0.454065933043402
degree , minutes , seconds
74 31' 8.22
74 39' 31.35
Unknown Parameters:
Variable
Parameter
Unit
Angle
Angle
Formula:
(Cosine Law for Angle A)
c + sin b sin c cos A

cos a=cos b cos
(Cosine Law for Angle B)
cos b=cos a cos c+ sin a sin c cos B

Variable
Parameter
Unit
Angle
cos a=cos b cos c+ sin b sin c cos A
Formula :
cos acos b cos c

)
sin b sin c
1
A=cos
'
74 31 8.22 )} sin( { 0.454065933043402} )} right )}
sin
cos(74 31' 8.22 )} -cos {(74 {39} ^ {'} 31.35 )cos ( 0.454065933043402 )
A=cos1
A=72.014273758510972 0' 51.39
Variable
Parameter
Unit
Angle
Formula :
cos b=cos a cos c+ sin a sin c cos B
cos bcos a cos c

sin a sin c
)
1
B=cos
74 31' 8.22 )} sin {( 0.454065933043402 )}} )
sin
cos (74 39' 31.35 )} - cos {( 74 {31} ^ {'} 8.22) cos (0.454065933043402)
B=cos1
'
B=107.8666360701080107 51 59.89
Site A: Capas, Tarlac
Grid North:
72 0' 51.39) E
N
Site B: Cabanatuan, Nueva

Ecija
Grid North:
107 51' 59.89 ) W
N
1.5.2 Antenna Tilting

Antenna Launch Angle
To determine the launch angle with respect to the horizon,

we consider the antenna height above mean sea level and the earth
curvature. Based on the formula from Kizer (2013), the antenna
launch angle
for each site is
( 2)
1
=tan ( 1 )sin 1
1
Where ( tan ( 1) ) is the angle with respect to flat earth
( 2)
surface and (
) is the angle considered for earth curvature.
sin 1
We also have to denote which antenna is the far end and near end.
In example for Site A, near-end antenna is at Site A and the far-end

antenna is at Site B.
Variable
hA
Given Parameters:
Parameter/Unit
Value
Antenna height of Site A, AMSL
105.753039234374
hB
(m)
Antenna height of Site B, AMSL
108.753039234374
D GC
(m)
Great Circle Distance (km)
50.5399963073505
1
Solution for ( tan ( 1) ) for Site A and Site B with respect to flat
surface.
1=
h FhN
1
1 h F h N
, tan 1=tan
D G(km)
DGC(km)
Where
h F=
far-end antenna height above
mean sea level
h N =
near-end antenna height above mean sea
level
For Site A
h N =h A =105.753039234374 m
h F=hB =108.753039234374 m
1=
h FhN 108.753039234374 m105.753039234374 m

=
3
D G(km)
50.5399963073505 10 m
1 =5.93589279618464 105
A
tan 1 1 =tan 1 (5.93589279618464 105 )

A
tan 1 1 =0 0' 12.24366

A
For Site B
h N =hB =108.753039234374 m
h F=h A =105.753039234374 m
1=
h FhN 108.753039234374 m105.753039234374 m

=
DG(km)
50.5399963073505 103 m
1 =5.93589279618464 105
B
tan 1 1 =tan1 (5.93589279618464 105)

B
'
tan 1 =0 0 12.24366
B
1
Solution for ( sin ( 2 ) ) for Site A and Site B with respect to
earth curvature.
D GC(km) 2
2 =
Where;
h
( Fh N )
can either be
h
( AhB )
or
squaring make it positive,

DGC(km)=
K=
4
earths radius factor use: 3
h
( Bh A )
since
a=
path
earths radius
we
solved
6367 km
for
; but since the earths radius on
Great
Circle
Distance
solution
is
R 6377.330415 km , we substituted a for R

h
D GC(km)
2=
50.5399963073505 103 2
108.753039234374 m105.753039234374 m 2+
2=
2=2.971854587515940 103
sin 1 ( 2 )=sin 1 (2.971854587515940 103 )
sin1 ( 2 )=0 10 ' 12.98991
To finally solve for the antenna launch angle for Site A

1
1
and Site B, substitute ( tan ( 1) ), ( sin ( 2 ) ) for Site A and (
tan 1 ( 1) ), ( sin 1 ( 2 ) ) for Site B.

Site A Antenna Launch Angle
Launch Angle for Site A :
( 2)
A =tan 1 ( 1 )sin1
A
A =0 0 ' 12.24366 -010'12.99248

A =0 1 0' 0.746
Launch Angle below Horizon

A =0 1 0' 0.746
Site B Antenna Launch Angle
Launch Angle for Site B :
( 2)
1
1
B =tan ( 1 )sin
B
B =0 0 ' 12.24366 -010'12.99248

B =0 1 0' 25.236
Launch Angle below Horizon

'
B =0 1 0 25.236
Site A antenna launch angle

A =0 1 0' 0.746
Site B antenna launch angle
'
B =0 1 0 25.236
1.6 Reflection Point

Variable
Given Parameters:
Parameter/Unit
Value
hA
Antenna height of Site A, AMSL
346.9587901390
hB
(ft)
Antenna height of Site B, AMSL
21
356.8013098240
D GC
(ft)
Total Distance (mi)
60
31.40417581576
95
Variable
GL
d1
d2
Unknown Parameters:
Parameter
Unit
Grazing Line
unitless
Distance of Site A to
the point of reflection
Distance of Site B to
the point of reflection
Quotient of the
km
km
antenna height at
Site A and the
squared of
unitless
D GC
Quotient of the
antenna height at
y
Site B and the

squared of
D GC
unitless
D GC
D GC 2
hA
x=
31.40417581576952
346.958790139021
x=
31.4041758157695 2
357.8730968
y=
GL =
1
1+
y
x
1
0.361785902
1+
0.351805881
GL =0.496503425
d 1=G L ( DGC )=( 0.496503425 )(31.4041758157695)
d 1=15.59228084 mi=25.09328125 km
d 2=DGC d 1=50.54 km25.09328125 km
d 2=25.4467151 km
1.7 Transmission Calculation

1.7.1 Radio Frequency Propagation Gain
Variable
Given Parameters:
Parameter/Unit
Value
Antenna Diameter (m)
2.4
(Antenna Specification)
Operating
7.275 GHz
Frequency(GHz)
Variable
Unknown Parameters:
Parameter
Unit
Antenna Gain
dBi
G A , GB
Antenna Gain at Site A
dBi
GT
and Site B
Radio frequency total
dBi
Gain

Variable
Parameter
Unit
Antenna Gain
dBi
Formula :
G=17.8+20 log(d m )+ 20 log(f GHz )
G=17.8+20 log ( 2.4 )+ 20 log (7.275 )=42.64088479 dBi
Variable
Parameter
Unit
G A , GB
Antenna Gain at Site A
dBi
and Site B
G=G A , GB G A=42.64088479 dBi GB =42.64088479 dBi
Variable
Parameter
Unit
GT
Radio of frequency total
dBi
Gain
Formula :
GT =G A +GB
GT =42.64088479 dBi+ 42.64088479 dBi=85.28176957 dBi
1.7.2 Radio Frequency Propagation Loss

1.7.2.1 Waveguide Loss
Given Parameters:
Parameter/Unit
Variable
Value
hA
Antenna Height at Site
53.753039234374
hB
A AGL (m)
Antenna Height at Site
53.753039234374
he
B AGL (m)
Elevation of waveguide
1.35
dt
(m)
Distance from room to
3.3
tower (m)
Waveguide bending
0.26
radius (m)
Number of Bending
WA
(unitless)
Attenuation per length
4.83
( 100dBm )
Unknown Parameters:
Parameter
Variable
W LB
Total Waveguide Loss

with bending
Solution for
W LB
Formula for
at Site B ;
L1+ L2 +
W LB =
W LB ;
Solution for
L1
L3+ nLB (W A )
, L2 , L3 , nLB
Unit
dB
L1=d t r
L1
Where
is waveguide length from radio room to first bent
waveguide
L1=d t r=3.3 m.26 m
L1=3.04 m
L2=hhe 2 r
L2
Where
is waveguide length from first bent waveguide to
second bent waveguide.

L2=hhe 2 r=54 m+1.35 m2(.26 m)
L2=51.88303923437 m
Finding
L3
Using proportion:
hs
(d SLd SH )
=
(ht h)
x
x=
(d SLd SH )(ht h)
hs
Based on tower section 3WN
d SL =0.3226 m
d SH =0.2640 m
h s=6.096 m
ht =56 m
d SL
Where
is distance from center to vertex of lower section

d SH
is distance from center to vertex of higher
section
hs
is height of top section

ht
elevation of peak of tower with respect to
ground
x=
(0.3226 m0.2640m)(56 m54 m)

=0.02159972127 m
6.096 m
We equate distance from antenna to center of tower

L3+ r=x +d SH
L3 =x+ d SH r=0.019226 m+0.2640 m0.26 m=0.02559972127 m
LB =
Where
LB
r ( 0.26 m)
=
=0.40840704497 m
2
2
is length of bent waveguide
W LB
Then
at Site B is ;
L1+ L2 +
W LB =
L3+ nLB (W A )
W LB= ( 3.04 m+52.13 m+0.023226 m+ ( 2 ) ( 0.408407 m ))
( 4.10083 mdB )
W LB=2.693471382dB
W LB at Site B
2.693471382dB
For total length w/ bending at Site B

L1+ L2 + L3 +nLB =3.04 m+51.88303923437 m+ 0.0232256 m+2 ( 0.408407 m )
55.76545304558m
Solution for
W LB
Formula for
at Site A ;
L1+ L2 +
W LB =
W LB ;
Solution for
L1
L3+ nLB (W A )
, L2 , L3 , nLB
L1=d t r
Where
L1
is waveguide length from radio room to first bent
waveguide
L1=d t r=3.3 m.26 m
L1=3.04 m
L2=hhe 2 r
Where
L2
is waveguide length from first bent waveguide to
second bent waveguide.

L2=hhe 2 r=53.7530392344 m+1.35 m2(.26 m)
L2=51.8830392344 m
Finding
L3
Using proportion:
hs
(d d )
= SL SH
(ht h)
x
x=
(d SLd SH )(ht h)
hs
Based on tower section 3WN

d SL =0.3226 m
d SH =0.2640 m
h s=6.096 m
ht =56 m
Where
d SL
is distance from center to vertex of lower section
d SH
is distance from center to vertex of higher
section
hs
is height of top section

ht
elevation of peak of tower with respect to
ground
x=
(0.3226 m0.2640m)(56 m53.7530392344 m)

=m
6.096 m
We equate distance from antenna to center of tower

L3+ r=x +d SH
L3 =x+ d SH r=0.00961286 m+0.2640 m0.26 m=0.01361286 m
LB =
Where
LB
Then W LB
r ( 0.26 m)
=
=0.4084070450 m
2
2
is length of bent waveguide
at Site B is ;
L1+ L2 +
W LB =
L3+ nLB (W A )
W LB= ( 3.04 m+53.13 m+0.01361286 m+ ( 2 ) ( 0.408407 m ))
( 4.10083 mdB )
W LB=2.693471382dB
W LB at Site A
2.693471382dB
For total length w/ bending at Site A

L1+ L2 + L3 +nLB =3.04 m+51.883039 m+ 0.0255997 m+2 ( 0.408407 m )
55.76545305m
For total combine waveguide loss from Site A and B
W T =W LB
at Site A +W LB at Site B
W T =2.693471382 dB+2.693471382 dB=5.38694271382 dB
Variable
Given Parameters:
Parameter/Unit
Value
D GC
Total distance (km)
50.5399963
Operating Frequency
7.275
(GHz)
1.7.2.2 Free Space Path Loss
Variable
FSL
Formula :
Unknown Parameters:
Parameter
Free Space Path Loss
f
( GHz)+20 log ( Dkm )
FSL=92.4+ 20 log
FSL=92.4+ 20 log ( 7.275 ) +20 log ( 50.5399963 )=143.7093641 dB
Unit
dB
1.7.2.3 Net Path Loss

Variable
Given Parameters:
Parameter/Unit
Value
WT
Waveguide total loss at
5.386942764
FSL
Site A and Site B (dB)

Free Space Path Loss (dB)
143.7093641
RL
Radome loss (dB)

(Radome Specification)
0.8
IL
Insertion Loss (dB)

(Connectors
0.01
Specification)
Variable
NPL
Formula :
Unknown Parameters:
Parameter
Net Path Loss
I
( L)
NPL=W T + FSL+2 ( R L ) +4
NPL=5.386942764 +143.7093641+ 2 ( .8 ) + 4(.01)
NPL=150.7363068 dB
Unit
dB
1.7.3 Fade Margin

Given Parameters:
Parameter/Unit
Variable
Value
NPL
Net Path Loss (dB)
150.7363068
GT
Radio Frequency Total
85.28176957
Po
Gain (dBi)
Transmitter Output Power
33
(dBm)
(Radio Equipment
Specification)
Primary System receiver
Rs
70.5
threshold (dBm)
(Radio Equipment
Specification)
Variable
Unknown Parameters:
Parameter
RSL
Formula :
Receive Signal Level
Unit
dBm
RSL=PO +GT NPL
RSL=33 dBm+85.28176957 dBi150.7512651 dB
RSL=32.45453726 dBm
Variable
FM
Unknown Parameters:
Parameter
Fade Margin
Unit
dB
R
FM =RSL( S)
Formula :
FM =32.46949553 dBm(70.5 dBm)
FM =38.04546274 dB
1.7.4 Reliability of the Main System

Rayleigh Distribution Table
Fade Margin (dB)
Reliability (%)
90
18
99
28
99.9
38
99.99
48
99.999
58
99.9999
We derive for the formula for reliability with an arbitrary value of

fade margin. The fade margin is in arithmetic series because each
two consecutive terms have a difference of same value of
d=10
First term ; a1=8

Second term ; a 2=18=8+ 10=a 1+ d
Third term ; a 3=28=8+2 ( 10 )=a 1+2 d
If
n=3
, then
n1=2
,a n=a 1+ ( n1 ) d
Since
an
is the fade margin,
is derived as follows;
FM (dB)=a1+ ( n1 ) d
8+ ( n1 ) 10
8+10 n10
FM (dB)=10 n2
n=
FM (dB )+2
10
For the reliability let us consider a geometric series subtracted from

100:
(21)
First term ; b1=90=10010=10010 =10010
Second term ; b 2=99=1001=100100=10010(22)

Third term ; b 3=99.9=1000.1=100101 =10010(23 )
Fourth term ; b 4=99.99=1000.01=100102=10010(24)
If
n=4 ,
Then
Since:
bn =10010(2n)
bn =reliability ( )
reliability ( )=10010(2n)
Substituting
n for
FM dB +2
, reliability has formula in terms of
10
Fade Margin
( (
reliability ( )=10010
2
FM (dB )2
10
(
20FM (dB ) 2
10
(
18FM (dB )
10
))
Where : reliability is in percent
( ) and Fade Margin is in (dB)
Reliability of the Main System=10010
( 1838.04546274
)
10
Reliability of the Main System=99.99010414
1.7.5 Hot-Standby System

Given Parameters:
Parameter/Unit
Variable
RS
Primary system receiver
RSL
threshold (dBm)
Received Signal Level
Value
70.5
-
32.45453726
(dBm)
Unknown Parameters:
Parameter
Variable
RSH
Unit
Hot-standby system
dBm
receiver sensitivity
Formula :
RSH =(R S 1dB10 dB)
RSH =(70.5 dBm1 dB10 dB)

RSH =59.5 dBm
Unknown Parameters:
Parameter
Variable
FM H
Unit
Fade Margin of the Hot-
dB
standby System
Formula :
FM H =RSLRSH
FM H =32.45453726 dBm(59.5 dBm)
FM H =27.04546274 dB
Formula for
RH
RH
(
( )=10010
18FM ( dB )
10
Reliability of the HotStandby System=99.87541845113260
1.7.6 Overall System Reliability (1+1 redundancy)

Variable
Given Parameters:
Parameter/Unit
Value
RH
Reliability of the hot-
99.87541845
standby system (%)

Reliability of the main
99.99010414
system (%)
Variable
RT
Unknown Parameters:
Parameter
Overall System
Unit
dB
Reliability (1+1
redundancy) (%)
Formula :
R
R
( H R)
( H + R)
RT =
RT =( 0.9987541845+0.9999010414 ) (0.9987541845 0.99010414 )

RT =0.9999998767
The reliability of the overall system (with 1+1redudancy)

is
99.99998767
Variable
Unknown Parameters:
Parameter
Unit
The Unavailability of
the Overall System
sec min hr
,
,
yr yr yr
Reliability (1+1
redundancy)
U=1RT
Formula :
U=10.9999998758636110=0.0000001232842088416670
U=0.0000001241363886128610
U=3.88789081
24 hr 60 mins 60 sec
( 3651 days
)(
yr
1 day )( 1 hr )( 1 min )
sec
min
hr
; 0.06479818
; 0.00107997
yr
yr
yr
The unavailability of the overall system (with 1+1 redundancy)

3.88789081
sec
min
hr
, 0.06479818
,0.00107997
yr
yr
yr
1.7.7 Unavailability Base on Radio Frequency Propagation

Variable
FM
Given Parameters:
Parameter/Unit
Fade Margin of the main
system (dB)
Value
38.04546274
D GC
Total Distance (mi)
31.4041758157695
Operating Frequency
7.275
(GHz)
Unknown Parameters:
Parameter
Variable
U ndp
Unavailability base on
radio frequency
Unit
sec min hr
,
,
yr yr yr
propagation
Formula :
DGC 3 (1.25 106 )(10

f 1.6
U ndp =( a)( b)
FM
10
Conditions for a for roughness factor

4 ( watera very smooth terrain )
1 ( an average terrain )
0.25 ( a very rough , mountainous terrain )
Conditions for b for factor to convert a worst month probability to

an annual probability
convert an annunal availability
1 ( a worst month basis )
0.5 ( for hot humid areas )
0.25 ( for average inland areas )

0.25 ( for very drymountainousareas )
31.4041758157695 (1.25 10 )(1 0

7.275 1.6
U ndp =( 1 ) (.25)
38.04546274
10
U ndp =0.00003632442465046420
U ndp =1145.527056
24 hr 60 mins 60 sec
( 3651 days
yr )( 1 day )( 1 hr )( 1min )
sec
min
hr
,19.15785072
, 0.319297512
yr
yr
yr
The unavailability base on radio frequency propagation is

1145.527056
sec
min
hr
; 19.1585072
; 0.319297512
yr
yr
yr
With reliability of
99.99636756
1.7.8 Reliability with Space Diversity

Given Parameters:
Parameter/Unit
Variable
Value
FM
Fade Margin of the main
38.04546274
D GC
system (dB)
Total Distance (km)
50.53999630735050
Operating Frequency
7.275
(GHz)
m
Speed of light ( s )
3 108
Variable
Unknown Parameters:
Parameter
Unit
Antenna separation
Formula :
s=200
c
3 10
s=200 =200
=8.24742268m
f
7.275
Variable
Isd
Unknown Parameters:
Parameter
space diversity
improvement factor
Unit
unitless
Formula :
Isd=( 1.2103 )
8.24742268 2(1 0
Isd=(1.2 103 )(
38.04546274
10
f GHz
D GC
( )
7.275
)
50.539996073505
Isd=74.91379863168370
Unknown Parameters:
Parameter
Variable
UT
Total unavailability with
Unit
Unitless
space diversity
UT=
Formula :
UT=
U ndp
Isd
0.00003632442465046420
=0.0000004848829630046470
74.91379863168370
Variable
RT
Formula :
Unknown Parameters:
Parameter
Total reliability with
Unit
%
space diversity
RT =1U T
RT =10.0000004848829630=0.9999995151
Total reliability with space diversity is
99.99995151
1.8 Overall System Reliability of the System and Propagated

Radio Wave with Hot- Standby and Diversity
Variable
Given Parameters:
Parameter/Unit
Value
RTS
Total reliability of the
99.99998767
system with Hot-standby

protection (%)
Total reliability of the radio
RTR
99.99995151
wave frequency with space

diversity protection (%)
Variable
Unknown Parameters:
Parameter
RO
Formula :
Unit
Overall Reliability
unitless
RO=( RTS + R TR )( RTS R TR )
RO= ( 0.9999998767+0. 9999995151 )( 0.9999998767 0. 9999995151)
RO=0.999999999999940
Variable
Unknown Parameters:
Parameter
UO
Overall
Formula :
unavailability
U O =1RO
U O =10.99999999999994
U O =0.0000000000001
U O =0.0000000000001
24 hr 60 min 60 sec
( 3651 days
)(
yr
1 day )( 1 hr )( 1min )
Unit
sec min hr
,
,
yr yr yr
The overall unavailability of the system and the propagated radio

wave with hot-standby and space diversity protection is
0.0000018836
sec
min
hr
; 0.0000000313940873
; 0.000000000523234788
yr
yr
yr
Overall Unavailability Time Table

Time Rate
Outage Time
Seconds per day
0.0000000051606718898256
Seconds per month
Seconds per year
Minutes per day
1
0.0000001548201566947680
0.000001883645239786350
0.0000000000860111981637
Minutes per month

Minutes per year
Hours per day
Hours per month
601
.0000000025803359449128
0.0000000313940873297724
0.0000000000014335199693
0.0000000000430055990818
Hours per year
8010
0.0000000005232347888295
410
1.9 Link Budget
Variable
PT
Given Parameters:
Parameter/Unit
Value
Transmitted Power (dBm)

(Radio Equipment Specification)
33
Gain of the antenna of Site A
42.64088479
FSL
and Site B (dBi)

Free Space Path Loss (dB)
143.7093641
W LA
Waveguide loss at Site A (dB)
2.693471382
W LB
Waveguide loss at Site B (dB)
2.693471382
RL
Radome Loss (dB)

(Radome Equipment
0.8
GT , GR
x
IL
Specification)
Insertion Loss (dB)
(Connectors Equipment
0.01
Specification)
Variable
Unknown Parameters:
Parameter
BA
Branching loss at
Formula :
Site A
B A=W LA + R L +2( I L )
B A=2.693471382 dB+ 0.8 dB+ 2(0 .01 dB)
Unit
dB
B A=3.513471382 dB
Unknown Parameters:
Parameter
Variable
BB
Branching loss at
Unit
dB
Site B
B B =W LB + R L +2( I L )
Formula :
B B =2.693471382dB+ 0.8 dB+ 2(0 .01 dB)

B B =3.513471382dB
Variable
ERP
Unknown Parameters:
Parameter
Effective radiated
power
Formula :
ERP=PT B A
X
ERP=33 dBm3.513471382dB
ERP=29.48652862 dBm
Unit
dBm
Unknown Parameters:
Parameter
Variable
EIRP
Effective isotropic
Unit
dBm
radiated power
EIRP=ERP +GT
Formula :
EIRP=29.48652862 dBm+ 42.64088479 dBi

EIRP=72.12741341 dBm
Unknown Parameters:
Parameter
Variable
EIRS
Effective isotropic
Unit
dBm
received signal
EIRS=EIRPFSL
Formula :
EIRS=72.12741341 dBm143.7093641 dB
EIRS=71.58195066 dB
Unknown Parameters:
Parameter
Variable
ERS
Effective received
signal
Formula :
ERS=EIRS+G R
ERS=71.58195066 dB+ 42.64088479
ERS=28.94106587 dBm
Unknown Parameters:
Unit
dBm
Variable
Parameter
Unit
RSL
Received signal
dBm
level
Formula :
RSL=ERSBB
RSL=28.94106587 dBm3.513471382 dB
RSL=32.45453726 dBm
The receive signal level at the receiver side is
32.45453726 dBm
Illustration for Link Budget
FSL
TX
GATX
GARX
RX
WGLossLink
PTX
100
Budget of the System
68.2197
Signal Strength Level
50
32.0000
0
PTX
-50
WGLoss
A+'Illustration Of Link Budget'!

$B$22:$B$25
27.7003
ERP
EIRP
EIRS
ERS
-35.1331
-75.6525
-100
-39.4256
RSL
RSL
2. Tower Layout
3. Waveguide Layout
4.
Design
Summary
Site A
Basic Information
Location
Site B
Brgy. Bangad,
Brgy. Santo Domingo,
Cabanatuan City,
Capas, Tarlac
Latitude
15 2028.65N
Nueva Ecija
15 2851.78N
Longitude
120 3543.27E
121 0236.56N
Path Length
Elevation
Operating
50.53999630735050000 km
52m,ASML
55m,ASML
7.275 GHz
Frequency
Distance to the
Highest
Obstruction
34.50km
16.04km
Height
Highest
Obstruction
76.552m
Height
Antenna Height
Above Ground
Level
Tower Height
Waveguide
Length
53.753039234374m
53.75303923434m
56m
55.76545304558m
55.76545305 m
Site A
Antenna Alignment
Site B
True North
True North
Orientation
72 0' 51.39 ) E
N
107 51 ' 59.89 ) W

N
Antenna Tilting
0 10' 4.50469
0 10' 21.48027
25.09328125 km
25.4467151 km
Antenna
Distance from
the Reflection
Point
Gains
Antenna Gain
42.64088479 dBi
System Gain
85.28176957 dBi
Waveguide Loss
2.693471382 dB
2.693471382 dB
Radome Loss
0.8 dB
Connector Loss
0.01 dB
Free Space Loss
143.7093641 dB
Net Path Loss
150.7363068 dB
Radio Equipment
Transmit Power
Receiver
Threshold
33 dBm
Primary System
-70.5 dBm
Hot-standby System
-59.5 dBm
System
Primary System
Fade Margin
Reliability of
38.04546274 dB
Hot-standby System
27.04546274dB
99.99010414%
Primary System
Reliability of
Hot-standby
99.87541845113260%
System
Reliability with
99.99998767157910%
(1+1) protection
Reliability Based
99.9963675575350%
on Radio
Frequency
Propagation
Reliability with
Space Diversity
Overall
99.99995151170370%
Reliability with
(1+1) Protection
99.9999999999940%
and Space
Diversity
0.000001883645239786350
Overall
Unavailability
sec / yr
0.00000003139408732977240
0.0000000005232347888295410
min/ yr
hr / yr
VI. Occupational Safety

Safety Precaution
Avoid climbing towers when wind speeds are approaching 25 mph or

are extremely gusty. High winds have the potential to damage yaw
and rotor locks, door covers, and other equipment and hardware on
the tower.
Take precautions and measures to ensure ropes wont get caught

and tangled in the structure or with each other
Plan all work days to start when there is enough light to see the job
site and on-site hazards clearly
Only trained and qualified personnel should operate construction

equipment
Crew members should wear high visibility clothes when working with
or near construction equipment, especially cranes
Hardhats or helmets are required at all times for climbers and

ground crew
Avoid working directly under the tower when climbers are on the
tower
Establish a work zone under the tower equal to half the total height,
the distance that tools or hardware could fall away from and/or
ricochet off the tower
Establish exclusion zones of at least twice the height for onlookers

and media
Climbers should only use buckets, pouches, bags and pockets for
tools, parts, and hardware that can be closed, zipped, fastened, or
otherwise securely closed
Use tools and gear fitted with loops or slings so they can be secured
with carabiners to the climber, or to the tower
Keep vehicles parked at least one-half the tower height away from
the base of the tower to avoid damage from accidentally dropped
tools or equipment
All haul ropes should be the proper strength and diameter for tools
to be used
Adequate and proper pulley systems and anchor points are essential
for lifting and hauling. Progressive capture for rope systems is highly
encouraged.
Electrical Safety
Voltage over 50 volts is considered dangerous and requires

appropriate Personal Protective Equipment.
Fire retardant clothing, gloves, and face shields may be necessary

for particular electrical tasks. Therefore, anyone not qualified should
not open live electrical enclosures or cabinets.
All climbers should practice Lockout/Tagout before climbing any

tower installing (a) padlock(s) on electrical disconnects and power
sources whenever practicable. A separate padlock should be used
by each worker, and only one key should be in circulation for each
lock. Per OSHA regulations, only he or she who applied the lock shall
be allowed to remove it.
Padlock and Key
MULTIPLE-LOCK
DEVICE (HASP)
TAG (FRONT AND

BACK)
Note that there are certain conditions that require power be present
to test, troubleshoot, or reposition the machine but when such
maneuvers are not under-way the system should be de-energized
and put into an electrically safe working condition.
Power Contact Induction

The
joint
occupancy
of
poles
and
support
present
power
contact/induction problem and the necessity for constructing power

and communications facilities near each other and the advantages to
both the interest must be carefully contemplated.
Good construction and adequate spacing between power and

communications facilities are first line of defense against power
contact and induction hazards. This essentially keeps foreign
potential out of the communication plant

Second measure is to provide paths
to
ground
on
the
communication facilities sufficient to prevent excessive voltage

rise in the communication plant and utilization of current limiting
devices
Insulation on the communication conductors may, in many
instances withstand secondary power potential but dependence
on insulation alone introduces a considerable hazard

Where the possibility of power line contact is eminent, equipment
connected to such lines should be provided with protector cable
of discharging sufficient current to fuse the line conductor or they
should be provided with line fuses and surge arrester. Shall
protectors will be adequately rounded to prevent excessive rise
in potential at the equipment locations.

Isolating transformer and/or neutralizing transformers and/or
appropriate devices should utilize to prevent disturbances in
communications circuits exposed to arise in ground potential
AC and DC Safety
There are two probable ways power line caused equipment damage
occurs.
Tower Strikes
Surge current may also arrive to stress equipment within the
building with a strike to the communication tower. In an ideal
installation, the tower, bulkhead, equipment and utility grounds are
all tied together with a single point ground.
The one way to theoretically limit stress on the equipments
power supplies is to provide additional inductance (isolation) for the
power line path inside the equipment building.
Power Line Strikes
Surge current may be imposed on a power line by a lightning
strike near the equipment or on an overhead utility line. Current
may directly enter buried lines when lightning strikes a street light
or may be conducted to a buried power line if lightning strikes near
the line. Whichever way the surge current enters, it causes a bidirectional flow of surge current on the power line. Current flows
both toward the equipment building and away from it, toward the
nearest distribution transformer.
When the surge current flowing toward the equipment building
reaches a distribution transformer, part of the energy is diverted to
ground. Energy not diverted to ground is coupled through the
transformer by arcing (non-catastrophic) or capacitive coupling.
Surge current continues toward the equipment building on both the
neutral and hot conductors of the power line.
At the buildings main power line entrance panel the neutral is tied
to ground, reducing neutral conductor energy. Most of the energy
from the lightning strike should remain on the hot conductors.
Ground
Everyone agrees that grounding is important to reduce the
occurrence of lightning damage.
There are three important reasons for proper grounding: ensuring
personnel safety, minimizing radio frequency interference and preventing
equipment damage from lightning.
A good ground is a low-impedance bond to an effective earth
electrode system, which is a network of buried conductors around the
tower designed to create a low resistance-to-earth. Tower earth electrode
systems typically consist of a set of driven ground rods configured in a
ring around the tower, with the rods bonded together by a large copper
conductor (AWG size 1/0 or larger). Each leg of the tower should be
bonded to the earth-electrode system using an exothermic weld.
Electric Shock
Electricity can be dangerous. Voltage, or difference in electrical

potential, is responsible for delivering electrical shocks. If the human
body receives a shock and current is present, it can cause serious
injuries and even death. For that reason, only qualified and trained
personnel should work on electrical equipment.

Shock current is also dependent to the impedance of the circuit
contracted plus the body impedance of the victim

The potential difference at any time between any expose structure
or between any exposed structures within reach of adult persons
approximately 1.5 meters shall be no greater than 45 volts RMS AC
or 135 volts DC.
Tower Safety
Communication towers are designed to be extremely efficient

structures, in some cases, rising to over 2000 feet in height. This
efficiency comes at a cost, as there are many towers that do not
provide the climber with adequate climbing facilities and proper tie
off points. Additionally, working on a tower is often very difficult
since there are typically no work platforms for the climber to work
from. These difficulties, along with working in an environment where
the climber can run into extremely high winds, icy tower members,
aggressive birds and stinging insects, creates a lot of risk for the
climber. In many cases, proper use of equipment, proper training
and good judgment can greatly improve the safety of the climber.
Safety Belt and Climbing Accessories

Full Body Harness
The purpose of the harness is to
catch a worker when he/she falls,
keep
the
body
in
an
upright
position, and evenly distribute the

hanging weight. Waist bands or
built-in belts are optional.
The
harness
should
have
4 D-rings:
minimum of
Front (sternum) for limited fall arrest (climbing

cable)
Back for twin arm lanyards
Sides (2) for attaching lanyard snap hooks when not

in use, work positioning belts, tools, rope, and rescue
equipment full body harness:
Lanyards:
Shock absorbers for the twin arm lanyards will either be
stitched directly into the nylon of each arm (Partially Oriented
Yarn POY), or a single Personal Energy Absorber (PEA) will be
attached to the two static arms. Both styles are acceptable
Accessories
Required
Fully Body Harness Design for
Recommended
Safety Climb Cable Attachment
Tower Climbing
Dual Leg Shock Absorbing
Device (Cable Grab)

Eye Protection(Clear or Tinted
Lanyard
Head Protection (Climbing
Glasses)
Two-Way Radio
Helmet)
Hand Protection (Gloves)
Foot Protection (Steel-Toed
Positioning Lanyard
OSHA Approved Carabineers
Boots)
First Aid Kit
Pair of Binoculars
RF Detector
Clothing
Like any other skilled trade, tower climbing requires the use of
personal protective equipment for nearly all tasks. Workers must protect
their eyes, ears, head, hands, and feet.
Eyes: Safety glasses, approved eyeglasses, or sunglasses shall be
worn at all times. Goggles are recommended in cold weather.
Ears: Hearing protection shall be worn when decibel levels exceed
OSHA limits (e.g., using loud power tools or banging on tower
structure) (OSHA reference)
Hands: Gloves are highly recommended whenever practicable
because working on a metal structure and with ropes has the
potential to severely damage the hands. Additionally, foot pegs and
ladder rungs are sometimes manufactured or coated with abrasive
grips.
Feet: Closed-toed shoes are required. Leather, waterproof work
boots
with
ankle
support
and
soles
with
good
grip
are
recommended. Steel toes are not typically required, since they can
be cumbersome when climbing a structure. However, they may be
required or recommended by some employers. If working with
electricity
or
in
cold
temperatures,
composite
toes
are
recommended instead of steel toes. Steel shanks are recommended

if standing on thin metal structures for long periods of time is typical
or routine.
Arc Flash Equipment: Whenever a worker is exposed to 50 volts
or more, he or she must be trained in arc flash requirements and
wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment.
Cotton clothing and long sleeves

Gloves, Face shields, and Flash suits
Insulated Tools
Qualified persons and required
training
Hard Hats
Head: Helmets or hardhats shall be
worn at all times when approaching
and/or working on a tower.
Chin
straps
on
helmets
are
recommended to stop the helmet
from falling off the workers head.

Helmets shall be top and side
impact rated for climbers. (ANSI reference) Top impact only

Helmets shall not be vented if electrical and/or chemical works is
typical or routine
Rope and Pulley

All haul ropes should be the proper strength and diameter for
tools to be used. Adequate and proper pulley systems and anchor
points are essential for lifting and hauling.
Rope
Pulle
y
Installing Antennas on the Tower
All antennas shall be inspected inside and outside for correct

assembly
and
any
possible
damage
immediately
upon
uncrating and before any further work is performed. The color

of the antenna and antenna radome cover received should be
verified against the engineering document ordering the
antenna.
Care shall be taken at all times to avoid denting or otherwise
deforming any parts, as this will impair the operations of the
antenna.
All metal antenna surfaces and metal shrouds should be free
from scratches and impressions. If scratches are minor in
nature,
they
should
be
touched-up
according
to
manufacturer's instructions.
All tools and materials required for the installation of the
antennas shall be as specified in the individual installation
instructions or equivalent.
If mounts and antennas are being added to an existing guyed
tower, the Supplier shall record vertical tower alignment using
a transit prior to installing mounts and antennas, record
findings, and double check alignment at the completion of the
installation.
Antennas should be delivered to the site only far enough in
advance of there planned installation to allow adequate
assembly time. To avoid possible damage they shall not be
stored at the site, either assembled or disassembled, for an
extended period of time.
The Supplier shall provide a skid or platform to form a sound

working area for the assembly of parabolic and yagi antennas.
Flat or gently slopping terrain near the antenna structure may
also be used if precautions are taken to ensure dirt, debris, or
moisture does not accumulate in or on the antenna.

The skid on which the horn antenna was shipped and all
associated parts should be unloaded in an area where the
terrain is relatively smooth and level, and as close to the base
of the supporting structure as is practicable. Consideration
should be given to hazards from objects that may fall or be
dropped
from
the
tower,
possible
interference
with
construction operations, etc. In no case will the horn antenna
assembly be allowed directly on the ground.

Before starting the antenna installation, inspect the interior of
the antenna for the presence of water or, in cold weather, ice
or frost. If moisture in any form is present, it must be removed
before the antenna is installed.

All antenna surfaces should be free from scratches and
impressions. If damages are minor in nature, use touch up
paint provided by the manufacturer. If major in nature, the
part(s) should be repaired or replaced at the direction of the
QWEST.
Some Tower Climbing Tips

Be thoroughly prepared It is wrong to start your way up the
ladder without making all necessary adjustments to all your tools
and equipment. Never be in a haste to get up the ladder without
checking the gear and all other tools to make sure they are in good
shape. Being fully prepared involves taking all necessary security
measures like monitoring the weather daily to make sure you are
climbing when the weather condition is more favorable.
Be well hydrated Most times, tower climbers are exposed to
intense heat while working up there. It is advised that you stay as
hydrated as possible while working at ground level, which makes
adequate hydration a must for you as a climber working at great
heights. Inadequate hydration can lead to a number of problems
that may result in fatality cases. Some of the problems that can
arise from inadequate hydration for a tower climber are; heat stroke,
weakness, confusion, dizziness, nausea, fainting, and exhaustion.
Give Yourself Regular fitness checks It
is always important that you give
yourself proper physical and fitness
check before you embark on any tower
climbing project.. Make sure you are
not under any heat-related illness
before you start climbing. Check for
heat cramps in the muscles of your
hands to forestall being unable to
properly attach the snap hook of your
safety positioning lanyard to an anchor
point to enable you stop and rest safely at intervals while on the job.
Have a Rescue Team Handy The truth remains that a fall may still
happen at any time despite all the safety measures taken. This
makes the enforcement of efficient work site prevention and
emergency rescue plan to rise to the occasion in case of any falls

very important.
Use Full Body Slings The full body sling helps redistribute the
pressure from your body weight away
from the leg straps of your harness. This
will not only increase your comfort,
but goes a long way to keep you in a
work position for longer periods. With the
full body seat sling, you can afford to
stretch out your leg in front of you,
taking attention away from the pain in
your legs and focusing on the job at
hand.
Give your Crew Adequate Training If you have a team of your
climbers working with you, chances are that most of them do not
have the necessary trainings and experience to prevent fatal falls
while climbing. It is your job as the crew leader to hire any of the
companies reputed for the quality of safety training offered to tower
climbers to come to site and train your crew members. These
companies offer climbing safety, climbing skills, and rescue tips.
Some major climbing equipment manufacturers are also known to
offer training and consulting services for tower climbers safety.
Equipment Protection
Microwave link protection has traditionally come in two flavors:
non-protected
(1+0) and
protected
(1+1).
Protected
systems
provide full redundancy in the event of any failure of the primary

equipment. In practice, most equipment failures occur in the active
electronic components of a radio, not the passive electronic
components. That means that 1+1 systems provide redundancy for

a lot of components that are unlikely to fail.
UNPROTECTED
(1+0
Configuration)
method
of
transmission and reception where in no standby service is
available
HOT STANDBY (1+1 Configuration) a method of providing a
reliable radio service. Two transmitters are kept fully energized
so that if one fails, the other is readily available and
immediately carries the signal.

COLD-STANDBY there are two radios but only one radio is
energized so there should somebody that operates in the area
to turn on the back up radio. Must have enough gain so that
the desired path loss between transmitter output receivers
input is attained. In this impedance matching will be applied.
VII. Glossary
Absorption - The way in which the energy of a photon is taken up by
matter,
typically
the
electrons
of
an
atom.
Thus,
the
electromagnetic energy is transformed into internal energy of the

absorber, for example thermal energy.
Antenna (or aerial) - is an electrical device which converts electric power
into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio
transmitter or radio receiver.
Attenuation - Loss of signal in transmission through a filter, usually

referring to signal amplitude or signal power. Usually measured in
decibels (dB).
Bandpass Filter - A filter that passes one band of frequencies and rejects
both higher and lower frequencies.
Bandwidth - The width of the pass band of a band pass filter is usually
expressed as the frequency difference between lower and upper
relative 3dB points.
Beamwidth - The half power beam width is the angle between the halfpower (-3 dB) points of the main lobe, when referenced to the peak
effective of the main lobe.
Center Frequency (fc) - The arithmetic means frequency is normally
calculated using the 3dB relative band edges (f1 & f2).
Conversion Loss - The ratio in dB of the IF output of a mixer to the RF
input power. All conversion loss measurements and specification are
normally based on the mixer being terminated on all ports and a
stated LO signal power level being applied.
Cutoff Frequency (Fco) It is the upper pass band edge in low pass
filters or the lower pass band edge in high pass filters. It is the pass
band edge closest to the stop band. Normally the point at which the
VSWR equals to1.5:1.
Decibels (dB) is a logarithmic unit of measurement in acoustics and
electronics.
Demultiplexer - is software that demultiplexes individual elementary
streams of a media file, e.g., audio, video, or subtitles and sends
them to their respective decoders for actual decoding. Media
demultiplexers are not decoders themselves, but are format
container handlers that separate program streams from a file and
supply them to their respective audio, video, or subtitles decoders.
Dehydrator - An appliance or an engineered system designed to remove

water from substances such as absorbents or food.
Dew Point Temperature - The temperature below which the water vapor
in air at constant barometric pressure condenses into liquid water at
the same rate at which it evaporates. The condensed water is called
dew when it forms on a solid surface.
Diplexer is a passive device that implements frequency domain
multiplexing.
Duplexer - A device that allows bi-directional (duplex) communication
over a single path.
Earth Bulge - A term used in telecommunications. It refers to the circular
segment
of
earth
profile
which
blocks
off
long
distance
communications.
EIRP Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power - is the amount of
power that a theoretical isotropic antenna (which evenly distributes
power in all directions) would emit to produce the peak power
density observed in the direction of maximum antenna gain.
Fade Margin - A design allowance that provides for sufficient system gain
or sensitivity to accommodate expected fading, for the purpose of
ensuring that the required quality of service is maintained. It is the
amount by which a received signal level may be reduced without
causing system performance to fall below a specified threshold
value.
Fading It is deviation of the attenuation affecting a signal over certain
propagation media. The fading may vary with time, geographical
position or radio frequency, and is often modeled as a random
process.
First Fresnel Zone - The difference between the direct and an indirect
path that touches a single point on the border of the Fresnel zone is
half the wavelength.
Frequency - The number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit
time. Unit in Hertz or Cycles per Second (cps).
Fresnel Zone - Is one of a (theoretically infinite) number of concentric
ellipsoids which define volumes in the radiation pattern of a
(usually) circular aperture.
Free
Space
Loss
(FSL)
the
loss
in
signal
strength
of
an
electromagnetic wave that would result from a line-of-sight path

through free space (usually air), with no obstacles nearby to cause
reflection or diffraction.
Full Duplex - Allows communication in both directions and, allows this to
happen simultaneously.
Gain - is the ratio of the power output to the power input of the amplifier
in dB. The gain is specified in the linear operating range of the
amplifier where a 1 dB increase in input power gives rise to a 1 dB
increase in output power.
GHz A one billion Hertz. Usually used in very high frequency.
Highpass Filter - A filter which passes high frequencies and rejects low
frequencies.
Hot Standby - Is used as a failover mechanism to provide reliability in
system configurations. The hot spare is active and connected as
part of a working system. When a key component fails, the hot
spare is switched into operation. More generally, a hot standby can
be used to refer to any device or system that is held in readiness to
overcome an otherwise significant start-up delay.
IDU (Indoor Unit) - Accesses a service signal, prompting baseband
processing, multiplexing and IF modulation.
Input/output Connection It is the interconnections between the I/O

devices. Usually by the use of coaxial, BNC connectors etc.
Insertion Loss - is defined as the drop in power as a signal enters an RF
component. This value not only includes the reflected incoming
signal, but also the attenuation of the component.
Interface - The point of interaction with software, or computer hardware,
or with peripheral devices such as a computer monitor or a
keyboard. Some computer interfaces such as a touch screen can
send and receive data, while others such as a mouse or microphone
can only send data.
Interference is a phenomenon in which two waves superimpose to
form a resultant wave of greater or lower amplitude. Interference
usually refers to the interaction of waves that are correlated or
coherent with each other, either because they come from the same
source or because they have the same or nearly the same
frequency.
Intermediate Frequency (IF) a frequency to which a carrier frequency
is shifted as an intermediate step in transmission or reception. The
intermediate frequency is created by mixing the carrier signal with a
local oscillator signal in a process called heterodyning, resulting in a
signal at the difference or beat frequency.
Isolation - The ratio (expressed in dB) of the power level at one port
compared to the resulting power level of the output port.
Limiting Level - This is the input power level when the output power is
goes into compression and no longer becomes linear.
Linear Phase Filter is a filter that exhibits a constant change in
degrees per unit of frequency. The resultant plot of frequency versus
phase is a straight line. This type of filter ideally displays a constant
delay in its Passband.
Line-of-sight (LOS) - refers to electro-magnetic radiation or acoustic

wave propagation. Electromagnetic transmission includes light
emissions traveling in a straight line.
Lowpass Filter - A filter which passes low frequencies and rejects high
frequencies.
Magnetic North - the direction in which the north end of a compass
needle or other freely suspended magnet will point in response to
the earth's magnetic field. It deviates from true north over time and
from place to place because the earth's magnetic poles are not fixed
in relation to its axis.
Maximum Power Output is the actual amount of power (in watts) of
radiofrequency (RF) energy that a transmitter produces at its
output.
Mb/s - A megabit per second. (Million bits in a second)
Microwave Communication It is the transmission of signals via radio
using a series of microwave towers. Microwave communication is
known as a form of "line of sight" communication, because there
must be nothing obstructing the transmission of data between these
towers for signals to be properly sent and received.
Modem (Modulator-Demodulator) - is a device that modulates an
analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also
demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted
information
Mean time between failures (MTBF) - is the predicted elapsed time
between inherent failures of a system during operation. MTBF can
be calculated as the arithmetic mean (average) time between
failures of a system. The MTBF is typically part of a model that
assumes the failed system is immediately repaired (mean time to
repair, or MTTR), as a part of a renewal process.
Mean
Time
To
Repair
(MTRR)
is
basic
measure
of
the
maintainability of repairable items. It represents the average time

required to repair a failed component or device. Expressed
mathematically, it is the total corrective maintenance time divided
by the total number of corrective maintenance actions during a
given period of time.
MULDEM A combination of Multiplexer and Demultiplexer in one
packaging.
Multiplexer - is a device that selects one of several analog or digital
input signals and forwards the selected input into a single line.
ODU (Outdoor Unit) Devices that processes the RF signal.
Passband - The frequency range in which a filter is intended to pass
signals.
Pulse-code modulation (PCM) - is a method used to digitally represent
sampled analog signals. It is the standard form of audio in
computers, Compact Discs, digital telephony and other digital audio
applications.
Phase Shift - The changing of phase of a signal as it passes through a
filter. A delay in time of the signal is referred to as phase lag and in
normal networks, phase lag increases with frequency, producing a
positive envelope delay.
Radome - A structural, weatherproof enclosure that protects a microwave
(e.g. radar) antenna. The radome is constructed of material that
minimally attenuates the electromagnetic signal transmitted or
received by the antenna.
Relative Attenuation - Attenuation measured with the point of minimum
attenuation taken as zero dB.
Return Loss (dB) - is defined as a ratio of the incoming signal to the
same reflected signal as it enters a component.
Signal generators is electronic devices that generate repeating or nonrepeating electronic signals (in either the analog or digital domains).
Sensitivity - The minimum magnitude of input signal required to produce
a specified output signal having a specified signal-to-noise ratio, or
other specified criteria.
System Gain is the difference between the nominal output power of a
transmitter (Pt) and the minimum input power to a receiver (Cmin)
necessary to achieve satisfactory performance.
Stopband -The area of frequency where it is desirable to reject or
attenuate all signals as much as practical.
Time Delay - The amount of time it takes for certain signals to pass
through a filter.
Tower - Typically, tall structures designed to support antennas (also
known
as
including
aerials)
for
television.
telecommunications
They
are
among
the
and
broadcasting,
tallest
man-made
structures.
True North - is the direction along the earth's surface towards the
geographic North Pole. True geodetic north usually differs from
magnetic north and from grid north.
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio - The ratio between the peak and valley
of standing waves on a transmission line.
Voice Channel Capacity - The tightest upper bound on the rate of
information that can be reliably transmitted over a communications
channel.
Waveguide - A structure that guides waves, such as electromagnetic
waves or sound waves.
VIII. Technical References

1. Formulas
Sine Law
sin A sin B sinC
=
=
sin a sin b sin c
Cosine Law
cos c=cos a cos b+ sin a sin b cos C
C=|longitude Alongitude B|
a=90 latitude B
b=90 latitude A
DGC =c
1
cos ( cos a cos b+sin a sin b cos C )
Re =Eart h ' s radius ( equatorial )=6378.1 km

R p=Eart h' s radius ( polar )=6356.8 km
2
E2=(eccentricity)2=
R=
Re R p
2
Re
RP
1E2 cos (
latitude A +latitude B
)
2
Circumference=2 R
DGC(km)=
DGC
( Circumference )
360
Fresnel Zone
Exact formula for nth Fresnel Zone Radius (All length units are in
meters.)
Fn = ( z ) 1
16 x 2
y2
Where
x=d A
D
2
y=2 D+n
z=
y 24 D 2
16
d A =distance A
D=LOS lengt h
n=constant integer for indicating nt h Fresnel Zone Radius

(n=1 for first , n=2 for 2 nd ,so on)
=wavelengt h=
speed of lig h t (m/s) 299792458 m/s

=
frequency (Hz)
frequency ( Hz)
Exact formula for First Fresnel Zone Radius (n=1) (All length
units are in meters.)
F1= ( z ) 1
16 x 2
y2
Where
x=d A
D
2
y=2 D+
z=
y 24 D 2
16
d A =distance site A
D=LOS lengt h
n=constant integer for indicating nt h Fresnel Zone Radius

(n=1 for first , n=2 for 2 nd ,so on)
=wavelengt h=
speed of lig h t (m/s)

frequency ( Hz)
60 Percent of First Fresnel Zone Radius

F0.6 =0.6( F 1 )
Inclined Fresnel Zone (for different antenna heights of Site A and

B above mean sea level)
nth Fresnel Zone (For First Fresnel Zone Radius, use n=1)
All length units are in meters.
YH
FH=
( (
cos tan1
h Bh A
D GC
))
YL
F L=
( (
cos tan1
hB h A
DGC
))
F H =vertical heigh t LOS high er Fresnel Zone

F L =vertical heig h t LOS lower Fresnel Zone
YH=
Y L=
B+ B2 4 AC
2A
B B2 4 AC
2A
1
256 z
m
A=1+
y
( )
B=
C=
32 xz
y2
z ( 16 x 2 y 2 )
2
y
x=d
D
2
y=2 D+n
z=
y 24 D 2
16
h h
1
=tan = B A
m
DGC
d=
dA
d=
( (
cos tan 1
D=
h Bh A
DGC
))
LOS path
D= ( D GC ) + ( h Bh A )
c 299792458 m/s
= =
f frequency (Hz)
hA
and
h B=
(meters)
D GC =
d A =

60 percent of the Inclined First Fresnel Zone Radius

Y H (0.6)
F H (0.6)=
( (
))
hB h A
DGC
cos tan 1
Y L(0.6 )
F L(0.6)=
( (
1
cos tan
h Bh A
D GC
))
F H (0.6 )=vertical heig h t LOS high er Fresnel Zone

F L(0.6)=vertical heig ht LOS lower Fresnel Zone
Y H (0.6)=
B+ B24 AC
2A
Y L (0.6)=
B B 24 AC
2A
1
256 z
m
1
A=
+
0.36
y
( )
B=
C=
32 xz
y2
z ( 16 x 2 y 2 )
y2
x=d
D
2
y=2 D+
z=
y 4 D
16
h h
1
=tan = B A
m
DGC
d=
dA
d=
( (
cos tan 1
D=
h Bh A
DGC
))
LOS path
D= ( DGC ) + ( h Bh A )
c 299792458 m/s
= =
f frequency (Hz)
hA
and
h B=
(meters)
D GC =
d A =


h LOS=h A +
d A (hB h A )
DGC
Where
h A =
antenna height at Site A above mean sea level (meters)
h B=
antenna height at Site B above mean sea level (meters)
D GC =
h LOS=
line of sight height with respect to distance from Site A (meters)
Antenna Height Above Mean Sea Level

h A =a A +e A
h B=a B +e B
Where
h A = antenna height at site A AMSL (meters)
h B = antenna height at siteB AMSL (meters)
e A =land elevation at site A AMSL
e B = land elevation at site B AMSL
a A = antenna height at site A above ground level
a B = antenna height at site B above ground level
We consider antenna heights at ground level the same. Therefore,
a A =a B
Earth Bulge
e b=
d A ( D GC d A )
12.75 k
Where
D GC =
d A =
Great Circle Distance (km)

distance from Site A (km)
Obstruction Height
ho =e b+ T . G+ e o+10
Where
e b=earth bulge(meters)
e o=land elevation (meters , above mean sea level )
T . G=tree growth=15 meters

h LOS=ho +|F L|
Where
h LOS = Line of Sight elevation below the earth curvature
ho = obstruction height
|F L|
= vertical distance from Lower Fresnel Zone to the LOS
Antenna Orientation
Panning Angle
A=cos1
b cos c
( cos acos
)
sin b sin c
B=cos1
a cos c
( cos bcos
)
sin a sin c
Where
A= panning angle of site A with reference to grid north
B= panning angle of site B with reference to grid north
b= arc measurement from site A to north pole
a= arc measurement from site B to north pole
c= arc measurement of site A to site B
D
( GC )
Tilting Angle
( 2)
1
=tan ( 1 )sin1
1=
h FhN
D G (km )
h
D GC(km) 2
2 =
Where
h F=farend antenna height above mean sea level
h N =nearend antenna height above mean sea level
K=eart h' s radius factor=
4
3
D GC(km )=Great Distance

'
a=eart h s radius 6367 km
Reflection Point
D GC 2
D GC 2
h
x= A
GL =
1+
y
x
Where
h A =antenna height at Site A
h B=antenna height at Site B
GL =grazing line

D GC =Great Distance
Transmission Calculation
G=17.8+20 log (d m )+ 20 log (f GHz )
Where
d m=diamter of antennameter
f GHz =operating frequency GHz
G=antenna gain
f
( GHz)+20 log ( Dkm )
FSL=92.4+ 20 log
Where
FSL=fress space loss
f GHz =operating frequency GHz
D km =total distance kilometer
I
( L)
NPL=W T + FSL+ 2 ( R L ) +4
Where
NPL=Net Path Loss
R L=Radome Loss
I L =Insertion Loss
(
18FM (dB )
10
Where
FM ( dB)=Fade Margindecibel
D GC 3 (1.25 106 )( 10
f 1.6
U ndp =( a)( b)
FM
10
Where
U ndp =unavailability based on radio frequency propagation
s=200
Where
s=antennaseparation
s
Isd=( 1.210 )
f GHz
D GC
( )
Where
Isd=space diversity improvement factor
UT=
U ndp
Isd
Where
U T =Total Unavailability with space diversity
B A=W LA + R L +2(I L )
B B =W LB + R L +2( I L )
Where
B A , B B=branching loss at Site ASite B
W LA , W LB =waveguide loss at Site ASite B
ERP=PT B A
X
Where
ERP=Effective radiated power
PT =transmitted power
X
EIRP=ERP +GT
Where
EIRP=effective isotropic radiated power
GT =antenna gainat transmitter

x
EIRS=EIRPFSL
Where
EIRS=effective isotropic received signal
ERS=EIRS+G R
Where
ERS=effective received signal
GR =antenna gain at receiver
x
2. References
Frenzel, L. (1994) Communication Electronics
Tomasi, W. (2014) Advanced Electronic Communications [Electronic
version]
Manning, T. (2009) Microwave Radio Transmission Design Guide
[Electronic version]
Palmer, C. and Leigh, C. (1935) Plane and Spherical Trigonometry
Kizer, G. (2013) Digital Microwave Communication [Electronic
version]
Deis, J. T. (2013) Tower Climber Safety
Liao, S. Microwave Devices and Circuits
GTE Lenkurt Engineering Considerations for Microwave Systems
Standards

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ICCT Colleges Foundation Inc.

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM DESIGN

A Microwave Communications System Design Presented

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering

In partial fulfillment for the course of Bachelor of Science in Electronics

Engr. Michael Stephen T. Gorospe

Approved and accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering

This project is dedicated to the most wonderful parents in the world,

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering

I. Overview of the Project

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering

800 Indoor Unit (IDU)

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering

II. Project Description

It is pointed out that as a result of the accelerating rate of growth of

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering

2. Statement of the Problem

Is there any obstruction encountered in the path for point-to-point link

between Capas, Tarlac and Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija?

antenna height etc.)

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering

Understand some of the aspects and criteria involved in microwave link

Discuss the regulatory bodies and available frequencies together with

Show different methods of configuration of the radio equipment to

Look at different tower options depending on location and environment.

Investigate microwave paths and help understand losses as a result of

Understand line of site surveys and why they should be completed.

Ensure the reliability of the path.

Investigate interference calculations mathematically to ensure the link is

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering

4. Scope and Delimitations

to Brgy. Bangad, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija.

software Google Earth are included.

are calculated using Microsoft Excel 2016.

microwave point-to-point link is acquired.

Code is not acquired due to unavailability of such resource.

based only on our own knowledge.

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering

Earthquake is highly considered because it could greatly affect the antenna

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering

This is of course ideal, and

normally, though the locations of the desired links may contain

Fresnel Zone areas of constructive and destructive interference

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering

connectors flange, antenna and waveguide to avoid losses which

The antenna must have compatible flange connector with

Polarization: Dual Polarized (Horizontal and Vertical)

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering

Considering amplification of the signal at the transmitter and

the receiver for successful communication.

The self-support tower has easy, low cost solution to build,

and have minimum usage of land area.

It can withstand winds up to 150 mph (240 km/h)