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WATER
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page no.
Preface .....
3
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
i. Study area .......
4
ii. Land use analysis ....
5
CHAPTER 2
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
i. Basics of WDS ...
6
ii. Types of pipes .
9
iii. Basic equations ...
9
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY OF WDS
i. Hardy cross method .
11
ii. Loop software ..
12
CHAPTER 4
DESIGN OF WDN IN
"FUTURE VISION HOUSING SOCIETY IEER UET LHR"
i. Design data
13
ii. Design criteria .. 14
iii. Results
15
iv. Comments
16
REFERENCES ...
17
PREFACE
This report is submitted to Assistant Professor Husnain Haider, the
sessional report on water distribution system for 6th term
Architecture Engineering.
This report can help reader to understand the proper methodology
of preparing the design of WDS of the housing society. Further more
there is a brief discussion on efficiency of system, suggestions to
make sure the supply of portable water, cost analysis, positive &
negative features of system etc. so that every one may understand
the whole process easily. In this way I can conclude that it is a
complete & comprehensive report in all manner but still comments
& suggestions are greatly welcomed.
I would like to thank my teacher Mr. Husnain Haider for guiding me
the steps for designing.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
STUDY AREA:
LOCATION:
The housing society (Future Vision Housing Society IEER
UET LHR.) for which we are requiring to design the "Water Distribution Net
Work " is situated near "Upper Chanab Canal".
TOPOGRAPHY:
The over all surface area of the housing society is FLAT, because
the slope of area at almost all the points is between (1% - 2%)
Since we can have three types of surface areas; on the basis of their slopes:
1. Flat Area (slope; 1% - 2%)
2. Rolling Area (slope; 5% - 8%)
3. Steep Area (slope; > 8%)
CLIMATE:
Since usually the flat areas have moderate climatic
conditions, similarly the area under consideration has.
Maximum temperature in summer may range from 30C - 45C & rains usually
occur in mid July & August. In winters he temperature can fall up to 0C, but
winter season usually remains for only three to four months.
Land use
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Residential plots
Flats
Apartments
Commercial area
School
Grave yard
Dispensary
Open areas
(parks)
D.S + T.P
Roads
Total
9
11
Covered area
(m)
32218
1404
4116
482
687
276
240
2487
1396.5
9613.5
52920
%
60.88
2.65
7.78
0.911
1.298
0.522
0.454
4.699
2.64
18.167
CHAPTER 2
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
BASICS OF WDS:
SOURCES OF WATER SUPPY:
a. Surface water sources.
b. Groundwater sources.
We have ground water source in our society, as we are obtaining water
from tube well
.
COMPONENTS OF WATER SUPPLY SCHEME:
a. Collection works.
b. Purification works.
c. Transmission works.
d. Distribution works.
But here in our society, we just have concern with distribution
works.
PEAK FACTOR:
The ratio of maximum or peak flow to average flow is called as "peak
factor".
Fire demand:
it is the demand of water required for a particular time when there
is fire blown at some area. For the fire extinguishing, the water required is to
be of high pressure and excessive quantity. For meeting the fire demand,
quantity of water required is calculated from following formulae:
F = 18 C A0.5
Advantages:
Require less no. of valves to cut-off supply to the area
Cheap system
Disadvantages:
Stagnation
Larger area is cut-off in case of repairs
Methods of distribution:
a. Distribution by gravity.
b. Pumping without storage.
c. Pumping with storage.
Distribution by gravity:
Distribution by gravity is possible only when the source of water is
located substantially above the level of the site where water is to be
provided. Here we have to rely on the pressures and heads already
defined by the elevation difference between the water reservoir and the
area which is to be supplied with water.
Types of supply:
a. Continuous supply.
b. Intermittent supply.
Continuous supply:
In this type of supply, the water is made available to the consumer
throughout 24 hours a day.
Advantages:
Availability of water for fire fighting at any time.
No infiltration of undesirable water occurs.
Disadvantages:
More use of water.
Costly method.
Intermittent supply:
In this type of supply water is available to the consumer only two to
three times a day, that means, during periods of high consumption.
Disadvantages:
BASIC EQUATIONS:
a. Manning's equation:
V = 1/n R2/3 S1/2
Where:
V = velocity
n = Manning's roughness coefficient
R = hydraulic mean depth / hydraulic radius
S = longitudinal slope
b. Chezy's equation:
V = C RS
Where:
V = velocity
c = chezy's roughness coefficient
R = hydraulic mean depth / hydraulic radius
S = longitudinal slope
Or
HL = 10.68 (Q/C)1.85 L/(D)4.87
Where:
HL
Q
C
L
D
= Head loss
= Flow
= Hazen William constant
= Length of pipe
= Diameter of pipe
10
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY OF WDS
Hardy Cross method is used while designing a WDN.
ALGORITHM USED:
a. Inflow = out flow at a node.
b. Sum of HL in a loop = 0.
PROCEDURE:
1. Assume any suitable diameter for network pipe &
then assume any internally consistent distribution
of flow. The sum of flow entering at any junction
must be equal to the sum of low leaving.
2. Compute HL in each pipe by using :
3. HL = 10.68 (Q/C)1.85 L/(D)4.87
4. With due attention to sign compute the HL around
the loop.
5. Compute without regard to sign (H/Q) for each
pipe in the loop.
6. Find H/Q without regard to sign in each pipe.
7. Find correction using :
8. = - H/ [1.85 (H/Q)]
9. Repeat the steps 1 7 until is less than 10%
minimum flow in a pipe of the loop.
10. Find residual heads at all points. If residual heads
are close to the minimum required residual head,
then the design is complete. If the residual head is
less than the required minimum residual head then
increase the diameter & start from step 1; again. If
heads are much higher than minimum residual
head then decrease the diameters so that cost
would be reduced, & then start the process again
from step 1.
11
LOOP SOFTWARE:
Loop is a computer program in BASIC for
Hydraulic Simulation of Looped Water Distribution Networks.
BRIEF HISTORY:
Language : BASIC
Contribution by : UNDP & World Bank
Contribution for: International Drinking Water Supply & Sanitation
Decade 1980 1991.
Why: Based on the results of a study conducted by WHO & World
Bank in 1970s.
80% of all disease
60% of child death
Program developed by: University of North Carolina, USA.
LIMITATIONS:
EQUATION USED:
Hazen William equation is used to find head losses :
Flow in pipes
Velocities in pipes
Pressure at nodes
Direction of flows
Head losses in pipes etc.
UNITS:
Flow = m3/sec
Length = meter
Diameter = mm
Nodal withdrawal = -ve
Pumping quantity = +ve
NODAL FIXITY:
12
CHAPTER 4
DESIGN OF WDN IN
"FUTURE VISION HOUSING SOCIETY IEER
UET LHR"
DESIGN DATA:
No. of plots = 281
No. of apartments = 3
No. of flats = 3
Design period = 20
PRESENT (2011)
Persons per
plot
Persons per
apartments
Persons per
flat
AT THE END OF
DP (2031)
10
500
700
300
500
= A.W.C * population
= 420 * 6410
= 2692200 L/day
P.H.D
= 2.25 * A.D.D
= 2.25 * 2692200
= 6057450L/day
M.R.H
= 14m
13
DESIGN CRITERIA:
We have the following combination in our society:
14
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:
PIPES:
DIAMETER OF PIPES
150 mm
100 mm
NO OF PIPES
1 Maximum diameter = mm
2 Minimum diameter = mm
RESULTS:
Since velocity in some of the pipes is low than the desired range
(0.5 2.5 m/sec), but doesn't matter, because velocity is not the
design criteria of water supply network.
Since the available heads in all pipelines are much more than
required heads (14 m) but are acceptable.
15
COMMENTS:
Since manual Hardy Cross is very tiresome & time consuming, but
by using LOOP software we can calculate flows, diameters &
velocities etc. just in few seconds.
Since we are pumping water from ground using tube well, therefore
there is no need of water treatment plant, but the laboratory tests of
water should be carried regularly & proper disinfection of water
should be done to insure a supply of potable water.
Since we are using AC pipes which have structural life up to 50
years & the design period of our society is 20years, it means at
least up to 20years after the full development of society, we don't
have any need to replace new pipelines.
Since we are having a Grid Iron system, this means that stagnation
of water does not take place as more water comes from more than
one direction.
16
REFRENCES:
1,2,3,4,6 "Water Supply & Sewerage" by "E.W.Steel",
TERENGE J.M C G H E E 6TH EDITION
5 "Water Works Engineering" (Planning, Designing & operation)
By "Syed R. Qasim, Edward M. Motley, Guang Zhu page#166
17