Engineering Materials

Properties of Materials

Engineering Materials

ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Materials
Metal
Ferrous
Non-Ferrous

Non-metal

Composites

Ceramics

Plastics

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Aluminium
Predominantly used in aerospace industry
( 80.0% weight / commercial aircraft ) in
the form of Al/Al alloy
Al has emerged as a valuable source of
metal for the automobile industry too .

Duralumin (Al with 4.5 wt% Cu)

Titanium and alloys

Properties between those of steel and Al.
Strong, lightweight, corrosion resistance.
Mechanical properties are retained up to
5350C.
Problems with Ti:
Chemically very active in molten state,
absorbing O2 or N2 from air with ruinous
capacity.
Difficult and costly to produce.

NiTi Shape memory

Superalloys
Ni, Fe, Ti and Co form the base of these
materials
Aerospace: Ti- based superalloys (Al, C, Mo,
V)
Turbine blades are Ni-based (Fe, Cr)

Ceramics

Compounds of metallic and nonmetallic

elements. Often in the form of oxides,
carbides and nitrides
Characteristics
Very high Melting temperature (>1500OC)
Compressive strength can be 5 to 10
times of tensile strength.
Very Brittle. Some ceramics like SiC and
SiN offer moderate toughness.
Low thermal and electrical conductivity

Al2O3, SiO2, UO2

SiC, TiC, WC
TiN, BN
Kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)2)
Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)3(OH)2
Sialon(Si-Al-N) : It is stronger than steel
extremely hard and as light as aluminium

Glass or Amorphous Materials

Crystalline

Amorphous

Ceramic glasses

Metallic glasses

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Mechanical Properties

Physical Properties

Properties
Physical

Density

Thermal
Conductivity

Electrical
Conductivity

Mechanical

Chemical

Material
response to
applied load

Corrosion

Mechanical Property : Loading

Tensile

Compressive

Shear

Mechanical Property : Tensile Test

Load cells

Extensometer

Definition of Parameters

Engineering stress:
S = F/A0
Original area
Engineering strain:

L Lo
e=
Lo

Engineering stress strain

curve

Engineering stress strain

curve
UTS

Engineering stress strain curve

Definiciones
Parameters
Yield strength (Y)
Stress at which plastic deformation starts to occur

Youngs modulus (E)

S = Ee

The slope of the linear elastic part of the curve

Max Load
Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) UTS =
AO
Maximum engineering stress
Stress at which necking or strain localization occurs

2% Offset yield strength

Y(0.002)

Tension test sequence

Tension test sequence

Figure 2.2 (a) Or iginal and final shape of a standar d tensile-test specimen. (b)
Note: In this figure, length is denoted by lower case l.
Outline of a tensile-test sequence showing stages in the elongation of the specimen.

Necking

Ductility
Ductility: Measure of the amount of plastic
deformation a material can take before it
fractures.
L f LO
% Elongation to Fracture: % El =
x 100
LO
% El is affected by specimen gage length. Short
specimens show larger % El

% Reduction in Area

AO AF
% Ar =
x 100
AO

No specimen size effect when area in necked region

is used

Typical mechanical properties at RT

METALS (WROUGHT)
Aluminum and its alloys
Copper and its alloys
Lead and its alloys
Magnesium and its alloys
Molybdenum and its alloys
Nickel and its alloys
Steels
Stainless Steels
Titanium and its alloys
Tungsten and its alloys

E (GPa)

Y (MPa) UTS (MPa)

69-79
105-150
14
41-45
330-360
180-214
190-200
190-200
80-130
350-400

35-550
90-600
76-1100
140-1310
14
20-55
130-305
240-380
80-2070
90-2340
105-1200
345-1450
205-1725
415-1750
240-480
480-760
344-1380
415-1450
550-690
620-760

(ELOGATION
(%) in 50 mm
45-5
65-3
50-9
21-5
40-30
60-5
65-2
60-20
25-7
0

POISSOS
RATIO (v)
0.31-0.34
0.33-0.35
0.43
0.29-0.35
0.32
0.31
0.28-0.33
0.28-0.30
0.31-0.34
0.27

NONMETALLIC MATERIALS
Ceramics
Diamond
Glass and porcelain
Rubbers
Thermoplastics
Thermoplastics, reinforced
Thermosets
Boron fiber
Carbon fibers
Glass fibers (S, E)
Kevlar fibers (29, 49, 129)
Spectra fibers (900, 1000)

70-100
820-1050
70-80
0.01-0.1
1.4-3.4
2-50
3.5-17
380
275-415
73-85
70-113
73-100

140-26000

0.2

140
7-80
20-120
35-170
3500
2000-5300
3500-4600
3000-3400
2400-2800

0
1000-5
10-1
0
0
1-2
5
3-4
3

0.24
0.5
0.32-0.40
0.34
-

True Stress and True Strain

True stress:

Instantaneous
area

True strain:

M. P. Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing 3/e John Wiley, 2007

True Stress (t) & Strain ()

P

More Accurate Measurement

True Stress
Force
P
=
=
t Ins tan tan eous Area A

A0
A

True Strain
l
A
D
D
= ln = ln 0 = ln 0 = 2 ln 0
A
D
D
l0

l0
y

P
x

Engineering Stress (S) /Strain (e) vs.

True Stress () /Strain ()
True Stress & Engineering Stress (Up to necking)

Conservation of
volume:
Al = A0l0

True Strain & Engineering Strain (Up to necking)

True Stress (t) & Strain ()

Comparision between True stress-Strain and

Engg.Stress strain curve

(UTS)

e = eE

True Stress (t) & Strain ()

Flow Curve:

t = K n

K = Strength co-eff
n = Strain-hardening exponent

True Stress-Strain Curve

Constitutive Eq.
(plastic range)

= K

K :strength coefficient
(true stress at unit true strain)

n :strain hardening exponent

( coeficiente de endurecimiento
por deformacin)

log = log K + n log

Typical values of K and n ( = Kn)

MATERIAL
Aluminum, 1100-O
2024-T4
5052-O
6061-O
6061-T6
7075-O
Brass, 70-30, annealed
85-15, cold-rolled
Bronze (phosphor), annealed
Cobalt-base alloy, heat treated
Copper, annealed
Molybdenum, annealed
Steel, low-carbon, annealed
1045 hot-rolled
1112 annealed
1112 cold-rolled
4135 annealed
4135 cold-rolled
4340 annealed
17-4 P-H annealed
52100 annealed
304 stainless, annealed
410 stainless, annealed
Note: 100 MPa = 14,500 psi.

K (MPa)
180
690
210
205
410
400
895
580
720
2070
315
725
530
965
760
760
1015
1100
640
1200
1450
1275
960

n
0.20
0.16
0.13
0.20
0.05
0.17
0.49
0.34
0.46
0.50
0.54
0.13
0.26
0.14
0.19
0.08
0.17
0.14
0.15
0.05
0.07
0.45
0.10

Different Flow Curves

Ideal Plastic
material

Ideal Elastic-Plastic Piecewise linear

material

Resilience and Toughness

Resilience: Ability of a material to absorb energy
when deformed elastically and to return it when
unloaded.

Modulus of resilience= strain energy /volume

1
U R = YSe0 =
2
2E
2
YS

Resilience and Toughness

Toughness: The ability of a material to absorb
energy in the plastic range
Ability to withstand occasional stresses
above the yield stress without fracturing is
Particularly desirable in many components

Resilience and Toughness

Modulus of resilience for various materials

Material
Medium-carbon steel
High-carbon spring steel
Duralumin
Copper
Rubber
Acrylic polymer
Metallic Glass

E (GPa)
207
207
72
110
0.0010
3.4
150 -250

YS (MPa)
310
965
124
28
2.1
14
3000-5000

Modulus of
Resilience, (KPa)
232
2250
107
3.5
2140
28
30,000

Brittle

Fracture
Ductile

Fracture

Effect of temperature

Effect of temperature

Effect of temperature

Effect of temperature