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NOVANext

ARadicalReinterpretationofEinsteinsTheory
ByDanFalkonWed,06Jan2016

Itisnoteasytowalkaloneinthecountrywithoutmusinguponsomething,Charles
Dickensonceobserved.ForJulianBarbour,thosemusingsmostofteninvolvethenature
ofspaceandtime.Barbour,78,isanindependentphysicistwhocontemplatesthecosmos
fromCollegeFarm,arusticthatchedroofcountryhousesometwentymilesnorthof
Oxford.Heisperhapsbestknownforhis1999bookTheEndofTime:TheNext
RevolutioninPhysics,inwhichhearguesthattimeisanillusion.
Whilecountrywalksmaybebestenjoyedononesown,musingsabouttheoretical
physicscanbenefitfromgood,smartcompanyandBarbourhasmadeapointof
invitingahandfulofbrightyoungphysiciststojoinhimforperiodicbrainstorming
sessionsatCollegeFarmthinkPlatosAcademyintheEnglishcountryside.
Theirlatestofferingissomethingcalledshapedynamics.(Ifyouveneverheardof
shapedynamics,thatsOKneitherhavemostphysicists.)Itcould,ofcourse,beadead
end,asmostboldnewideasinphysicsare.Oritcouldbethenextgreatrevolutioninour
conceptionofthecosmos.Itssupportersdescribeitasanewwayoflookingatgravity,
althoughitcouldendupbeingquiteabitmorethanthat.Itappearstogivearadicalnew
pictureofspaceandtimeandofblackholesinparticular.Itcouldevenalterourviewof
whatsrealintheuniverse.

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Theshapeofanobjectisareal,objectivequalityaccordingtothetheoryofshapedynamics.

Lastsummer,BarbourandhiscolleaguesgatheredforaworkshopatthePerimeter
InstituteforTheoreticalPhysicsinWaterloo,Ontario,tohashouttheideasbehind
shapedynamics.Duringabreakintheworkshop,Isatdownwithayoungphysicist
namedSeanGryb,oneofBarboursprotgs.
WeretryingtoreevaluatethebasicassumptionsofEinsteinstheoryofrelativityin
particular,whatithastosayaboutgravity,Grybsays.Itsashiftinwhatweviewasthe
fundamentalelementsofreality.
Gryb,33,isatallandathleticfigurehesaffableandgoodhumored.Hesnowapostdoc
atRadboudUniversityintheNetherlands,buthegrewupinLondon,Ontario,anddid
hisPhDdowntheroadfromPerimeter,attheUniversityofWaterloo.Thefactthathe
travelssomuchtheNetherlands,England,CanadamayexplainwhyGrybsaccentisso
hardtopindown.IfImintheUK,itturnsmoreBritish,hesays.
Shapedynamicsashiftinwhatweviewasthefundamentalelementsofreality.

UnderstandingSpaceandTime

HisPhDsupervisorwasLeeSmolin,oneofPerimeterssuperstarscientists.(Perimeter
isntadegreegrantinginstitution,sostudentswhoworkwiththeinstitutesscientists
earntheirdegreesfromWaterloo.)Smolin,likeBarbour,isknownforhisoutsidethe
boxideashestheauthorofTheTroubleWithPhysicsandseveralotherprovocative
booksandhasbeenavocalcriticofstringtheory,theleadingcontenderforatheoryof
quantumgravity,aframeworkthatunitesEinsteinstheoryofgravity,knownasgeneral
relativity,withquantummechanics.Gryb,too,seemsmostcomfortableoutsidethebox.
Sure,hecouldworkonproblemswherethequestionsarewelldefinedandthestrategies

clearlymapped,slowlyaddingtowhatweknowabouttheuniverse.Theresnoshamein
thatitswhatmostphysicistsdo.Instead,likeBarbourandSmolin,hefocusesonthe
veryfoundationsofphysicsspace,time,gravity.

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Shape,Scale,andGravity
Letsstickwithgravityforamoment.Itssurelythemostbasicofnaturesforces.You
dropahammer,itfallsdown.Ofcourse,theresabitmoretoitthanthat:Threeanda
halfcenturiesago,IsaacNewtonshowedthattheforcethatpullsthehammertothe
groundisthesameforcethatkeepsthemooninitsorbitaroundtheearthapretty
impressiveleapoflogic,butonethatNewtonwasabletoprovewithharddataand
mathematicalrigor.
ThenwecometoEinstein,whotackledgravityinhismasterpiece,generalrelativity
(http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/physics/relativityandthecosmos.html)atheory
thatsjustcelebratedits100thanniversary.Backin1915,Einsteinshowedhowgravity
andgeometrywerelinked,thatwhatweimagineastheforceofgravitycanbethought
ofasacurvatureinspaceandtime.Tenyearsearlier,Einsteinhadshakenthingsupby
showingthatspaceandtimearerelative:Whatwemeasurewithourclocksand
yardsticksdependsontherelativemotionofusandtheobjectbeingmeasured.
ItsaradicalreinterpretationofEinsteinstheory.
ButeventhoughspaceandtimearerelativeinEinsteinstheory,scaleremainsabsolute.
Amouseandelephantcanroamthecosmos,butiftheelephantisbiggersomewhere,its
biggereverywhere.Theelephantisreallybiggerthanthemouse.Inshapedynamics,
though,sizeisrelative,buttheshapeofobjectsbecomesareal,objectivequality.From
theshapedynamicsperspective,wedsaythatwecanonlybesurethattheelephantis
biggerthanthemouseiftheyrerightnexttoeachother,andweretheretoo,withour
yardstick.Shouldeitherbeaststrayfromourlocation,wecannolongerbecertainof
theirtruesizes.Whenevertheyreunite,wecanonceagainmeasuretheirrelativesizes
thatratiowontchangebutagain,wecanonlyperformthemeasurementifwereall
nexttooneanother.Shape,unlikesize,doesntsufferfromsuchuncertainty.
AbsolutesizeissomethingthatseemstobebuiltintoEinsteinstheoryofrelativity,
saysGryb.Butitssomethingthatactuallywedontsee.IfIwanttomeasurethelength
ofsomething,Imalwayscomparingitagainstameterstick.Itsthecomparisonthats
important.
PerhapsthebestwaytounderstandwhatGrybissayingistoimaginethatwedoublethe
sizeofeverythingintheuniverse.Butwait:Ifwedoublethesizeofeverything,then
werealsodoublingthesizeoftheyardstickswhichmeanstheactualmeasurementswe
makedontchange.
Thissuggeststhatsizeisntrealinanyabsolutesenseitsnotanobjectivequantity.
Withshapedynamics,saysGryb,weretakingthisverysimpleideaandtryingtopushit
asfaraswecan.Andwhatwerealizedwhichwasasurprisetome,actuallyisthatyou
canhaverelativityofscaleandreproduceatheoryofgravitywhichisequivalentto
Einsteinstheorybutyouhavetoabandonthenotionofrelativetime.
DoesthismeanthatEinsteinwaswrongabouttimebeingrelative?Surelywerenot

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DoesthismeanthatEinsteinwaswrongabouttimebeingrelative?Surelywerenot
headingbacktoIsaacNewtonsnotionofabsolutespaceandtime
(http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/newtonstm/)?Grybassuresmethatwerenot.
WerenotgoingallthewaybacktoNewton,Grybsays.
Foundations
EventhoughNewtonsconceptionofspaceandtimeturnedouttobeflawed,hisideas
havecontinuedtoserveasaninspirationoratleastajumpingoffpointforcountless
scientistsfollowinginhisfootsteps.Infact,JulianBarbourtellsmethathisownthinking
onshapedynamicsbeganwithananalysisofexactlyhowandwhytheNewtonianpicture
fails.Some50yearsago,BarbourpickedupabookcalledTheScienceofMechanicsby
ErnstMach(http://www.britannica.com/biography/ErnstMach),the19thcentury
Austrianphysicistandphilosopher.Inthebook,BarbourfoundMachsnuancedcritique
ofNewtonsconceptionofspaceandtime.(IinterviewedBarbouratlengthfora2008
radiodocumentarycalledLivingonOxfordTime
(http://www.cbc.ca/andthewinneris/2012/11/15/livingonoxfordtime2/),which
airedontheCBC.)
Newtonhadimaginedthatspacewaslacedwithinvisiblegridlinessomethinglikethe
linesoflatitudeandlongitudeonaglobethatspecifyexactlywhereeveryobjectis
locatedintheuniverse.Similarly,heimaginedauniversalclockthatticksawaythe
hours,minutes,andsecondsforallobserversatasingle,uniformrate.ButMachsaw
thatthiswaswishfulthinking.Inreallife,therearenogridlinesandnouniversalclock.
Whathappensintherealuniverseisthateverythingismovingrelativetoeverything
else,Barboursays.Itisthesetofrelativepositionsthatmatters.Onlythat,Mach
concluded,canserveasafoundationforphysics.Einstein,asayoungster,wasdeeply
influencedbyMachsthinking.NowBarbour,too,washookedandhesdevotedhislife
toexpandingonMachsideas.
Barbourisntalone.JuliansinterpretationofMachsideasareatthebedrockofwhat
weredoing,Grybsays.
About16yearsago,BarbourstartedcollaboratingwithanIrishphysicist,Niall
Murchadha.Togethertheystruggledtoworkoutatheoryinwhichonlyanglesandratios
count.Sizewouldhavenoabsolutemeaning.(Toseewhyanglesareimportant,thinkofa
triangle:Asitmovesthroughspace,wecanmisjudgeitssize,butcantmisjudgethe
anglesofitsthreeverticesthoseangles,whichdeterminethetrianglesshape,willnot
change.)Ideaslikethesetogetherwithagooddealofadvancedmathematicswould
eventuallyevolveintoshapedynamics.
Intriguingly,shapedynamicsreproducesallofthepeculiareffectsfoundingeneral
relativity:Massiveobjectsstillwarpthespacearoundthem,clocksstillrunmoreslowly
inastronggravitationalfield,justlikeinEinsteinstheory.Physicistscallthisa
dualityadifferentmathematicaldescription,butthesameendresults.
Inmanyways,itsjustEinsteinstheoryinaradicallydifferentdescription,says
Barbour.Itsaradicalreinterpretation.

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Barbour.Itsaradicalreinterpretation.
Identical,Almost
Inmostsituations,shapedynamicspredictswhatEinsteinstheorypredicts.Forthevast
majorityofphysicalsituations,thetheoriesareequivalent,Grybsays.Inotherwords,
thetwoframeworksarealmostidenticalbutnotquite.
Imaginedividingspacetimeupintobillionsuponbillionsoflittlepatches.Withineach
patch,shapedynamicsandgeneralrelativitytellthesamestory,Grybsays.Butgluethem
alltogether,andanewkindofstructurecanemerge.Foraconcreteexampleofhowthis
canhappen,thinkofpullingtogetherthetwoendsofalong,narrowstripofpaper:Doit
theusualway,andyougetaloopdoitwithatwistandyougetaMbiusstrip
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6bius_strip).Ifyougluealltheregions
togethertoformakindofglobalpictureofspaceandtime,thenthatglobalpicturemight
actuallybedifferent.SowhileshapedynamicsmayrecreateEinsteinstheoryonasmall
scale,thebigpictureviewofspaceandtimemaybenovel.
Blackholesinshapedynamicsarequalitativelydifferentfromwhathappensin
generalrelativity.
Thereisonekindofobjectwheretheshapedynamicspicturediffersstarklyfromthe
traditionalviewtheblackhole.Inthestandardpicture,ablackholeformswhena
massivestarexhaustsitsnuclearfuelsupplyandcollapses.Ifthestarislargeenough,
nothingcanstopthatcollapse,andthestarshrinksuntilitssmallerthanitsownevent
horizonthepointofnoreturnformatterfallingtowardit.Ablackholesgravitation
fieldissointensethatnothingnotevenlightcanescapefromwithintheevent
horizon.Attheblackholescore,asingularity
(http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/blogs/physics/2015/12/aresingularitiesreal/)forms
apointwherethegravitationalfieldisinfinitelystrong,wherespaceandtimeare
infinitelycurved.Theunluckyastronautwhoreachesthispointwillbespaghettified,as
StephenHawkinghasputit,orburnedtoacrisp.Singularitiesdontsitwellwith
physicists.Theyreusuallyseenasasignthatsomethingisnotquiterightwiththe
underlyingtheory.
Butaccordingtoshapedynamicsproponents,thetheorydoesawaywithsingularitiesa
definitesellingpoint.Butthepictureofblackholesinshapedynamicsismoreradical
thanthat.Itlookslikeblackholesinshapedynamicsarequalitativelydifferentfrom
whathappensingeneralrelativity,Grybsays.
Atfirst,theastronautapproachingtheblackholeseesnothingthatsdifferentfromthe
Einsteiniandescriptionoutsideoftheeventhorizon,generalrelativityandshape
dynamicsgivethesamepicture.Butbeyondthehorizon,thestorychangesdramatically.
Notonlyistherenosingularityinashapedynamicsuniverse,theresnoheadlongrush
towardtheplacewhereyoudexpectittobe.Infact,anastronautwhosailspasttheevent
horizonfindsherselfnotinashrinkingworldbutanexpandingone.Theastronaut

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comesintothisnewregionofspacewhichwasformedeffectivelybythecollapseofa
starandisnowfreetowanderaroundinthatspace.Youcanthinkoftheblackholeas
awormholeintothatnewspace,Grybsays.
True,theastronautcanneverexitbacktotheregionoutsidetheeventhorizonbutin
thisnewspaceheorsheisfreetowanderaroundwherevertheywouldlike.Andthatsa
verydifferentpicture,Grybsays.Butitsstillveryearly,andweretryingtounderstand
betterwhatthatmeans.
Isitaparallelworld?Iwouldntnecessarilycallitthatitsjustapocketofspacethat
wascreatedbythecollapseofthestar,hesays.Itsbasicallytheregionbetweenthe
horizonandthesurfaceofthecollapsedstar.Andthatregiongetslargerandlargerasthe
starstartstocollapsemoreandmore.
Inotherwords,spacedarewesayithasbeenturnedinsideout.Theregioninsidethe
eventhorizon,whichhadseemedtiny,nowappearshuge.Whathadbeenthesurfaceof
thecollapsingstarisnowthesky,andratherthanshrinking,itsgettinglarger.The
spaceinsidetheeventhorizonisthemirrorimageofthespacethatourtravellerleft
behind,outsidethehorizon,Grybsays.
Inshapedynamics,fallingintoablackholeseemsanawfullotlikefallingintoarabbit
holeanddiscoveringastrangenewworldontheotherside,justlikeAlicedidin
Wonderland.Theonlyproblemisthatwecantseedowntherabbithole.Whatevermay
happenwithintheeventhorizon,wehavenohopeofobservingitfromtheoutside.Of
course,youcouldjumpintoablackhole,andseewhatstherebutyoucouldnever
communicateyourfindingstothoseoutside.
PuttingItTotheTest
ButGrybishopeful.Weveknownsincethe1970sthatblackholesdontstickaround
foreverStephenHawkingshowedthat,givenenoughtime,theyevaporatebya
mechanismknownasHawkingradiation
(http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/blogs/physics/2015/09/howbigadealwasstephen
hawkingsbigblackholeannouncement/).Itspossiblethatthestoryaboutwhat
happensontheothersideofthehorizonmightchangethestoryofwhathappenswhen
theblackholeevaporates,hesays.Ifwecanmakedefinitepredictionsforthis,thenit
mightprovideawaytotestourscenarioagainstgeneralrelativity.
Suchtestsarejustwildfantasiesatthemoment,Grybadmitsbutthen,henotes,so
aresomeofthepredictionsofothernovelapproaches,suchastherecentlypopular
firewallhypothesis(http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/blackholefirewalls
confoundtheoreticalphysicists/).

ThephysiciststhatIspokewiththefewwhohavebeenfollowingwhattheshape
dynamicscrewhavebeenuptoareunderstandablycautious.Thisnewpictureofblack
holesisinteresting,ofcourse,butthecriticalquestioniswhetheritcanbetested.

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Whatdoblackholeslooklikeintheirpicture?saysAstridEichhorn,aphysicistat
ImperialCollegeLondonandalsoavisitingfellowatPerimeter.Isitjustmathematical
differences?OristheresomethingwecanreallyobserveforinstancewiththeEvent
HorizonTelescope(http://www.eventhorizontelescope.org)wherewecanseea
physicaldifferenceandmakeanobservationorexperimenttoseewhichofthetwo
[shapedynamicsorgeneralrelativity]iscorrect?
Eichhornhasotherconcerns,too.Imskepticalofhowthiswillworkout,bothonthe
conceptualsideandalsoonthetechnicalside,shesays.Itseemsthat,bygivingupthe
spacetimepicture,theyhavealotoftechnicalcomplicationsinformulatingthetheory.
Figuringouthowtohandlequantumeffects,forexample,seemstobecomemuchmore
challengingintheirframeworkthanitalreadyisinthestandardapproachtoquantum
gravity.
Indeed,thewordquantumrarelycameupatthePerimeterworkshopalthoughthe
hopeisthatthenewframeworkwillprovidesomeinsightintoreconcilinggravityand
quantumtheory.
Gryb,forhispart,admitsthattheproblemofunifyingthesetwopillarsofmodern
physicsisadauntingoneperhapsasdauntinginshapedynamicsasithasbeeninearlier
approaches.Wevemadeprogressontryingtounderstandwhatshapedynamicsmight
havetosayaboutquantumgravitybutwevealsorunintoabunchofdeadends.
LookingforClarity
AlsoattendingtheworkshopwasphysicistPaulSteinhardtofPrincetonUniversity,
knownforhisworkontheinflationmodeloftheBigBangandonalternative
cosmologicalmodels.Severaltimesduringtheworkshop,Steinhardtwouldcallona
speakertobemoreclear,moreexplicit.LikeEichhorn,Steinhardtisconcernedaboutthe
seeminglackofanythingquantummechanicalintheshapedynamicspicture.Andof
coursetherestheissueoffalsifiabilitythatis,puttingthetheorytothetest.
Myquestionwas,whatisscientificallymeaningfulthatyouexpecttocomeoutofthis?
hesays.Whatsdifferentaboutthisapproachtogravityasopposedtoothersthat
youcouldtestandexperimentwithandverifythatwouldchangeourviewabout
anything?
Theanswershegotduringtheworkshopdidntsatisfyhim.Somepeoplesaid,The
disciplineistooyoung,sowedontknowyet.Itmightbringussomethingnew.Andmy
brainisthinking,OK,goodcomebackwhenyouvegotthatsomething.
Sometimesachangeinnarrativeisuseful,butitdoesntobviouslygiveyouanything
reallynew.
Others,meanwhile,spokeofthenewontologythatshapedynamicsoffers.Ontology
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology)isawordthatcropsupfrequentlyinthe
philosophyofscience.Itreferstothelabelingofwhatsrealinascientifictheory,butit

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doesntnecessarilychangewhatyouactuallyseewhenyouobservenature.To
Steinhardt,achangeinontologyisntveryexcitingonitsown.Itsjustawayofdescribing
somethinginadifferentwayachangeofnarrative,asitwere,ratherthanachangein
whatwedexpecttoseeormeasure.Sometimesthatsuseful,Steinhardtsays,butit
doesntobviouslygiveyouanythingreallynew.
Andyet,inthehistoryofphysicsandofcosmologyinparticularchangesinnarrative
sometimesseemratherprofound.ThinkofthechangefromtheEarthcenteredcosmos
oftheancientGreekstothesuncenteredcosmosofCopernicus.Theywerethesame
observations,butaradicallydifferentstory.
Still,Steinhardtstickstohisguns.SwitchingfromanEarthcenteredtoasuncentered
descriptionofthecosmosdidntimmediatelybringanynewscience.Yes,itgaveusa
newstory,butthenewmodelwasntmuchbetterthantheoldoneintermsofexplaining
theobservedmotionoftheplanets.Thatdidntcomeuntilahalfcenturylater,when
JohannesKeplerworkedoutthetrueshapeofplanetaryorbits(theyreellipses,itturns
out,notcircles).IwouldhavebeenskepticalofCopernicusbutIwouldhavebeen
reallyblownawaybyKepler,Steinhardtsays.
ARiskyPursuit
Theresistancetoshapedynamicsliketheskepticismthatsurroundsanynewideain
physicsisparforthecourse.Scienceis,byitsnature,askepticalpursuit.Theonusison
thosewhobelievetheyvefoundsomethingnewtoconvincethecommunitythattheyve
reallydoneso.Intheoreticalparticlephysicsandcosmology,inparticular,newideasare
alwaysbubblinguplikeateakettleontheboil.Theresnowaytoreadeverythingthat
getspublished,soonereadsonlywhatseemsgenuinelypromising.
Forthosewiththenecessaryphysicsbackground,FlavioMercati,apostdocatPerimeter,
haspublisheda67pageshapedynamicstutorial(http://arxiv.org/abs/1409.0105)
onlineGryb,meanwhile,hasashortintroductoryessay
(http://hef.ru.nl/~sgryb/research/shape_dynamics.html)onhisWebpage.Theresalso
abriefdescriptionofthetheoryinSmolinsrecentbook,TimeReborn
(http://leesmolin.com/writings/timereborn/).)
Evenforthosewhofindshapedynamicscompelling,itmayberiskytopursueit.
Mostofthoseworkingonshapedynamicsareyoung,andshapedynamics,atleastfor
now,liessomewhattowardthefringesofmainstreamphysicswhichmeansthatjunior
researchersaretakingariskbypursuingit.
WhenMercatifirstexpressedaninterestinworkingwithBarbouronfundamental
physics,hisprofessorstriedtotalkhimoutofit.Theysaid,Look,Isuggestyoudont,
herecalls.Trysomethingmoredowntoearth.Becauseofthevagariesofthejob
marketforacademicphysicists,therespressuretosteerclearofdeep,foundational
issues,Mercatisays.Pursuemattersthataretooesotericandyoupayaprice,career
wise.Mostoftheseresearchershaveyettosecuretenuredacademicpositionsandits
notclearifworkingonshapedynamicshelpsorhindersthatquest.(AtleastMercatiwill

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soonhaveabooktoshowforhiseffortsthefirsttextbookonshapedynamics,tobe
publishedbyOxfordUniversityPress.)
Allofthisleavestheseyoungshapedynamicsresearcherspoiseduncomfortablyonthe
knifeedgebetweenexcitement(anewparadigm!)andhumility(wereprobably
wrong).
Intheend,Barbour,Gryb,Mercati,andtheircolleaguesaretakingtheonlyroute
possibletheyregoingwheretheirequationsleadthem.
Weresayingsomethingtotallydifferentfromwhateveryoneelseissaying,Grybsays
towardtheendofourinterview.Canitpossiblyberight?

Photocredit:Jonathan/Flickr(CCBYNCND)(https://www.flickr.com/photos/iceninejon/3785216804/)

DanFalk
Twitter(http://www.twitter.com/danfalk)

DanFalkisasciencejournalistbasedinToronto.HisbooksincludeTheScienceof
ShakespeareandInSearchofTime.
Otherpostsfromthiscontributor(http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/author/danfalk/)

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