Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Postdoctoral Workstation of Daye Nonferrous Metals Company, Huangshi 435005, China
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 14 March 2009
Received in revised form
1 April 2011
Accepted 10 April 2011
Available online 2 May 2011
Blasting induced vibration is one of the fundamental problems in the open-pit mines and intense
vibration can cause critical damage to structures and plants nearby the open-pit mines, especially to
the nal pit walls stability. It is very important to study how to control vibration induced by blasting in
the mitigation of negative effects of blasting in open-pit mines. This study aims to examine the
propagation of blasting induced ground vibrations and nd the feasible approaches to reduce the
harmful effects of vibrations induced by blasting on the nal pit walls stability. For this purpose,
a series of eld experiments were conducted in XinQiao Mining Co. Ltd. Sixty-six events and the
blasting parameters of these shots were carefully recorded. During the statistical analysis of the
collected data, the predictor equation proposed by the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) was used
to establish a relationship between the Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) and the Scaled Distance (SD) factor.
The relationship between PPV and SD was determined and proposed to be used in this open-pit mine.
Control of maximum charge amount per delay and the selection optimum interval time to reduce the
intensity of vibration by waveform interference were applied in practice. Based on the eld
experiments, we can determine the maximum charge amount per delay and 15 ms delay were
proposed to be used in this site, and a decrease in vibration of 24.5% was obtained.
Crown Copyright & 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Open-pit mine
Blasting induced vibrations
Final pit walls stability
Waveform interference
1. Introduction
Xinqiao Mining Co., Ltd has an open-pit mine with 4 million
ton Pyrites production p.a. At present, the nal pit walls with
about 200 m height have occurred. According to the mining
project, the height of the slope will increase to 400 m or above
when the open-pit mine will be closed. Pre-splitting blasting has
almost not been adopted near the nal pit walls during mining
in the past, as a result, the slopes surface is not smooth, and
the rock mass of the slope adjacent to surface was deteriorated
to some extent. The nal pit walls have the characteristics
of great height, steep, complexity rock properties and low
stability. Small landslide of the nal pit walls has occurred many
times in Xinqiao Mining. Vibrations induced by mining blasting
are considered to have the most negative effects on the nal
pit walls stability. Control and reducing negative effects of the
vibrations induced by blasting on the nal pit walls stability
in this open-pit mine is a critical problem, which affects the
n
Corresponding author at: School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South
University, Changsha 410083, China. Tel.: 86 13974801752; fax: 86 73188879612.
E-mail address: sxzcsu@163.com (X.Z. Shi).
0267-7261/$ - see front matter Crown Copyright & 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.04.004
X.Z. Shi, SH.R Chen / Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 31 (2011) 11541158
1155
!a
R
PPV K p
K SDa
Q
The rock type of nal pit walls includes hardness rock and
some soft rock. Hard strata include Troilite, Scapolite, Dolomite
and Quartz. These strata have great solidity. Jointing is well
developed. Softy strata include schermakite, Phengite, Zoisite
and these strata are greatly affected by geology structure.
To survey more blasting induced vibrations parameters, monitoring points should be placed from shot location center to far
away from blasting center. Selected monitoring station points
should be convenient to assemble instruments and the representatives of points are also considered. In this site, 6 monitoring
station points were placed at benches with different elevations.
Seismic YBJ-1 type of blasting induced vibrations self-recording
instrument produced by Yangtze River Scientic Research Institute and CD-1 type of velocity recording instrument supplied by
Beijing Instrument Factory were adopted in this study. The
vibrations induced by blasting can be grouped into two types
based on frequency. High frequency varied between 22 and 80 Hz
while low frequency ranged from 6 to 12 Hz [8]. The frequency
range of 5500 Hz measuring system is often selected according
to the common blasting induced vibration frequency. Monitoring
station points should be located on the bedrock rather than
recovering soil. At rst, using water to wash bedrock surface,
then, using sand, cement and water to ll the surface and make
the surface smooth. Before measuring, use gypsum powder and
water to x velocity recording instruments at the monitoring
station points.
Field tests were located at the south side of the open-pit mine.
The elevation of shot location center is 294.00 m. The parameters
of charge amount per delay and the distance between the shot
location center and the station were recorded carefully. The
distances between shot points and monitor stations were determined by GPS. Sixty-six station points were selected on the spot.
The diameter of hole is 250 mm, the burden is 5 m, the bore
spacing is 6 m, the row spacing is 5 m, the depth of bore is 14 m
and ANFO are used at this open-pit mine. Basic parameters
related to blasting induced vibrations and eld test results are
given in Table 1.
Sixty-six records of blasting induced vibrations are to be
analyzed. When statistical analysis techniques are applied to
analysis blasting induced vibrations data pairs, peak particle
velocity and scaled distance factor give a site-specic velocity
empirical attenuation equation (see formula (3)). By using Mat lab
software, these data pairs with respect to predictors, were
subjected to regression analysis.
PPV 812:83 SD1:12
R2 0:84
1156
X.Z. Shi, SH.R Chen / Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 31 (2011) 11541158
Table 1
Vibration measurements taken in the site.
SD (m/kg1/2) PPV (mm)
Frequency
(Hz)
SD (m/kg1/2)
PPV (mm)
Frequency
(Hz)
6.07
12.03
30.43
33.55
39.61
9.74
8.01
10.96
20.18
23.04
35.49
41.77
4.82
3.92
5.20
9.55
10.93
11.38
13.49
16.92
19.94
4.75
8.91
13.35
25.71
46.02
34.67
13.58
26.91
34.90
45.89
57.24
6.94
64.3
32.6
26.4
18.3
10.7
36.9
48.1
62.9
40.3
45.2
10.5
9.3
48.9
39.1
90.4
32.3
29.8
16.2
12.8
18.3
16.7
78.2
43.2
32.0
12.7
13.9
11.6
21.0
13.4
12.8
11.2
10.8
43.7
6.28
12.33
21.94
39.26
67.33
74.66
78.05
87.55
103.76
5.10
9.21
16.89
29.35
32.61
35.27
38.35
45.59
51.97
23.45
26.72
18.92
33.45
43.21
24.52
56.21
31.41
42.58
5.87
7.62
13.45
24.74
25.62
28.71
146.7
67.1
52.1
5.6
7.1
6.2
5.8
4.9
3.9
173.1
150.2
90.6
38.6
26.3
14.7
13.2
10.6
8.9
24.0
18.1
27.9
14.9
13.2
21.0
9.4
17.0
10.4
105.0
74.8
41.6
22.8
19.2
17.3
49.8
42.3
38.4
5.3
10.2
12.7
11.2
7.9
6.8
102.4
87.2
42.1
21.0
14.3
10.8
11.7
12.5
9.8
14.7
12.5
17.0
14.9
10.2
13.8
10.6
14.2
11.9
62.8
32.8
26.7
16.1
15.3
12.7
122.8
57.0
25.5
14.5
9.0
40.2
54.0
116.3
55.8
47.7
8.8
8.1
72.1
85.9
163.6
61.4
50.5
36.0
30.1
23.5
19.7
143.0
71.6
45.9
22.3
11.7
16.0
45.0
23.2
14.9
16.8
12.2
84.2
2.5
Data Points
Best Linear Fit
2
LogPPV
1.5
lgPPV = - 1.12lgSD + 2.91
1
0.5
0
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4 1.6
LogSD
1.8
2.2
2.4
4. Field tests
1050 Hz
50100 Hz
0.51.0
2.02.5
3.04.0
0.10.3
1530
1.11.5
2.32.8
3.54.5
0.20.4
1.11.5
2.73.0
4.25.0
0.30.5
X.Z. Shi, SH.R Chen / Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 31 (2011) 11541158
1157
>50Hz 11%
<10Hz 8%
11-50Hz 82%
300
250
R = 50m
PPV (mm/s)
200
150
R = 100m
100
R = 150m
R = 200m
50
R = 250m
0
50
100
150
200
250
Q (kg)
300
350
400
3500
PPV1 = 200mm/s
PPV2 = 180mm/s
PPV3 = 150mm/s
PPV4 = 100mm/s
PPV5 = 50mm/s
3000
2500
2000
1
1500
2
3
1000
4
500
5
0
20
40
60
80
100 120
R (m)
140
160
180
200
1158
X.Z. Shi, SH.R Chen / Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 31 (2011) 11541158
Table 3
Results of vibration reduction experiments.
Delay time (ms)
15
25
30
35
40
24.5
23.7
34.3
12.1
21.4
77.6
49.0
50.0
70.5
74.6
be seen from the test results that, when delay time is 15 ms, the
success ratio of vibrations reduce and the decrease degree of
vibrations are high, but when delay time is 25 or 30 ms, the
vibrations of different intervals are magnied. In practice, delay
detonators with 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 135 ms delay times
have been used in this open-pit mine. The intensity of vibrations
induced by blasting was reduced by 24.5% on the new interval
ring. The blasting induced vibrations have been measured in this
site for a long period, and the results illustrate that mitigating the
intensity of blasting induced vibrations by waveform interference
in this open-pit mine is effective.
5. Conclusions
After eld measuring the vibrations induced by blasting and
carrying out statistical analysis, the regulation of vibration propagation in this site has been obtained.
According to blasting induced vibrations characteristics, combined with the actual situation of the open-pit, comprehensive
measures are developed to suppress the vibration effects and
mitigate the possible hazard on the nal pit walls. Control of
maximum charge weight per delay and interference method have
been used in this site to solve the contradiction between the scale
of production and suppress the vibration induced by blasting,
control of maximum charge weight per delay and interference
method have been used in this site. The formula used to
determine the maximum charge weight per delay is given.
15 ms of the appropriate delay time in this open-pit mine is
determined by eld experiments, and the results illustrated that
the average decline rate of 24.5% was reached. The ultimate goals
of this research work are optimization of delay time and control
maximum charge amount per delay, elimination of unacceptable
blasting induced vibrations, and preservation of inherent rock
strength and maximization of nal pit walls stability.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the School of Resources and
Safety Engineering of Central South University and Xinqiao
References
[1] Malmagren L, Nordlund E. Behavior of shotcrete supported rock wedges
subjected to blast-induced vibrations. International Journal of Rock
Mechanics and Mining Sciences 2006;43:593615.
[2] Dowing CH, Gilbert C. Dynamic stability of rock slopes and high frequency
traveling waves. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 1998;114(10):106988.
[3] Adiguzel D. The investigation of ground vibrations induced by bench blasting
at Akyol quarry at Catalca region in Turkey. MSc Thesis in Turkish, Istanbul
University, Istanbul; 2006, p. 28.
[4] Siskind DE, Stagg MS, Kopp JW, et al. Structure response and damage
produced by ground vibration from surface mine blasting. USBM RI 8507;
1980, p. 74.
[5] Singh TN, Singh Virendra. An intelligent approach to prediction and control
ground vibration in mines. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering
2005;223:24962.
[6] Shimshoni Y. Classication of Seismic signals by integration ensembles of
neural network. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 1998;46(5):
1094101.
[7] Wei Shen, Quan jun XU, Mao rong JI. Using BP articial neural network to
predict bench blast vibration parameters. Explosion and Shock Waves
2002;24(2):3537. (in Chinese).
[8] kuzu Cengiz, Ergin Hasan. An assessment of environmental impacts of
quarry-blasting operation. A case study in Istanbul, Turkey. Environmental
Geology 2005;48(5):2117.
[9] Khandelwal M, Singh TN. Evaluation of blast induced ground vibration
predictors. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 2007;27(2):11625.
[10] Singh TN. Articial neural network approach for prediction and control of
ground vibrations in mines. Mining Technology (Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy Section A) 2004;113:2517.
[11] Yang YB, Huang HH. A parametric study of wave barriers for reduction of
train-induced vibrations. International Journal for Numerical Methods in
Engineering 1997;40(20):372947.
[12] Dowing CH, Gilbert C. Dynamic stability of rock slopes and high frequency
traveling waves. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. 1988;114(10):1
06988.
[13] Dowing CH. Monitoring and control of blasting effects. In: Mining engineering handbook. Prentice Hall; 1985, p. 6689.
[14] Zhixing YAN, Delun WU, Yi WANG. The study of blast vibration effect and
safety. Rock and Soil Mechanics 2002;23(2):2013. in Chinese.
[15] Guangming SONG, Xiuzhi SHI, Shouru CHEN. New method for determining
blasting vibration damage criterion on open-pit slope and its application.
Journal of Central South University of Technology (Natural Science)
2006;36(6):4858. (in Chinese).
[16] Zhen-zhi WU, Guo-xiang HU, Zong-wei DENG. Discussion on the safety
criteria for blasting vibration. Safety and Environmental Engineering 2003;
10(4):646. (in Chinese).
[17] Zhi yuan MAO, Quanjun XU. An engineering practice on safety criterion of
blasting vibration considering the effect of frequency. Engineering Blasting
2001;7(3):1922. (in Chinese).
[18] Shouru CHEN, Yanling LI, Shengquan XIE. Experimental study of blasting
vibration reduction by waveform interference in an open slope. Journal of
Hunan University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition)
2004;19(2):103. (in Chinese).