Chemistry: The Central Science

Chapter 1
Matter and Measurement

Behavior of particles that make up matter is as predicted by Physics

Machinery of life is based on structure and function of chemicals

Definitions
Chemistry
Study of matter and the changes they undergo
Matter
Physical material of the universe; Anything that occupies
space and has mass
Changes in matter are tracked by observing changes in
its properties.

What makes gold a good jewelry material?

Where does wax go when you light a candle?
Why does alcohol feel cold on the skin?
Why do antacids fizz in water?
How do cooking on cast iron and stainless
steel cookware differ?

Property
Distinguishing characteristic of a particular type of matter

Chemistry matters.

Matter

Atoms and Molecules

Atoms building blocks of matter

Molecules combination of 2 or more atoms
Properties of matter

Composition (kinds of atoms)

Structure (arrangement of atoms)

Classifications of Matter
According to Physical State
Ethanol
bp = 79 C

Dimethyl ether
bp = -25 C

SOLID

LIQUID

Retains its own

volume and shape

Video: States of Matter

Assumes the shape

of the portion of
the container it
occupies

GAS

Assumes the shape

and volume of the
container it
occupies

https://www.youtube. com/w atch?f eatur e= pl ayer_ emb edd ed &v=s- KvoVzukHo

Classifications of Matter

Classifications of Matter

According to Physical State

According to Composition

SOLID

LIQUID

GAS

ATOMS

Interaction Strong; locks them Strong; keeps them Insignificant

in place
close together
Order
Highly ordered
Some disorder
Total disorder
Movement Fixed in place

Some freedom

Total freedom

Space

Close

Far apart

Very close

Classifications of Matter

MOLECULES

MOLECULES

Elements composed of one type of atom

Compounds composed of 2 or more types of atoms
chemically joined together

Substances
Pure H2O (water) , pure NaCl (salt), pure Ag (silver)
Elements are chemically joined
Constant composition (NaCl - 60.7% Na, 39.3% Cl)

Mixtures
PURE SUBSTANCES

MIXTURE

Pure substance or Substance consists of one type

of element or compound
Mixture consists of 2 or more type of substances;
composition can be varied

Salt in water
Sterling silver - 92.5% Ag, 7.5% Cu
Air - 78% N2, 21% O2, 1% other gases
Elements/components are physically joined
Variable composition

Types of Mixture

Heterogeneous mixture different composition and

properties throughout
Homogeneous mixture also called solution;
uniform throughout

1. Classify each as pure substance or mixture.

2. State the composition for each (i.e. element/compound).

Which of the following figures represents (more than

one picture might fit each description)
1) a pure element?
2) a mixture of two elements?
3) a pure compound?
4) a mixture of an element and a compound?
a

www.socrative.com
Tap the menu on the upper right hand
corner, then tap student log-in.
No account creation is needed.
c

For the room code, type:

Troychem
(case-insensitive)
d

Then tap Join Room.

White gold, used in jewelry, contains gold and

another white metal such as palladium. Two
different samples of white gold differ in the
relative amounts of gold and palladium they
contain. Both samples are uniform in
composition throughout. Classify white gold .
A. element
B. compound

Solutions may be:

A. solids, liquids, or gases.
B. liquids only.
C. liquids or gases.
D. none of the above.

C. homogeneous mixture
D. heterogeneous mixture

Properties of Matter
Physical Properties can be observed without
changing a substance into another substance
Chemical Properties can only be observed
when a substance is changed into another
substance

Properties of Matter

In the following description of the element zinc,

indicate which are physical properties and which are
chemical properties.
Zinc melts at 420 C. When zinc granules are added to
dilute sulfuric acid, hydrogen is given off and the metal
dissolves. Zinc has a hardness on the Mohs scale of 2.5
and a density of 7.13 g/cm3 at 25 C. It reacts slowly
with oxygen gas at elevated temperatures to form zinc
oxide, ZnO.

Physical and Chemical Changes

Intensive Properties independent of the

amount of substance

Physical Changes changes in matter that do

not change the composition of the substance

Extensive Properties depend upon the

amount of substance

Chemical Changes changes that result in

new substances
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KbEV85rJhs

Separation of Mixture Components

Distillation

Filtration

Units

Measurement
Quantitative properties associated with numbers

Reporting Measured Quantities

NUMBER with UNIT
( ex. 2.5 grams )

English system used in US (lb, miles, inches)

Metric system used in scientific measurements
(g, m, cm)
base units
prefixes
milligram, mg
kilometer, km
microsecond, s

Scientific Notation
a 10b

Scientific Notation
Convenient way of expressing very large
or very small numbers

(a times 10 to the power of b)

0.00123
26,000

a = coefficient; a real number

b = exponent; an integer

1.23 10 -3
2.6 10 4

Radius of hydrogen atom

0.000000000120 m = 1.20 10 -10 m

Example: 1.2 10 3

Number of molecules in 1 g of water

33400000000000000000000 = 3.34 10 22

Decimal
Notation
10000

Scientific
Notation
1 x 10 4

1000

1 x 10 3
2

100

1 x 10

10

1 x 10 1

1 x 10 0

0.1

1 x 10 -1

0.01

1 x 10 -2

0.001

1 x 10 -3

0.0001

1 x 10

Practice Conversion

Standard scientific notation decimal

point after the first non-zero digit

Decimal to Scientific
Scientific to Decimal

Decimal Notation: 3890000000

Scientific Notation: 3.89 x 109
Decimal Notation: 0.000675

Exponent on calculator: EXP

or

or

EE

Scientific Notation: 6.75 x 10 -4

-4

Exponent - number of places the decimal point must be

shifted to convert between scientific and decimal notations
Positive exponent number is big (greater than 1)
Negative number is small (less than 1)

6.02 1023

6.02 EXP

( 6.02 1023 )( 3.5 108 ) = ?

23

6.0223

2.98 1015
=?
9.2 108

Prefixes

Units
English system used in US (lb, miles, inches)
Metric system used in scientific measurements
(g, m, cm)
base units
prefixes
milligram, mg
kilometer, km
microsecond, s

1) What is the name given to the unit that equals

a) 10 -9 gram
b) 10 -6 second
c) 10 -3 meter
2) Express the measurement 6.0 x 10 3 m using a
prefix to replace the power of ten.
3) Use exponential notation to express 4.22 mg
in grams.

Abbreviation

Meaning

Example

Giga

10 9

1 gigameter (Gm) = 1 10 9 m = 10 9 m

Mega

10 6

1 megameter (Mm) = 1 x 10 6 m= 10 6 m

Kilo

10 3

1 kilometer (km) = 1 x 10 3 m = 10 3 m

10 0

1 meter (m) = 1 x 10 0 m = 10 0 m = 1 m

Deci

10 -1

1 decimeter (dm) = 1 x 10 -1 m = 10 -1 m

Centi

10 -2

1 centimeter (cm) = 1 x 10 -2 m = 10 -2 m

Milli

10 -3

1 millimeter (mm) = 1 x 10 -3 m = 10 -3 m

Micro

(mu)

10 -6

1 micrometer (m) = 1 x 10 -6 m = 10 -6 m

Nano

10 -9

1 nanometer (nm) = 1 x 10 -9 m = 10 -9 m

Pico

10 -12

1 picometer (pm) = 1 x 10 -12 m = 10 -12 m

Femto

10 -15

1 femtometer (fm) = 1 x 10 -15 m = 10 -15 m

If a weather forecaster predicts that the

temperature for the day will reach 31 C, what
is the predicted temperature in K and in F?
K = C + 273.15

5
C = (F - 32)
9
9
F = (C) + 32
5

will be
provided in
exam
you should be
able to derive

Volume

height

Volume

height

length

Prefix

Derived Units

Derived Units
Area

Convert the base units into units that are appropriate for
the item being measured.

length

Derived Units
Density

d=

mass
volume

Calculate the density of mercury if

1.00 x 102 g occupies a volume of 7.36
cm3.

If you have equal masses of the following metals, which

will occupy the largest volume?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Au, density = 19.3 g/cm3

Pb, density = 11.3 g/cm3
Ag, density = 10.5 g/cm3
Cu, density = 8.92 g/cm3
Al, density = 2.70 g/cm3

A gold sphere has a radius of 28.9 cm. If the

gold has a density of 19.3 g/cm3, what is the
mass of the sphere in grams? [The volume of a
sphere is V=(4/3)r3.]

Reporting Measured Quantities

NUMBER with UNIT
( ex. 2.5 grams )

How many cm in length is a side of a

lead cube that weighs 21.8 g? (The
density of lead is 11.3 g/mL.)

Uncertainty in Measurement
Exact numbers values are known exactly (12
eggs in a dozen, 1000 g in 1 kg, 2.54 cm in 1 in,
number of objects)
Inexact numbers obtained by measurement
(equipment limitation/errors and human errors)

What difference exists between the measured

values 4.0 g and 4.00 g?

Accuracy vs Precision
Classify each as exact or inexact number.
1)
2)
3)
4)

the mass of a piece of paper

the number of inches in a mile
the volume of coffee in a mug
the number of pages in the book

Accuracy - proximity of a measurement to the

true value of a quantity.
Precision - proximity of several measurements to
each other.

5) the number of ounces in a pound

accurate
precise

A student measured the concentration of a

solution three times, obtaining values of 0.010 M,
0.060 M, and 0.030 M. The average concentration
was thus 0.033 M. The accepted value was 0.034
M. The students data is:

not accurate
precise

not accurate
not precise

Reporting Measured Quantities

NUMBER with UNIT
certain digits + 1 uncertain digit

A. accurate and precise.

B. not accurate, but precise.
C. not accurate and not precise.
D. accurate, but not precise.

Reporting Measured Quantities

NUMBER with UNIT
certain digits + 1 uncertain digit

What difference exists between the measured

values 4.0 g and 4.00 g?

Indications of Accuracy
Number of decimal places
4.0 vs 4.00
3.14 vs 3.14159

Number of significant figures

4.0 vs 4.00
260500 vs 260504

Significant Figures
1. All nonzero digits are significant.
2. Zeroes between two significant figures
are themselves significant.
3. Zeroes at the beginning of a number are
never significant.
4. Zeroes at the end of a number are
significant if there is a decimal point.

Another way of thinking about zeroes and sig figs...

Significant zeroes increase the accuracy of the

number; they do not change the value.

4 vs 40 vs 4.0
0.4 vs 0.04 vs 0.40

How many significant figures are in the

measured number 0.082060?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6

How many significant figures for each

of the following numbers?
1) 1.00250
2)
3)
4)
5)

0.00800
3.6079
1.0940 x 10 9
60.00

6) 20

Rounding

Consider the number 82600

How many significant figures?

Reducing the accuracy of a number

while keeping its value similar

Express in 6 SF.
Express in 5 SF.
Express in 4 SF.

Application of rounding:
Sales tax at 6.5%
$25.85 0.065% = $1.68025

Express in 2 SF.

Rounding
Decide which is the last digit to keep.
Leave it the same if the next digit is less than 5
(round down)
Increase it by 1 if the next digit is 5 or more
(round up)
OR

Think of the two numbers closest to the given

number that has the needed number of sig figs
or decimal places.
The correct rounded number is the one closer
to the original number.

Significant Figures in Calculations

32.7658 m 2.38 m = 30.3858 m
12.56 km 0.15 h = 83.733333333333333 km/h
Addition and Subtraction = LNDP
Least number of decimal places

Round the following numbers to the indicated

number of significant figures
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

$1.68025 to 2 DP
82600 to 2 SF
26538 to 4 SF
1855.1 to 3 SF
8.622 x 104 to 2 SF
0.02158 to to 3 SF
10.3 to 2 SF

6.03 grams + 7.1 grams = ?

A. 13 grams
B. 13.1 grams
C. 13.13 grams
D. 13.130 grams

Multiplication and Division = LNSF

Least number of significant figures

10

Mixed Operations
6.03 grams / 7.1 milliliters = ?
A.
B.
C.
D.

0.8 grams/milliliter
0.85 grams/milliliter
0.849 grams/milliliter
0.8492957 grams/milliliter

A bakery measured the mass of a whole

cake as 0.870 kg. A customer bought one
slice of the cake and measured the mass
of the slice as 0.1151 kg. What is the
mass of the remaining cake, without the
one slice?

1) (1.978 1.2) + 12.45 = ?

2) How many significant figures should be shown
1.25 + 0.45
for the calculation
?
2.734
A. 1
B. 2
C.
3
D. 4
E. 5

A vessel containing a gas at 25 C is weighed,

emptied and then reweighed as depicted in the
figure below. Calculate the density of the gas at
25 C.

Dimensional Analysis
Given:

cm

Find:

in

Problem solving approach

where the units are carried
through all calculations
Used in converting one
quantity from a given unit to
another unit by utilizing
conversion factors
(e.g., 1 in. = 2.54 cm)

LENGTH
1 mi = 5280 ft = 1.6093 km
1 m = 1.0936 yd
1 in = 2.54 cm
1 = 10 -10 m

MASS
1 lb = 453.59 g = 16 oz
1 amu = 1.660538782 x 10 -24 g

VOLUME
1 gal = 4 qt = 3.7854 L
1 in3 = 16.4 cm3

11

Dimensional Analysis
given unit

desired unit
given unit

Given:

desired unit

conversion factor
Given:

cm

m
1 cm = 10 -2 m

Find:

in

cm

Unit Conversion

1 in = 2.54 cm

Example: Convert 15 cm to in.

Recall: 1 in = 2.54 cm

Find:

Dimensional Analysis: Unit Conversion

in

1) How many yd is 350 cm?

2) What is the area in cm2 of a square tile with a
side measuring 2.0 in?

3) How many in3 is 1.5 gal?

Dimensional Analysis: Problem Solving

If it takes 0.125 hectare of land to raise one
sheep, how many sheep can be raised on 8.1
acres? (1 hectare = 2.47 acres)

Example:
Convert 8.00 m to inches.

in
convert m to cm
convert cm to in

4) If an automobile is able to travel 254 mi

on 11.2 gal of gasoline, what is the gas
mileage in km/L?

5) The average speed of a nitrogen molecule in

air at 25 C is 515 m/s. Convert this speed to
miles per hour.

Many problems can be treated like unit

conversion and solved by dimensional
analysis.
Get the important information
What is the ending (required) quantity or unit?
What is the starting (given) quantity or unit?
How do I find the conversion factors?

Set up the dimensional analysis

12

1) The recommended adult dose of Elixophyllin, a

drug used to treat asthma, is 6 mg/kg of body
mass. Calculate the dose in mg for a 185-lb person.

2) 1 pound of coffee beans yields exactly 50 cups

of coffee (4 cups = 1 qt). How many milliliters
of coffee can be obtained from 1 g of coffee
beans?

3) The mileage of your car is 14 km/L of gas.

Gas costs $3.29/gal. How many miles could
you drive for $20.00?

4) The density of benzene is 0.879 g/mL.

Calculate the mass in grams of 1.00 qt of benzene.

13