Mountain Guns

Mountain Guns
63.5 to 150 mm
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Contents
Articles
Mountain gun
63.5 mm
RML 2.5 inch Mountain Gun
65 mm
1
3
3
6
Canon de 65 M (montagne) modele 1906
Cannone da 65/17 modello 13
70 mm
10
7 cm Gebirgsgeschtz M 99
10
Cannone da 70/15
12
BL 10-pounder Mountain Gun
13
BL 2.75-inch Mountain Gun
17
75 mm
20
Type 31 75 mm Mountain Gun
20
75 mm Schneider-Danglis 06/09
21
QF 2.95-inch Mountain Gun
22
Ehrhardt 7.5 cm Model 1904
27
7.5 cm Gebirgskanone Model 1911
29
Skoda 75 mm Model 15
30
32
33
34
Canon de 75 M(montagne) modele 1919 Schneider
35
Canon de 75 M(montagne) modele 1928
37
M.27 (mountain gun)
38
M116 howitzer
39
Obice da 75/18 modello 34
47
Bofors 75 mm Model 1934
49
51
54
7.5 cm leichtes Infanteriegeschtz 18
58
7.5 cm Gebirgsgeschtz 36
60
76 mm
76 mm mountain gun M1909
76.2 mm
63
63
65
RML 7 pounder Mountain Gun
65
69
80 mm
De Bange 80 mm cannon
94 mm
QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer
100 mm
71
71
73
73
77
10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M 99
77
78
79
Skoda 100 mm Model 16/19
81
105 mm
83
10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze 40
83
Canon Court de 105 M(montagne) modele 1909 Schneider
86
Canon Court de 105 M(montagne) modle 1919 Schneider
87
89
OTO Melara Mod 56
90
150 mm
93
93
References
Article Sources and Contributors
95
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
97
Article Licenses
License
101
Mountain gun
Mountain gun
Mountain guns are artillery pieces designed
for use in mountain warfare and areas where
usual wheeled transport is not possible.
They are similar to infantry support guns,
and are generally capable of being broken
down into smaller loads (for transport by
horse, human, mule, tractor, and/or truck).
Due to their ability to be broken down into
smaller "packages", they are sometimes
called pack guns or pack howitzers.
During the U.S. Civil War these small
portable guns were widely used and were
called "mountain howitzers."
The first designs of modern breechloading
P. Lykoudis's original 1891 dismantleable breechloading gun with recoil control
mountain guns with recoil control and able
to be easily broken down and reassembled into highly efficient units were made by two Greek army engineers, P.
Lykoudis and Panagiotis Danglis (after whom the Schneider-Danglis gun was named) in the 1890s.
Mountain guns are largely outdated, their role being filled by mortars, multiple rocket launchers, recoilless rifles and
wire-guided missiles. Most modern artillery is manufactured from light-weight materials and can be transported fully
assembled by helicopters.
Images
80 mm French mountain
gun with a 130 pound air
mine attached circa 1915
Norwegian 6-pounder
muzzle-loading mountain
cannon of 1848
British Indian Army crew

assemble a RML 2.5 inch
Mountain Gun2.5 inch
muzzle-loading "screw
gun" circa 1895
Mule transport of barrel of US

Army QF 2.95 inch Mountain
Gun75 mm pack howitzer circa.
1916
German crew using a

Skoda 75 mm Model 15 as
an improvised anti-tank
gun, 1918
Germany army pack

transport of gun wheels,
1942
British 3.7 inch

Mountain Howitzer
crew in action in
Burma, 1944
Spanish Marines manning an

OTO Melara Mod 56Oto Melara
105 mm pack howitzer in 1981
Mountain gun
External links
Popular Science, May 1941, "The Old Army Army Mule Takes Guns Where Wheels Won't Go" [1]
Assembling the Howitzer [2] detail photos showing a 75mm howitzer's various sections being taken off mules and
assembled
References
[1] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=hycDAAAAMBAJ& pg=PA129& dq=popular+ science+ may+ 1941& hl=en&
ei=cfuOTPWlHYL9nge5t9C2DQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=3& ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&
q=popular%20science%20may%201941& f=true
[2] http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=nCcDAAAAMBAJ& pg=PA115& dq=popular+ science+ September+ 1941& hl=en&
ei=v5eRTIDkH42lnQfu4rSDBw& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=2& ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&
q=popular%20science%20September%201941& f=true
63.5 mm
Ordnance RML 2.5 inch Mountain Gun
Sikh gunners assembling the gun, circa. 1895

Type
Placeoforigin
Mountain gun
United Kingdom
Service history
Inservice
Usedby
Wars
1879 - 1916
British Empire
India
Second Boer War

World War I
Production history
Designer
Colonel le Mesurier, RA
Designed
1877
Manufacturer
Royal Gun Factory
Specifications
Weight
800 pounds (363kg) total
Shell
7pounds 6ounces (3.35kg)

(Shrapnel)
8pounds 2ounces (3.69kg) (Ring)
Calibre
2.5 inches (63.5mm)
Action
RML
Muzzlevelocity
1,436 feet per second (438m/s)
Maximumrange 3,300 yards (3,018m)

(shrapnel)
4,000 yards (3,658m)
[]
(ring)
The Ordnance RML 2.5inch mountain gun was a British rifled muzzle-loading mountain gun of the late 19th
century designed to be broken down into four loads for carrying by man or mule. It was primarily used by the Indian
Army.
History
It was intended as a more powerful successor to the RML 7 pounder
Mountain Gun.[] Some writers incorrectly refer to the 2.5inch gun as a
"7 pounder" because it also fired a shell of approximately 7 pounds,
but its official nomenclature was 2.5inch RML.
On display at Firepower - The Royal Artillery

MuseumRoyal Artillery Museum London.
In 1877 Colonel Frederick Le Mesurier of the Royal Artillery proposed

a gun in 2 parts which would be screwed together. The Elswick
Ordnance Company made 12 Mk I guns based on his design and they
were trialled in Afghanistan in 1879. Trials were successful and Mk II
with some internal differences made by the Royal Gun Factory entered
service.[1]
The gun was a rifled muzzle-loader. Gun and carriage were designed to
be broken down into their basic parts so they could be transported by pack animals (4 mules) or men. The barrel and
breech were carried separately, and screwed together for action, hence the name "screw gun".
Second Boer War

The gun was used in the Second Boer War (18991902) on its standard
mountain gun carriage, and also with the Natal Field Battery at
Elandslaagte and Diamond Fields Artillery at Kimberley on field
carriages which had larger wheels and gave greater mobility.
Siege of Kimberley, 1899-1900
A major defect in the war was that the gun's cartridges still used
gunpowder as a propellant, despite the fact that smokeless cordite had
been introduced in 1892. The gunpowder generated a white cloud on
firing, and as the gun could only be aimed using direct line of sight,
this made the gunners easy targets for Boer marksmen as the gun
lacked a shield.
It proved to be ineffectual and outclassed by Boer ordnance and was
replaced by the BL 10 pounder Mountain Gun from 1901.
World War I
Sikh gunners with a "screw gun"
Either 4 or 6 guns (sources appear imprecise) were returned to service

from Southern African garrisons in 1916 and were employed by the
Nyasaland-Rhodesian Field Force in the campaign in German East
Africa.[2] Writers who refer to "7 pounders" in WWI are in fact
referring to this 2.5-inch (64mm) gun.
Surviving examples
Restored gun is displayed at Firepower, the Royal Artillery
Museum. Woolwich London [3]
Two 2.5-inch (64mm) RMLs on Field carriages and one on a
Mountain carriage, at Fort Klapperkop Military Museum, Pretoria,
South Africa.
In literature
It was romanticised in Rudyard Kipling's poem "Screw-Guns".
Notes
[1] Ruffell
[2] Farndale 1988, page 331-332
[3] http:/ / www. firepower. org. uk
At Pretoria Forts#Fort KlapperkopFort
Klapperkop, Pretoria
References
General Sir Martin Farndale, "History of the Royal Regiment of

Artillery. The Forgotten Fronts and the Home Base, 1914-18". London : The Royal Artillery Institution, 1988
(http://www.amazon.co.uk/History-Royal-Regiment-Artillery-M-Farndale/dp/1870114051) ISBN
1-870114-05-1
Major Darrell D Hall, "Guns in South Africa 1899-1902" in The South African Military History Society Military
History Journal - Vol 2 No 1, June 1971 (http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol021dh.html)
W. L. Ruffell, The Screw Gun (http://riv.co.nz/rnza/hist/gun/rifled10.htm)
External links
War Monthly, March 1976, SCREW GUNS (http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.
php?128724-Field-Gun-Run!&p=3501599&viewfull=19#post3501599)
65 mm
65 mm mle 1906 in Yad Mordechai, Israel.

Type
Mountain artillery
Placeoforigin
France
Service history
Usedby
Wars
Albania
France
Greece
Israel
Nazi Germany
Poland
World War I, World War II, PolishSoviet War, Greco-Turkish War, 1948 Arab-Israeli War
Production history
Designer
Colonel Ducrest
Manufacturer
Schneider
Specifications
Weight
400 kg (882 lbs)
Barrellength
1.3m (4ft 3in)
Shell
fixed 65x175R mm
Caliber
65 mm (2.5 in)
Recoil
hydro spring
Carriage
box trail
Elevation
9 to +35
Rateoffire
18 rpm
Muzzlevelocity 330 m/s (1,082 ft/s)

Effectiverange 6.5 km (4 mi)
The Canon de 65 M (montagne) modele 1906 or (65mm mle. 1906) was a French mountain gun which entered
service with the regiments d'artillerie de montagne in 1906 and was one of the first soft-recoil guns in service. The

carriage of the mle 1906 was hinged and could be broken down into four mule loads for transport. By 1939, the
weapon was generally used as an infantry support gun. After 1940, the Germans would use these as 6.5cm GebK
221(f). The gun was also used by Albania, Greece, Israel (1948 Arab-Israeli War, as Napoleonchik) and Poland.
Combat history
France
During World War I the French Arme dOrient used the mle 1906 against the forces of the Central Powers in the
mountains of Macedonia. There were 72 mle 1906's in service on the Balkan Front during the allied breakout from
the Salonica bridgehead on September 1529, 1918. The initial success of this allied offensive led Bulgaria to
capitulate on October 9, 1918, later in October 1918 Serbia was liberated and lastly Austria-Hungary capitulated in
November 1918 when faced with invasion from allied forces from the south.
Israel
The Canon de 65 M (montagne) modele 1906 was used by the Israel Defense Forces in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War,
and was nicknamed Napoleonchik by the Israelis due to its old look.
The first use of two of these cannons, lacking sights, was made in the Battle of Degania in northern Israel, which was
also the first time the Israeli side employed field artillery. Subsequent uses were made in numerous major operations
in the war, including Operation Bin Nun and Operation Pleshet.
External links
Canon de montagne de 65 mm Mle 1906 [1]
France guns [2]
References
[1] http:/ / www. artillerie. info/ FAQ/ canon_de_montagne_de_65. html
[2] http:/ / www. bulgarianartillery. it/ Bulgarian%20Artillery%201/ Testi/ T_French%20guns. htm

65 mm mountain gun
Type
Mountain artillery
Placeoforigin
Italy
Service history
Inservice
1913-1940s
Usedby
Italy, Kingdom of Albania
Wars
World War I, Spanish Civil War, World War II
Specifications
Weight
560 kg (1,225 lb) (combat ready)
Barrellength
1.1m (3ft 7in) L/17
Shell
4.3 kilograms (9.5lb)
Caliber
65 mm (2.55 in)
Carriage
Drawn single trail
Elevation
-10 to +20
Traverse
Muzzlevelocity 345 m/s (1,130 ft/s)

Effectiverange 6.8km (4.2mi)
The cannone da 65/17 modello 13 was an artillery piece developed by Italy for use with its mountain and infantry
units. The designation means 65mm calibre gun, barrel length 17 calibres, which entered service in 1913. The
designation is often shortened to cannone da 65/17.
Description
A lightweight design, the 65mm gun was designed for use in difficult terrain and extreme weather conditions. The
barrel had a 17 calibre length, and was designed for firing low-trajectory shots. The carriage was likewise simple in
nature, consisting of a single trailing arm and solid-rim spoked wheels for horse draft. The weapon could be
broken-down into five loads for transport. A simple folding gun shield was also provided in 1935.
History
The 65mm gun was first accepted into service with Italian mountain troops in 1913, and it served with them
throughout World War I. Replacements arrived in the 1920s and the gun was transferred to the regular infantry. It
was well liked by the infantry due to its minimal weight and high reliability in adverse conditions. Despite its light
calibre, it served through World War II with Italian forces as a close support weapon. It was effective also mounted
on truck, in North Africa, as anti-tank artillery.
References
Hogg, Ian; 2000; Twentieth Century Artillery; Amber Books, Ltd.; ISBN 1-58663-299-X
External links
(1915) Servizio del Cannone da 65 Mont. (1915 dated manual which discusses the operation, deployment, and
crew drill for the Italian Cannone da 65/17 Modello 13, a 65mm mountain gun) [1]
Notes
[1] http:/ / www. scribd. com/ doc/ 46654127
10
70 mm
A Gebirgsgeschtz M 99 in action
Type
Mountain gun
Placeoforigin
Austria-Hungary
Service history
Inservice
1902?-1918
Usedby
Austria-Hungary
Wars
World War I
Production history
Designed
1899-1902
Numberbuilt
300
Specifications
Weight
315 kilograms (690lb)
Shell
4.68kg (10.3lb)
Caliber
70 millimetres (2.8in)
Breech
eccentric interrupted screw
Recoil
none
Carriage
box trail
Elevation
-10 to +26
Muzzlevelocity
310m/s (1,000ft/s)
Maximumrange 4,800m (5,200yd)
The 7cm Gebirgsgeschtz M 99 was a mountain gun used by Austria-Hungary during World War I. It was obsolete
upon introduction as it had a bronze barrel and only a spring-loaded spade to absorb the recoil forces and it had to be
relaid after every shot. Although to be fair to the Austro-Hungarians, the high elevations required of mountain guns
greatly complicated the provision of barrel recoil systems as the breech could recoil right into the ground, and it
would be some years before satisfactory systems were worked out. These would result in the 7cm Gebirgsgeschtz
M 8 and M 9 that used the same barrel and ammunition as the M 99, but had gun shields and proper recoil systems.
These guns weighed 402 kilograms (890lb) and 456 kilograms (1,010lb) respectively, although the exact
differences between them are unclear other than they broke down into four and five loads for transport respectively.
The Gebirgsgeschtz M 99 broke down into three loads for transport.
References
Ortner, M. Christian. Austro-Hungarian Artillery From 1867 to 1918: Technology, Organization, and Tactics.
Vienna, Verlag Militaria, 2007 ISBN 978-3-902526-13-7
External links
Gebirgsgeschtz M 99 on Landships [1]
References
[1] http:/ / www. landships. freeservers. com/ new_pages/ 7cm_gebirgskanone_m99. htm
11
Cannone da 70/15
12
Cannone da 70/15
Cannone da 70/15
Type
Mountain gun
Placeoforigin
Kingdom of Italy
Service history
Inservice
1903-1945
Usedby
Italy
Wars
World War I, World War II
Production history
Designed
1902-1904
Specifications
Weight
387kg (850lb)
Barrellength
1.15m (3ft 9in) L/16.4
Shell
4.84kg (10lb 11oz)
Caliber
Carriage
box trail
Elevation
-12 to 21
Traverse
Muzzlevelocity
353 m/s (1,158 ft/s)
The Cannone da 70/15 was a mountain gun was used by Italy during World War I. By World War II it had been
relegated to the infantry gun role in units assigned to Italian East Africa.
It lacked a modern recoil system and was virtually obsolescent upon its introduction in 1904. But it took the Italians
almost a decade to field the Cannone da 65/17 modello 13 as its replacement. It was gradually phased out of the
mountain role and transferred to the infantry as an infantry gun.
It was broken-down into four loads for transport.
References
Chamberlain, Peter and Gander, Terry. Infantry, Mountain and Airborne Guns.
13

Ordnance BL 10 pounder Mountain Gun
Indian Army 10 pounder mountain gun and crew, East Africa, World War I
Type
Mountain gun
Placeoforigin
United Kingdom
Service history
Inservice
19011918
Usedby
Wars
United Kingdom
India
World War I
Production history
Manufacturer
Woolwich Arsenal, Elswick Ordnance Company (UK)
Variants
MK I
Specifications
Weight
Breech: 207lb (93.9kg)

Barrel: 197lb (89.36kg)
Total: 874lb (396.4kg)
Barrellength
Bore: 72.4in (1.8m)

Total: 76.4in (1.9m)
Shell
Shrapnel, Common shell
Calibre
2.75 inches (69.8mm)
Action
Breech Loading with separate shell and charge
Recoil
None
Carriage
Wheeled, box trail
Elevation
-15 - 25
Traverse
Muzzlevelocity
1,289ft/s (393m/s)
Effectiverange
3,700 yards (3,383m) (Time Fuze)

[]
6,000 yards (5,486m) (Percussion fuze)
[1]
10 pounds (4.54kg)
14
The Ordnance BL 10 pounder mountain gun was developed as a BL successor to the RML 2.5 inch screw gun
which was outclassed in the Second Boer War.
History
This breech-loading gun was an improvement on the 2.5 inches (63.5mm) muzzle-loading screw gun but still lacked
any recoil absorber or recuperator mechanism. It could be dismantled into 4 loads of approximately 200 pounds
(90.7kg) for transport, typically by mule.
It was originally manufactured without a gun shield, but these were made and fitted locally during World War I e.g.
at Nairobi in 1914 for the East Africa campaign, also at Suez in 1915 for the Gallipoli campaign.
It was eventually replaced by the BL 2.75 inch Mountain Gun from 1914 onwards but was still the main mountain
gun in service when World War I began.
Combat service
British mountain guns were operated by men of the Royal Garrison Artillery.
World War I
Guns of the 26th Mountain Battery of the Indian Army were the first British Empire artillery to open fire in the
Middle East in World War I, on 26 January 1915, Qantara (Kantara), against the Turkish advance towards the Suez
Canal.[]
The gun was used notably in the Battle of Gallipoli in 1915 by Indian Armies 21st (Kohat) Mountain Battery
(Frontier Force) and 26th (Jacobs) Mountain Battery of the 7th Indian Mountain Brigade with 6 guns each at Anzac,
and by Scottish Territorial Force (1/4th Highland Mountain Brigade) Argyllshire and Ross & Cromarty Batteries
with 4 guns each at Helles and then Suvla. The 21st Battery was granted the title "Royal" in 1922 for its actions
including Gallipoli, unique for an artillery battery.
There is some evidence that the Turkish defenders on Gallipoli were
also using the 10 pounder, bought prewar from New Zealand, as the
ANZACs discovered 10 pounder shell bodies fired at them made in
India which were not from their own guns.[2][3]
In the East Africa campaign, the following Indian batteries used the 10
pounder with distinction in constant action : 27th Mountain Battery (6 guns), part of the Indian Expeditionary
Force C, from 27 August 1914 to 2 January 1918.
Sgt Paterson, 4th (Highland) Mountain Brigade,

circa. 1915.
28th Mountain Battery with 6 guns arrived with Indian Expeditionary Force B from 30 October 1914, returned to
India December 1916. 28th Battery's first engagement occurred with the guns tied to the deck of HM Transport
ship Bharata, firing in support of the unsuccessful British attempt to capture Tanga on 3 & 4 November 1914.[4]
Gunner Mehr Khan was awarded the Indian Distinguished Service Medal and Subadar-Major Nur Allam was
awarded the Order of British India for their actions in 28th Battery defending Jasin on 18 January 1915.[5]
1st Kashmir (4 guns) arrived 5 December 1916, returned to India 2 February 1918. Between them the 1st and 27th
were awarded 2 Order Of British India, 1 Indian Distinguished Service Medal, 7 Meritorious Service Medals, 12
Mentioned in Despatches.[6]
24th Hazara Mountain Battery (Frontier Force) served in East Africa from 26 April 1917, taking up the 6 guns left
by 28th Battery.[7] A typical extract from their War Diary reads : "Ndundwala 2nd July 1917... one section came
into action and fired 87 rounds shrapnel at enemy holding river crossing place at range 750 yards. Forward
15
observer reported three direct hits on his breastworks. Sniping continued" 19 August 1917 : "constructed an
emplacement within 150 yards of enemy... tubes which were dated 1901 are very bad and several misfires
occurred... during last 15 days fired 548 shrapnel, 35 common and 4 star shells at average range of 1,000
yards".[8] They returned to India in November 1918.
22nd (Derajat) Mountain Battery (Frontier Force) arrived in the East Africa campaign on 18 December 1916,
when they relieved the 28th Battery which returned to India.[9] They appear to have initially used 10 pounders and
re-equipped with 3.7 inches (94.0mm) howitzers some time later, as Farndale reports they first used their 3.7
inches (94.0mm) howitzers in action in the attack on German positions at Medo, 11 April 1918.[10] They returned
to India in November 1918.
The gun was also used in the Palestine campaign.
Surviving examples
A restored gun is on display at the Royal Artillery Museum,
Woolwich, London [3]
Notes and references

[1] Common shell were "Special for India" (Treatise on Ammunition 1915, page 159).
References will be found to Indian mountain batteries using common shell in World
War I.
[2] Major A. C. Fergusson 21 (Kohat) Mountain Battery, writing in 1916. Reprinted in
"The Gallipolian" No.85 - Winter 1997
[3] CEW Bean, "THE OFFICIAL HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA IN THE WAR OF
1914-1918 Volume II" (http:/ / www. awm. gov. au/ histories/ chapter.
asp?volume=3) page 65. 11th Edition, published by Angus & Robertson, Sydney,
1941
10 Pounder Mountain Gun on display at the

Royal Artillery Museum
[4] Farndale 1988, page 307-309

[5] Farndale 1988, page 313-314
[6] Farndale, page 351
[7] Farndale 1988, page 344
[8] Farndale 1988, page 345, 346
Bibliography
Dale Clarke, British Artillery 1914-1919. Field Army Artillery. Osprey Publishing, Oxford UK, 2004 (http://
www.ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title=S6887) ISBN 1-84176-688-7
General Sir Martin Farndale, "History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. The Forgotten Fronts and the Home
Base, 1914-18". London : The Royal Artillery Institution, 1988. ISBN 1-870114-05-1
I.V. Hogg & L.F. Thurston, British Artillery Weapons & Ammunition 1914-1918. London:Ian Allan, 1972. ISBN
978-0-7110-0381-1
1970s Command Magazine SCREW GUN article with rare photos and art work (http://s16.photobucket.com/
albums/b24/hybenamon/public albums/LAND/SCREW GUNS/)
External links
Diagram of gun and carriage and photograph of gun at Firepower (http://www.victorianforts.co.uk/art/
10prBLmountain.htm) from Victorian Forts and Artillery website
10 pounder Mountain Gun at Landships (http://www.landships.info/landships/artillery_articles.html?load=/
landships/artillery_articles/10_Pdr_Mountain_Gun.html)
16
17

Ordnance BL 2.75 inch mountain gun
Men of the 4th (Highland) Mountain Brigade with 2.75-inch (70mm) mountain gun, Kamberli, Salonika front, June 1918.
Type
Mountain artillery
Placeoforigin
United Kingdom
India
Service history
Inservice
1914 - 1919
Usedby
Wars
United Kingdom
India India
World War I
Production history
Numberbuilt
183
Specifications
Weight
586 kg (1,292 lb)
Barrellength
72.5 inch (1.84 m)
Shell
Separate loading Breech Loading 5.67 kg (12.5 lb)
Caliber
2.75-inch (70mm)
Recoil
Hydro-spring, constant, 38 inches (970mm)
Carriage
Wheeled,single pole trail
Elevation
-15 - 22
Traverse
4 L & R
Muzzlevelocity
1,290 ft/s (393 m/s)
Maximumrange
(shrapnel) 5,600 yds

(5,120 m)
(HE) 5,800 yds (5,303 m)
[]
The Ordnance BL 2.75inch Mountain Gun was a screw gun designed for and used by the Indian Mountain
Artillery into World War I.
18
Description
The gun was an improved version of the 1901 BL 10 pounder Mountain Gun.
The new 1911 version improved on the 1901 gun with a new pole trail, recoil buffer, recuperator and gunshield, and
increased shell weight from 10 to 12.5lb (5.7kg). It was a screw gun design, where the barrel could be separated
into two parts via a screw joint. This allowed for the gun to have a heavier barrel, but still be broken into smaller
portions for transport by mule teams. This was important for a weapon designed to be used in mountainous and
rough terrain, or where adequate vehicle and horse transport was not readily available. The weapon could be carried
by 6 mules or towed.
Service history
The gun was adopted in 1911 and began entering service in 1914.
The weapon served primarily with the Indian Mountain Artillery in the
northwest portion of British Indian territory (on what is now the border
between Pakistan and Afghanistan) and participated in British-led
military action in that theatre.
It also served in Mesopotamia and the Salonika front during World
War I.
Firing on the Doiran front, Macedonian front
(World War I)Salonika 1917
It was superseded at the end of World War I by the QF 3.7-inch

mountain howitzer.
Ammunition
Cordite cartridge
Mk I Shrapnel shell
No. 80 fuze
T friction tube
19
Surviving Examples
A 2.75 inch Mountain Gun is on display at the Heugh Battery
Museum, Hartlepool

Bibliography
Dale Clarke, British Artillery 1914-1919. Field Army Artillery.
Osprey Publishing, Oxford UK, 2004 (http://www.
ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title=S6887) ISBN
1-84176-688-7
2.75 inch Mountain Gun on display at the Heugh

Battery
Hogg, Ian; 2000; Twentieth Century Artillery; Amber Books, Ltd.,

ISBN 1-58663-299-X
I.V. Hogg & L.F. Thurston, British Artillery Weapons &
Ammunition. London: Ian Allan, 1972 (http://www.amazon.co.
uk/British-Artillery-Weapons-Ammunition-1914-18/dp/
0711003815)
External links
2.75 inch Mountain Gun at Landships (http://www.landships.
info/landships/artillery_articles.html?load=/landships/
artillery_articles/2_75_Mountain_Gun.html)
Front view
20
75 mm
Type 31 75mm Mountain Gun
Type 31 75 mm mountain gun at the Hmeenlinna military museum.

Type
mountain gun
Placeoforigin
Japan
Service history
Usedby
Wars
Empire of Japan
Russo Japanese War
Production history
Designer
Arisaka Nariakira
Produced
1898
Numberbuilt
Approximately 620
Specifications
Weight
.330 tonnes (730lb)
Barrellength
1.06m (3ft 6in) L/13.3
Shell
6 kilograms (13lb)
Caliber
Recoil
no recoil mechanism
Carriage
pole trail
Elevation
-10 to +30
Muzzlevelocity
261m/s (860ft/s)
Maximumrange
4,600m (5,000yd)
The Type 31 75mm Mountain Gun was introduced in 1898. The Type 31 number was designated for the year the
gun was accepted,the 31st year of Emperor Meiji's reign, 1898 in the Gregorian calendar.[1] As the barrel was made
of steel, it improved the range and accuracy of the gun when compared to the 7 cm Mountain Gun, which was made
of bronze. It was used during the Russo-Japanese War. Approximately 620 were produced.
References
Notes
[1] War Department TM-E-30-480 Handbook on Japanese Military Forces September 1944 p 400
Bibliography
War Department TM-E-30-480 Handbook on Japanese Military Forces September 1944
http://www3.plala.or.jp/takihome/Type31.htm
The 75mm Schneider-Danglis 06/09
(Greek: -) was
a Greek-designed and French-manufactured
(all manufacture, including test construction,
was made by the French Schneider
company) mountain gun.
The invention of a mountain gun that could
easily be broken down to pieces for
transport, and reassembled into a highly
efficient weapon is claimed by two Greek
army engineers, (then) Engineering Corps
Major P. Lykoudis, who made such a design
in 1891, and then Artillery Major Panagiotis
76-mm variant used by the Imperial Russian ArmyRussian army.
Danglis ( ), who made
his own design in 1893. Danglis' proposal to the Greek Army Ministry caused an immediate reaction by Lykoudis,
who claimed that his designs had been copied. Surprisingly, at the time no particular interest was shown, neither by
the Greek military, nor by foreign weapon manufacturers; the rivalry between the two men would continue, though,
for several years.
Danglis devoted personal effort into developing his design, and eventually convinced French Schneider armaments
company to construct and test his design. Prototype development, construction and testing were completed between
November 1905 and June 1906. Meanwhile, Lykoudis had arranged with the German manufacturer Krupp to
develop his design. The final "victory" for Danglis came in 1907. In that year, after testing, the Greek Army
determined that the Schneider-Danglis weapon was superior to the Krupp-Lykoudis and placed an order for the gun
with the French manufacturer. Other nations followed with orders, and this mountain gun proved its merits in action
(it was used by Greece in the Balkan Wars, World War I and World War II), while Schneider developed the
technology further in later models. Danglis' efforts came to a successful conclusion altogether, when a fair financial
settlement was made with the French manufacturer concerning the rights to use his design.
21
22
References
Gen. P. Danglis, Memoirs-Archive, Vayionakis ed., Athens (1965)

QF 2.95 inch Mountain Gun
British QF 2.95 inch mountain gun, Cameroons and Togoland campaign, WWI
Type
Placeoforigin
Mountain gun
United Kingdom
Service history
Inservice
Usedby
Wars
1897 - World War II

British Empire
United States
Philippines
Production history
Manufacturer
Vickers
Specifications
Weight
236lb (107kg) gun

830lb (380kg) total
Barrellength
31.6in (0.80m) bore;

35.85in (0.911m) total
Width
32in (0.81m)
Height
26 inches (barrel axis)

36 inches (wheel)
Shell
QF fixed round.
12.5 lb Common shell;
18 lb Double common shell;
12.5 lb Shrapnel
Calibre
75-millimetre (2.953in)
Recoil
14in (360mm); short recoil hydro-spring
Carriage
Wheeled, box trail, assembly
Elevation
-10 - 27
[]
23
Traverse
Rateoffire
14 rounds per minute
Muzzlevelocity
920ft/s (280m/s)
Maximumrange
4,825yd (4,412m)
[1]
[2]
The QF 2.95inch mountain gun was the designation given by the British to a Vickers 75mm calibre gun. It was
originally produced for the Egyptian Army. It was taken into British service in the late 19th Century to provide the
'movable armament' at some coaling stations. Also known as 'The Millimetre Gun',[3] it was used by the West
African Frontier Force in several theatres in Africa during World War I. It was also used by USA and Philippines.
Service history
The weapon could be broken down and carried by 4 horses or mules, or in British use in Africa by men.
British service
The weapon was not adopted by the British Army or the Indian Army, which used the BL 10 pounder Mountain Gun
and later the BL 2.75 inch Mountain Gun, but it was used from 1901 by the defence forces of some British African
colonies as part of the Royal West African Frontier Force (WAFF). The officers and most NCOs were British, and
the gunners, gun carriers and some NCOs were African. As part of the British Empire these units became part of the
British war effort in World War I.
Thirty guns were originally supplied to West Africa (Sierra Leone, Gold Coast and Nigeria).[4] Guns involved in the
West Africa campaign were Sierra Leone Company RGA (6 guns), Gold Coast Battery WAFF (6 guns), 1st and 2nd
Nigerian Battery WAFF (6 guns each).[5]
Guns of the Gold Coast Battery fired the first British Empire artillery rounds of World War I, in the attack on Khra
in Togoland on 22 August 1914.[6]
The gun was also used in the East Africa campaign, originally a section of the Gold Coast Battery, and from
December 1916 the 1st Nigerian Battery.[7]
In one action, Corporal Awudo Kano and five Nigerian gunners stayed by their gun during the British attack near
Melong in Kamerun, 4 March 1915. Their officer was wounded and the infantry forced to retire, but though isolated
they refused to abandon the officer or their guns, and continued firing until relieved.[8]
US service
The US purchased 12 guns in 1899 and used them in the Philippine-American War (otherwise known as the
Philippine Insurrection). By June 30, 1904 another 120 guns were purchased. Carriages and pack saddles were
manufactured at Watertown and Rock Island.
It was also used in World War II by US and Philippine forces defending against the Japanese invasion.
Approximately 50 were issued out to the Filipino Army artillery regiments. The US Army Philippine Division had
one battalion of the 23rd Artillery equipped with the 2.95 in mountain gun.[9]
24
Ammunition
British ammunition
The British "Treatise on Ammunition" of 1915 stated that available rounds were Shrapnel (203 bullets), Case shot
(330 bullets), Star shell and the Double common shell of 18lb (exploding charge of 14 oz "P" mixture gunpowder).[10]
British Double Common round
British Shrapnel round
No. 65A Fuze
US ammunition
According to the US manual of 1916 the 18lb (8.2kg) "Double explosive" shell was no longer in US use.
US Cartridge case
Gallery
US HE shells
US Shrapnel shell
Front view of British

example on display at US
Army Ordnance Museum
25
Side view of British

example on display at US
Army Ordnance Museum
gun & carriage diagram
transportation of gun barrel by

mule in US use
Surviving examples
A British example is on display at US Army Ordnance Museum,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA[11]
HM Royal Armouries Fort Nelson, Fareham, Hampshire, UK[12]
At the Military Museum in Bogota, Colombia
U.S. Army Artillery Museum, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, USA

[1] 14 rounds per minute is the figure given by Vickers. Quoted in Brassey's Naval
Annual 1901 (http:/ / www. gwpda. org/ naval/ brassey/ b1901o08. htm)
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
Clarke 2004
Headlam 1934, page 104
Farndale 1988, page 293
Farndale 1988, page 338-339
The Fall of the Philippines U. S. Army in World War II (http:/ / www. history.
army. mil/ books/ wwii/ 5-2/ 5-2_2. htm#p21), p. 21.
At the Military Museum in Bogota, Colombia
[10] Treatise on Ammunition. 10th Edition, 1915. War Office, UK. Page 415-419
[11] Army Ordnance Museum (http:/ / www. ordmusfound. org)
[12] http:/ / www. palmerstonforts. org. uk/ pav1/ mountaingun. htm
Bibliography
Dale Clarke, British Artillery 1914-1919. Field Army Artillery. Osprey Publishing, Oxford UK, 2004] ISBN
978-1-84176-688-1
Major-General Sir John Headlam, The History of the Royal Artillery : From the Indian Mutiny to the Great War,
Volume II (18991914). Woolwich [England] : Royal Artillery Institution, 1937. Facsimile reprint by Naval and
Military Press 2004. ISBN 978-1-84574-043-6
General Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery : Forgotten Fronts and the Home Base
1914-18. London: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988. ISBN 978-1-870114-05-9
I.V. Hogg & L.F. Thurston, British Artillery Weapons & Ammunition 1914-1918. London: Ian Allan, 1972. ISBN
978-0-7110-0381-1
US Army Ordnance Dept, Handbook of the 2.95-inch Mountain Gun Matriel and Pack Outfit. 1912, updated
1916 (http://www.archive.org/details/handbookof295inc00unitrich)
Louis Morton, "The Fall of the Philippines". United States Army Center of Military History, 1953. ISBN
978-1-410216960
Further reading
Morton, Louis. "Chapter XXVIII: The Southern Islands" (http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/
5-2_28.htm). The Fall of the Philippines. The US Army in World War II. United States Army Center of Military
History. CMH Pub 5-2.
Anderson, Charles R. Philippine Islands (http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/pi/pi.htm). The US Army
Campaigns World War II. United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72-3.
External links
1908 (provisional) Drill Regulations for mountain Artillery (http://www.archive.org/details/
mountainartillery00unitrich) US Army Manual provided online by University of California and www.archive.org
2.95-Inch Vickers-Maxim Mountain Gun Matriel. in http://www.archive.org/details/
handbookofartill00unitrich" Handbook of Artillery : including mobile, anti-aircraft and trench matriel (1920)"]
United States. Army. Ordnance Dept May 1920. provided online by University of California and
www.archive.org
Diagram, photographs, video & data (http://www.victorianforts.co.uk/arming/mountaingun.htm) at Victorian
Forts and Artillery website
photo of a 2.95 inch shell casing at big-ordnance.com (http://www.big-ordnance.com/EarlyUSCasings/
295MH1.jpg)
26
27

Nr 1
Type
mountain gun
Placeoforigin
Germany
Service history
Inservice
19041917
Usedby
German Empire
South Africa
Portugal
Wars
World War I
Production history
Designer
Rheinmetall
Manufacturer
Rheinmetall
Numberbuilt
12
Variants
Horse-drawn
Specifications
Weight
529kg (1,170lb)
Barrellength
1.27m (4ft 2in)
Shell
5.3 kilograms (12lb)
Caliber
Carriage
pole trail
Elevation
-7 to +38.5
Traverse
2.5
Muzzlevelocity
300m/s (980ft/s)
Maximumrange
5,750m (6,290yd)
The Ehrhardt 7.5 cm Model 1904 mountain guns were originally issued to the Schutztruppe in German South West
Africa. The gun was also issued to the Portuguese colonial forces in Angola.
Survivors
12 guns are known to have been produced and all 12 still survive in various museums and open air displays around
the world.
Nr.1 At the South African National Museum of Military History, Johannesburg

Nr.2 Outside the Bloemfontein Law Courts
Nr.3 At the Koblenz Museum of Military Technology, Germany
Nr.4 Outside the Union Buildings, Pretoria
Nr.5 At the Transvaal Scottish Regiment, Johannesburg
Nr.7 At the Imperial War Museum, London
Nr.8 Bethal Museum
Nr.9 Outside the Bloemfontein Law Courts
Nr.11 At Warrior's Gate MOTH Shellhole, Durban
Nr.12 In the Ermelo War Memorial
References
External links
The 7.5cm Schutztruppe Mountain Gun (http://www.sacktrick.com/igu/germancolonialuniforms/militaria/
mountaingun.htm)
28
29

Type
mountain gun
Placeoforigin
Germany
Service history
Usedby
Norway
Nazi Germany
Production history
Designer
Rheinmetall
Manufacturer
Rheinmetall
Produced
1911
Specifications
Weight
509 kg (1,122 lbs)
Shell
6.5 kg (14 lb 5 oz)
Caliber
75 mm (2.95 in)
Elevation
-5 to 36
Traverse
Muzzlevelocity
315 m/s (1,033 ft/s)
Maximumrange 6,900 m (7,546 yds)
The 7.5cm Gebirgskanone Model 1911 was a mountain gun manufactured for export in 1911 by the German firm
Erhardt. Nine batteries were sold to Norway. During the 1940 Norwegian campaign, a number of these were
captured by the Germans, who designated them 7.5cm GebK 247(n). The crew was protected by an armoured
shield.
30
7.5 cm Gebirgskanone M. 15
Type
Mountain gun
Placeoforigin
Austria-Hungary
Service history
Inservice
1915-1945
Usedby
Austria-Hungary
Austria
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
German Empire
Nazi Germany
Hungary
Italy
Romania
Turkey
Wars
World War I
World War II
Production history
Designer
Skoda
Designed
1911-1914
Manufacturer
Skoda
Specifications
Weight
613kg (1,350lb)
Barrellength
1.15m (3ft 9in) L/15.4
Crew
Shell
6.35kg (14.0lb)
Caliber
Breech
horizontal semi-automatic sliding wedge
Recoil
hydro-pneumatic
Carriage
box trail
Elevation
-10 to +50
Traverse
Rateoffire
6-8 rpm
Muzzlevelocity
349m/s (1,150ft/s)
31
The Skoda 7.5cm Gebirgskanone M. 15 was a mountain gun used by Austria-Hungary in World War I. In German
service it was known as the 7.5cm GebK 15. The Italians designated them as the Obice da 75/13 and the
Wehrmacht would designate captured guns as 7.5cm GebK 259(i) after the surrender of Italy in 1943.
History
Its development was quite prolonged as the Austrians couldn't decide on the specifications that they wanted. Initially
they wanted a gun that could be broken-down into no more than 5 pack-animal loads to replace the various 7cm
mountain guns in service, but prolonged trials proved that the 7.5cm M. 12 prototype to be the best gun. However
the commander-in-chief of Bosnia-Hercegovina believe it to be too heavy and demanded a reversion back to the old
7cm caliber to save weight. Skoda dutifully built enough guns for a test battery in the smaller caliber and tested
them during the spring of 1914 where they were judged inferior to the 7.5cm guns. This cost the Austrians heavily
as the 7.5cm guns were delivered beginning in April 1915 instead of the planned date of April 1914.[1]
For transport, the gun could be dismantled into 6 parts, generally carried in 4 loads. In addition, there was a gun
shield fitted on some (perhaps many) such guns. A revised version of this gun was released as the Skoda 75 mm
Model 1928.
The Germans bought some guns during World War I, but used them as
infantry guns in direct support of the infantry where their light weight
would allow them to move with the infantry. They complained that the
guns were too fragile and didn't have a high enough muzzle velocity to
act as an anti-tank gun. Considering that the guns were designed to be
disassembled it's not too surprising that they couldn't stand the abuse
moving through the shell-pocketed front lines on the Western Front.
German anti-tank gunners and supporting
infantry, October 1918
Notes
[1] Ortner, pp. 332-335
References
Englemann, Joachim and Scheibert, Horst. Deutsche Artillerie 1934-1945: Eine Dokumentation in Text, Skizzen
und Bildern: Ausrstung, Gliderung, Ausbildung, Fhrung, Einsatz. Limburg/Lahn, Germany: C. A. Starke, 1974
Gander, Terry and Chamberlain, Peter. Weapons of the Third Reich: An Encyclopedic Survey of All Small Arms,
Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces 1939-1945. New York: Doubleday, 1979 ISBN
0-385-15090-3
Hogg, Ian. Twentieth-Century Artillery. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2000 ISBN 0-7607-1994-2
Jger, Herbert. German Artillery of World War One. Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire: Crowood Press, 2001
ISBN 1-86126-403-8
Ortner, M. Christian. The Austro-Hungarian Artillery From 1867 to 1918: Technology, Organization, and
Tactics. Vienna, Verlag Militaria, 2007 ISBN 978-3-902526-13-7
32
External links
GebK M. 15 on Landships (http://www.landships.freeservers.com/7.5cm_gebirgskanone_m15.htm)

Type
Mountain gun
Placeoforigin
Czechoslovakia
Service history
Usedby
Albania
Yugoslavia
Croatia
Nazi Germany
Wars
World War II
Production history
Designer
Skoda
Manufacturer
Skoda
Specifications
Weight
700kg (1,500lb)
Barrellength
1.34m (4ft 5in) L/18
Shell
Caliber
75 mm (2.95 in)
Carriage
box trail
Elevation
-8 to +50
Traverse
Rateoffire
4 rpm
Muzzlevelocity
425 m/s (1,394 ft/s)
The Skoda 75mm Model 1928 (75mm M.28) was a mountain gun manufactured by Skoda Works and exported to
Yugoslavia. It was a modernized version of the Skoda 75 mm Model 15. The gun typically had a 75mm barrel;
however, it could be fitted with a 90mm barrel. The Wehrmacht redesignated these guns as 7.5cm GebK 28 (in
Einheitslafette mit 9cm GebH) or 7.5cm GebK 285(j). The gun crew was protected by an armoured shield.
33
References
Chamberlain, Peter and Gander, Terry. Infantry, Mountain and
Airborne Guns
Gander, Terry and Chamberlain, Peter. Weapons of the Third Reich:
An Encyclopedic Survey of All Small Arms, Artillery and Special
Weapons of the German Land Forces 1939-1945. New York:
Doubleday, 1979 ISBN 0-385-15090-3

The Skoda 75mm Model 1936 (75mm M.36) was a mountain gun manufactured by Skoda Works, in
Czechoslovakia, and a variant was produced in Russia (as the 76 mm mountain gun M1938). Skoda also produced a
handful of the 76.2mm variant. For transport, the gun could be broken down into 3 sections, and further broken
down into ten loads. The gun crew was protected by an armoured shield.
34

Skoda 75 mm Model 1939 (C6)
Type
Mountain gun
Placeoforigin
Czechoslovakia
Service history
Inservice
1939-1945?
Usedby
Romania
Iran
Wars
World War II
Production history
Designer
Skoda
Manufacturer
Skoda
Specifications
Weight
820kg (1,800lb)
Barrellength
1.57m (5ft 2in) L/21
Shell
Caliber
75 mm (2.95 in)
Carriage
box trail
Elevation
-7 30' to +70
Traverse
Muzzlevelocity
480 m/s (1,575 ft/s)
The Skoda 75mm Model 1939 (75mm M.39) was a mountain gun manufactured in by Skoda Works and exported
in small numbers to Romania and Iran. The design was related to the Bofors L/22 sold to Switzerland. For transport,
the gun could be broken into eight sections and carried by mule. The gun crew was protected by an armoured shield.
Romanian guns equipped two mountain artillery battalions.[1]
Notes
[1] Chamberlain and Gander, p. 11
References
Chamberlain, Peter and Gander, Terry. Infantry, Mountain and Airborne Guns
35

Schneider
Cannon de 75M(montagne)modele 1919 Schneider
A Brazilian Model 1919 gun on display at the Fort Copacabana Museum.

Type
mountain gun
Placeoforigin
France
Service history
Usedby
Wars
Brazil
Greece
Nazi Germany
Paraguay
Poland
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Chaco War, World War II
Production history
Designer
Schneider
Manufacturer
Schneider et Cie
Produced
1919
Specifications
Weight
Combat: 660 kg (1,455 lbs)

Travel:721 kg
(1,589 lbs)
Shell
6.33 kg (14 lbs)
Caliber
75 mm (2.95 in)
Carriage
box trail
Elevation
-10 to +40
Muzzlevelocity
400 m/s (1,312 ft/s)
Maximumrange
9,025 m (9,869 yds)
36
The Canon de 75 M(montagne) modle 1919 Schneider (75mm mle.1919) was a French mountain gun designed
as a replacement of the 65 mm mle 1906. The mle 1919 was manufactured by Schneider et Cie and used during
World War II. For transport, the gun could be broken down into seven sections. This weapon was used by Brazil,
Greece, Paraguay, Poland, and Yugoslavia. When captured by the Germans, the French guns were designated 7.5cm
GebK 237(f); the Yugoslav guns were designated 7.5cm GebK 283(j); and Polish guns were possibly designated as
7.5cm GebK M.19(p). (1 - p.16) The gun crew was protected by an armoured shield.
Greek service
This gun was used by the Hellenic (Greek) Army in the Greek-Italian war from October 1940 - Spring 1941. It was
used in divisional service in conjunction with the Schneider 105 mountain gun of 10,5 cm caliber as they called it.
Each Greek division had an artillery regiment with 16 mountain 75mm and 8 mountain 105mm guns. A total of 192
Mle 1919 75mm were procured by Greece, that equipped 12 (of 15) divisional artillery regiments.
Survivors
In 1923 the Brazilian Army ordered several Schneider Model 1919
75mm Mountain guns. At least 3 of them are now on display at the
Fort Copacabana Museum in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Several of the original 24 purchased are still used as gate guardians
or expossed at Paraguayan museums, as they served during Chaco
War.
At least one example is exhibited in Hellenic War Museum in
Athens, Greece.
A gun from Nexter collection in St. Chamond is now exhibited in
the Muse des Blinds in Saumur.
In Hellenic (Greek) War Museum, Athens,Greece
A WWI monument near Coligny Caserne in Orlans features this

artillery piece.
Mle 1919/28 is exhibited in the Amis du Muse de l'Artillerie in
Draguignan.
References
Infantry, Mountain, and Airborne Guns by Peter Chamberlain and
Terry Gander, Arco, New York, (1975).
Template,In Hellenic (Greek) War Museum,
Athens,Greece
37

Cannon de
75M(montagne)modele 1928
Type
mountain gun
Placeoforigin
France
Service history
Usedby
France
Nazi Germany
Poland
Wars
World War II
Production history
Designer
Schneider
Manufacturer
Schneider et Cie
Produced
1928
Specifications
Weight
660 kg (1,455 lbs)
Shell
7.25 kg (16 lbs)
Caliber
75 mm (2.95 in)
Carriage
box trail
Elevation
-10 to +40
Traverse
10
Muzzlevelocity
375 m/s (1,230 ft/s)
Effectiverange
9 km (5.5 mi)
The Canon de 75 M(montagne) modle 1928 (75mm mle.28) was a French mountain gun. The guns were also
sold to Poland. After 1940, these weapons were used by the Germans as 7.5cm GebK 283(f). The French used this
weapon to equip the artillery batteries of the 4th Moroccan Mountain Division during 1944 and 1945.
M.27 (mountain gun)
38
M.27 (mountain gun)

75 mm M.27
Type
Mountain gun
Placeoforigin
Norway
Service history
Inservice
1927-1940
Usedby
Wars
Norway
World War II
Production history
Designer
Kongsberg
Manufacturer
Kongsberg
Numberbuilt
24
Specifications
Weight
600kg (1,300lb)
Barrellength
1.53m (5ft) L/20.5
Shell
Caliber
75 mm (2.95 in)
Carriage
split trail
Elevation
-5 to +47
Traverse
Muzzlevelocity
395 m/s (1,296 ft/s)
Maximumrange
8,800m (9,600yd)
The 75 mm M.27 was a Norwegian mountain gun used in World War II. Twenty-four of these guns were designed
and built by Kongsberg Kanonfabrik to supplement the old 75mm Ehrhardt M.11 guns. There is no record of any use
by Nazi Germany after the Norwegian Campaign
M.27 (mountain gun)
39
References
Chamberlain, Peter & Gander, Terry. Infantry, Mountain and Airborne Guns.
M116 howitzer
75mm Pack Howitzer M1A1 on Carriage (airborne) M8
Type
Placeoforigin
Pack howitzer
United States
Service history
Inservice
1927present
Usedby
United States, United Kingdom, France, Commonwealth of the Philippines (19351946), Republic of the
Philippines (1946-1990s) Republic of China, Turkey, People's Republic of China, Vietminh, Pakistan
Wars
World War II,

Second Sino-Japanese War,
Korean War,
Chinese Civil War,
First Indochina War,
Vietnam War,
KurdishTurkish conflict
Production history
Produced
19271944
Specifications
Weight
653 kg (1,439 lbs)
Length
3.68m (12ft 1in)
Barrellength
Bore: 1.19m (3ft 11in) L/15.9

Overall 1.38m (4ft 6in) L/18.4
Width
1.22m (4ft)
Height
94cm (3ft 1in)
Crew
6 or more
Caliber
75 mm (2.95 in)
Breech
Horizontal block
M116 howitzer
40
Recoil
Hydropneumatic, constant
Carriage
Box trail, dismantling
Elevation
+5 to +45
Traverse
Rateoffire
36 rounds per minute
Muzzlevelocity
381 m/s (1,250 ft/s)
Effectiverange
9,600 yards
The 75mm Pack Howitzer M1 (also known by its post-war designation M116) was designed in the United States in
1920s to meet a need for an artillery piece that could be moved across difficult terrain. The gun and carriage was
designed so that it could be broken down into several pieces to be carried by pack animals. The gun saw combat in
Second World War with the US Army (primarily used by airborne units), with US Marine Corps, and was also
supplied to foreign forces.
In addition to the pack / air portable configuration, the gun was mounted on a conventional carriage to serve as a
field artillery piece. Derived vehicle mounted howitzers M2 and M3 were used in the 75mm HMC M8 and some
LVT models. In addition, the M1 in its original version was mated to a number of other self-propelled carriages,
though only one of those 75mm HMC T30 reached mass production.
Development and production

The 75mm pack howitzer was designed in the United States in 1920s to meet a need for an artillery piece that could
be moved across difficult terrain. In August 1927, the weapon was standardized as Howitzer, Pack, 75mm M1 on
Carriage M1. Due to meager funding, production rates were low; by 1940, only 91 pieces were manufactured. Only
in September 1940, a year into World War II, was the howitzer put into mass production. By then, M1 was
succeeded by the slightly modified M1A1. The production continued until December 1944.[1][2]
The only significant changes during the mass production period were carriage improvements. The original carriage
M1 was of box trail type, with wooden wheels. Requirement for a lightweight howitzer for airborne troops led to
introduction of the M8 carriage, similar except new wheels with pneumatic tires. Another requirement, from the
cavalry branch of the US Army, resulted in a completely different family of "field howitzer" split trail carriages
M3A1 / M3A2 / M3A3. However, only limited number of the M1 in field howitzer variant were built, due to
cavalry's switch to self-propelled guns.
[3]
Wartime production of 1, pcs.

Year
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 Total
Pack howitzers, pcs.
36
188 1,280 2,592 915 4,939
Field howitzers, pcs.
234
64
51
349
M116 howitzer
41
Description
The howitzer M1 or M1A1 consisted of tube and breech, which were joined together by interrupted threads, allowing
for quick assembly and disassembly. One eighth of a turn was required to connect or disconnect tube and breech.
The tube had uniform, right hand rifling with one turn in 20 calibers. The breech was of horizontal sliding block
type, with continuous-pull firing mechanism.[4]
The recoil system was hydropneumatic. Both recoil buffer and recuperator were located under the barrel.
The pack howitzer carriage M1 had dismantling construction. The carriage was of box trail type, with steel-rimmed
wooden wheels.[5] For transportation, the howitzer M1 or M1A1 on carriage M1 could be broken down into six mule
loads, with payload weight between 73 and 107kg each:
Tube
Breech and wheels
Top sleigh and cradle
Bottom sleigh and recoil mechanism
Front trail
Rear trail and axle.
The carriage M8 was identical, except for axle arms and wheels, which were metal with pneumatic tires. The
howitzer on carriage M8 could be broken down into seven mule loads or into nine parachute loads (the latter
arrangement included 18 rounds of ammunition). It could also be towed by vehicle such as 1/4 ton jeep, or
transported by plane or glider such as CG-4 Waco.[6]
The field howitzer carriages of the M3 family were non-dismantling, split trail. All these were fitted with metal
wheels with pneumatic tires; all had an additional retractable support, referred to as a firing base. In firing position,
the firing base could be lowered and wheels raised, leaving the weapon to rest on the firing base and trails.
75 mm howitzer on carriage M1.
75 mm howitzer on carriage
M8.
M3A3.
M3A3.
Organization and service

US forces
In the Second World War era US Army, 75mm howitzers were issued
to airborne and mountain units.
75 mm pack howitzer on carriage M8 during the

Battle of Tinian.
M116 howitzer
42
An airborne division, according to the organization of February 1944,

had three 75mm howitzer battalions two glider field artillery
battalions (two six-gun batteries each) and one parachute field artillery
battalion (three four-gun batteries), in total 36 pieces per division. In
December 1944, new Tables of Organization and Equipment increased
the divisional firepower to 60 75mm howitzers (as an option, in glider
battalions 75mm pieces could be replaced with more powerful 105mm
M3).[7]
The only mountain division formed, the 10th, had three 75mm
howitzer battalions, 12 pieces each. The gun was also used by some
separate field artillery battalions.[8]
Salute battery fires its guns during a ceremony at

Fort Jackson, in 2009.
In the US Marine Corps, under the E-series Tables of Organization (TO) from 15 April 1943 divisional artillery
included three 75mm howitzer battalions, 12 pieces each. The F-series TO from 5 May 1944 reduced the number of
75mm battalions to two, and the G-series TO removed them altogether, completing the shift to 105mm and 155mm
howitzers. Although the G-series TO was only adopted on 4 September 1945, in practice in some divisions the
change was introduced early in 1945.[9]
As of 2012, the M116 was still used by the US Army for ceremonial purposes.
Other operators
Two major lend lease recipients of the M1 were United Kingdom (826
pack howitzers) and China (637 pack howitzers and 125 field
howitzers). 68 pieces were supplied to France, and 60 to various
countries in Latin America.[10]
In the British service, the howitzer was issued to two mountain artillery
regiments, two airlanding light artillery regiments, raiding support
regiment and was temporary used by some other units. The gun
remained in British service until late 1950s.[11]
The 75mm howitzer was also used by Australian forces two
mountain batteries and some other units.
75 mm pack howitzer on carriage M1, supplied to

Chinese forces.
A single howitzer was airdropped in April 1945 to the 2nd (Italian) SAS Regiment, a special force composed by
partisans with mixed political allegiance, Russian ex-POWs, and Wehrmacht deserters, coordinated by Major Roy
Farran. Baptized "Molto Stanco" ("Very tired" in Italian), the gun was used in the course of Operation Tombola to
harass enemy convoys driving up and down along Route 12 between Modena and Florence. On 21 April 1945 the
howitzer was towed by means of a Willys Jeep to the outskirts of Reggio Emilia, from where the Italian gunners
initiated a shelling of the city that wrought panic among Axis troops. Believing that the arrival of Allied forces was
imminent, the Germans and their fascist allies evacuated the city.
The experience of the guns given to the army of the Republic of China was particularly notable. After the loss of the
mainland, the guns left behind were used both by the People's Liberation Army and exported to the Viet Minh. There
is record of these guns being used at the Siege of Dien Bien Phu and, presumably, in later conflicts. The type by
virtue of its compactness also remained in use with the ROCA's outlying island garrisons as coastal artillery.
153 M116s were supplied to Japan (Japan Ground Self-Defense Force) and they were used until 1980s.
As of 2010, the M116 75mm pack howitzer is still used by the Turkish Army in operations against Kurdish
separatists in southeastern Turkey.
M116 howitzer
43
The howitzers have been used for avalanche control at several western US ski areas.
Variants
Howitzer variants:
M1920, M1922A, M1922B, M1923B, M1923E1, M1923E2
prototypes.
M1 the first standardized variant. Based on M1923E2 with
minor changes.
M1A1 variant with modified breech block and breech ring.
75 mm Howitzer M1920.
M2 vehicle mounted variant. Tube and breech from M1A1

were used. In order to provide a cylindrical recoil surface, the
tube was fitted with an external sleeve. 197 built.[12]
M3 vehicle mounted variant; like M2 but with recoil surface as
a part of the tube. The M2 and M3 barrels were interchangeable.
M116 post-war designation of the complete weapon.
M120 post-war designation for saluting howitzers
Carriage variants:
M1 dismantling box trail carriage with wooden wheels.
M2A1, T2, T2E1, T2E2, T2E3 experimental carriages.
M3A1 split-trail carriage with firing base and pneumatic tires.
75 mm howitzer on carriage M3A1, fitted with 37

mm subcaliber gun for training.
M3A2 M3A1 with shield added.

M3A3 M3A2 with different wheels and combat tires.
M8 M1 with new wheels with pneumatic tires.
Selected variants
M1A1 on carriage
M1
M1A1 on carriage M8
M1A1 on carriage
M3A3
box trail
box trail
split trail
Wheels
wooden, with steel

rims
steel, with pneumatic tires
steel, with pneumatic

tires
Shield
Length, m
3.68
3.94
Width, m
1.22
1.73
Height, m
0.94
1.18
Carriage type
Weight, combat,
kg
576
653
1,009
Weight, travel, kg
667
653
1,043
Elevation
+5 to +45
+5 to +45
+9 to +50
Traverse
45
6 mule loads
1/4 ton 4x4 truck, 7 mule loads, 9 parachute loads, plane

or glider
1/4 ton 4x4 truck
Transportation
M116 howitzer
44
Self-propelled mounts
Two nearly identical vehicle mounted variants M2 and M3 were
developed based on tube and breech of the M1A1, for use in the 75mm
Howitzer Motor Carriage T47 / M8. Both variants had a cylindlical
"recoil surface" around the tube. In the M2, the surface was provided
by use of a separately manufactured sleeve, while in the M3 it became
an integral part of the barrel. M2 and M3 were fully
interchangeable.[13] These guns were mounted on the below armored
vehicles:
75mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T47 / M8 M2 / M3 in mount M7.
75 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T30.
LVT(A)-4 M3 in mount M7.[14]

LVT(A)-5 M3 in mount M12.[15]
In addition, M1 / M1A1 was mated to a number of other vehicles. Only the T30 reached mass production.
Medium Tank T5E2 M1A1.[16]
Experimental mount on Holt light tractor.[17]
75mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T1 (Tank development chassis T2).
75mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T3 (Combat Car M1 chassis).[18]

75mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T17 (Combat Car M1E3 chassis).[19]
75mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T18 (Light Tank M3 chassis) M1A1.
75mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T30 M1A1 in mount T10.[20]
75mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T41 (Light Tank M5 chassis).[21]
Ammunition
The gun fired fixed (HEAT M66) and semi-fixed ammunition, fitted with 75mm Cartridge Case M5A1 (type II) and
(type I) accordingly. The propellant charge of semi-fixed ammunition consisted of base charge and three increments,
forming four different charges, from 1 (the smallest) to 4 (the largest).[22]
HEAT M66 Shell penetrated about 91mm of homogeneous armor at 0 degrees at any range.[23]
Available ammunition.
Type
Model
Weight, kg
(round/projectile)
Filler
Muzzle
velocity, m/s
Range,
m
HE
HE M48 Shell
8.27 / 6.62
TNT, 676 g
381
8,790
HE
HE M41A1
Shell
7.89 / 6.24
TNT, 503 g
381
8,820
HEAT-T
HEAT M66
Shell
7.39 / 5.94
305
6,400
Smoke
WP M64 Shell
8.56 / 6.91
White phosphorus
381
8,790
Smoke
FS M64 Shell
8.64 / 6.99
Sulfur trioxide in
Chlorosulfonic acid
381
8,790
Chemical
H M64 Shell
8.43 / 6.78
Mustard gas
381
8,790
Drill
Drill Cartridge
M2A2
Drill (simulates HE
M48)
Drill Cartridge
M19
Blank
M116 howitzer
Notes
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
Zaloga US Field Artillery of World War II, p 6-8.

Hogg Allied Artillery of World War Two, p 42.
Zaloga US Field Artillery of World War II, p 9.
Technical Manual TM 9-2005 volume 3, Infantry and Cavalry Accompanying Weapons, p 49-55.
Technical Manual TM 9-1320, 75mm Howitzers and Carriages, p 1-16.
Technical Manual TM 9-319, 75mm Howitzer M1A1 and Carriage M8.
Zaloga US Airborne Divisions in the ETO 194445, p 16-25, 3739.
Anderson US Army in World War II.
History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II, Vol II: Table of Organization E-100, p 571, 572; Vol III: Table of Organization
F-100, p 618, 619; ww2gyrene: The Marine Division.
[10] Zaloga US Field Artillery of World War II, p 37.
[11] US Guns in UK Service.
[12] Hunnicutt Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, p 324.
[13] Hunnicutt Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, p 323-325.
[14] Hunnicutt Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, p 280, 499.
[15] Hunnicutt Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank, p 287, 499.
[16] Hunnicutt Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank, p 35.
[20] Hunnicutt Half-Track: A History of American Semi-Tracked Vehicles, p 118, 233.
[22] Technical Manual TM 9-1901, Artillery Ammunition, p 116-123.
References
Hogg, Ian V. (1998). Allied Artillery of World War Two. Crowood Press, Ramsbury. ISBN1-86126-165-9.
Hunnicutt, R. P. (1992). Stuart: A History of the American Light Tank. Presidio Press. ISBN0-89141-462-2.
Hunnicutt, R. P. (1994). Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank. Presidio Press. ISBN0-89141-080-5.
Hunnicutt, R. P. (2001). Half-Track: A History of American Semi-Tracked Vehicles. Presidio Press.
ISBN0-89141-742-7.
Zaloga, Steven J. (2007). US Field Artillery of World War II. New Vanguard 131. illustrated by Brian Delf.
Osprey Publishing. ISBN978-1-84603-061-1.
Zaloga, Steven J. (2007). US Airborne Divisions in the ETO 194445. Battle Orders 25. Osprey Publishing.
ISBN1-84603-118-4.
Technical Manual TM 9-319, 75mm Howitzer M1A1 and Carriage M8. War Department, 1948.
Technical Manual TM 9-1320, 75mm Howitzers and Carriages. War Department, 1944.
Technical Manual TM 9-1901, Artillery Ammunition. War Department, 1944.
Technical Manual TM 9-2005 volume 3, Infantry and Cavalry Accompanying Weapons. War Department, 1942.
"History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II at HyperWar website" (http://www.ibiblio.org/
hyperwar/USMC/). Retrieved 16 September 2007.
"The Marine Division at WW2Gyrene website" (http://www.ww2gyrene.org/Division_structure.htm).
Retrieved 16 September 2007.
"Anderson, Rich US Army in World War II at MilitaryHistoryOnline website" (http://www.
militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/usarmy/default.aspx). Retrieved 16 September 2007.
"US Guns in UK Service at British Artillery in World War II website" (http://members.tripod.com/~nigelef/
gunsintro.htm). Retrieved 16 September 2007.
45
M116 howitzer
External links
The Old Army Mules Takes Guns Where Wheels Don't Go (http://books.google.com/
books?id=hycDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA129&dq=popular+science+May+1941+mules&hl=en&
ei=I07OTPGRJo2YnAfA2dzEDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&
ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=true) May 1941 Popular Science
"Airplane Moves Artillery 120 Miles In An Hour", June 1931, Popular Science (http://books.google.com/
books?id=9CcDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA54&dq=Popular+Science+1931+plane&hl=en&
ei=us8FTe-8L4HAnAf-46nlDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&
ved=0CDcQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Popular Science 1931 plane&f=true) air transport of early version of
M116 Howitzer
46
47

Type
Howitzer
Placeoforigin
Italy
Service history
Inservice
1935?-1945?
Usedby
Italy
Portugal
Wars
World War II
Production history
Designer
Sergio Belese
Manufacturer
Ansaldo
Specifications
Weight
1,832 kilograms (4,040lb)

(travelling)
1,050 kilograms (2,300lb) (action)
Length
1.557 metres (61.3in)
Shell
Caliber
75mm (2.95in)
Carriage
box trail (modello 34)

split trail (modello 35)
Elevation
-10 to +45
Traverse
50
Muzzlevelocity
425m/s (1,395ft/s)
Maximumrange 9,564 metres (10,459yd)
The Obice da 75/18 modello 34 was an Italian artillery piece used

during World War II.
History
Much of Italy is mountainous, so the Italian army has always had an
interest in mountain artillery. In the 1930s much of Italy's mountain
artillery was obsolescent and overdue for replacement.
Obice de 75/18 modello 34 next to the Battle of
Crete Monument in Heraklion (Crete)

In 1934, the Italian firm of Ansaldo produced a new mountain howitzer
design, the Obice da 75/18 modello 34, designed by an Italian artillery
Lt. Colonel named Sergio Berlese. The modello 34 could be broken down into eight loads for transport. In the
interest of standardization and logistics a version of the 75/18, the modello, 35 was also used as the light howitzer
component of normal field batteries. The modello 35 did not break down into smaller loads and had a split, rather
than box, trail.[1] The Obice da 75/18 modello 34 was
48
The Italians sold the modello 35 abroad in order to obtain foreign

currency. In 1940 a sizeable batch was sold to Portugal, and more went
to South American countries in exchange for raw materials. The gun
was also used as the main armament of the Semovente 75/18
self-propelled gun where, due to its "Effetto Pronto" (HEAT)
ammunition, it also had a good anti-tank capability.
In 1941 some captured pieces were used against the Germans by the
forces of the Commonwealth during the Battle of Crete and were
probably present in the defence of Maleme airfield. Two of them are
nowadays displayed next to the Battle of Crete monument in
Heraklion.
Obice de 75/18 modello 35 on display at the

Muse des Blinds in Saumur
References
[1] Google Books: The Encyclopedia of Weapons (http:/ / books. google. co. nz/ books?id=MuGsf0psjvcC& pg=PA140& lpg=PA140&
dq=obice+ da+ 75/ 18+ trail& source=bl& ots=K5_zCkNI6K& sig=0PLrhqMweBlV1eAqoHbYs91nb-c& hl=en& sa=X&
ei=X4N8UrW1F-iyiQfOuYHYCA& ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q=obice da 75/ 18 trail& f=false)
Modello 34 on Builders Paradise (http://panzergeneral.strategyplanet.gamespy.com/ww2/Weapons/

towed_artillery/italy/gundata/75_18_M_1934.html)
Modello 35 on "Comando Supremo" website (http://www.comandosupremo.com/Cannone7518.html)
49

Bofors 75mm Model 1934
Swiss 7.5 cm L\24 mountain gun M1933/48

Type
Mountain gun
Placeoforigin
Sweden
Service history
Usedby
Switzerland
Sweden
Nazi Germany
Belgium
Republic of China
Argentina
The Netherlands
Wars
World War II
Production history
Designer
Bofors
Manufacturer
Bofors
Specifications
Weight
928kg (2,050lb)
Barrellength
1.8m (5ft 11in) L/24
Shell
6.59kg (14.5lb)
Caliber
Carriage
box trail
Elevation
-4 to +56 (long carriage)

-10 to +50 (short carriage)
Traverse
7 54'
Muzzlevelocity 455m/s (1,490ft/s)

Effectiverange 9,300m (10,200yd)
The Bofors 75 mm Model 1934 was a mountain gun produced in Sweden by Bofors and sold abroad widely. The
Model 1934 was used by Germany, Belgium, The Netherlands and China in World War II. Germany bought a small
number of guns (12)[citation needed] for evaluation and training before the war and designated them as the 7.5 cm
Gebirgshaubitze 34. Belgian guns, known by them as the Canon de 75 mle 1934, captured by Germany were
designated as 7.5 cm Gebirgskanone 228(b). The later model 1936 was purchased by Bulgaria.
Design
The Netherlands purchased a pack loadable version for their colonial-army in the Dutch East Indies, a region covered
by thick forests and mountains. The pack loadable version could be broken down into eight mule loads or towed by a
four horse team, with a further six mules to carry ammunition and other supplies. The Dutch guns were used briefly
during the Dutch East Indies campaign in 1941-42.
The model purchase by Belgium was not a pack gun and was equipped for towing by motor transport. The Belgian
model had a one-piece box-trail that was hinged to fold upwards to reduce towing length and was equipped with
steel disc wheels with rubber tires.[1]
Sources differ on specifications, but data from Gander & Chamberlain is presumed to be more accurate and is
presented above.
References
Chamberlain, Peter & Gander, Terry. Infantry, Mountain and Airborne Guns. New York, Arco
0-385-15090-3
Bishop, Chris, ed. Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. New York, Barnes and Noble, 1998 ISBN
0-7607-1022-8
Notes
[1] Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II
50
51

A Type 41 at the Yasukuni Shrine

Type
Mountain gun
Placeoforigin
Germany
Service history
Inservice
1908-1945
Usedby
Wars
Empire of Japan
World War I, Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II
Production history
Designer
Krupp
Manufacturer
Osaka Arsenal
Specifications
Weight
544kg (1,200lb)
Length
4.31m (14ft 2in)
Barrellength
1.1m (3ft 7in) L/19.2
Width
1.219m (4ft)
Crew
13
Caliber
75 mm (2.95 in)
Breech
interrupted screw
Recoil
hydro-spring
Carriage
box trail
Elevation
-18 to +40
Traverse
Muzzlevelocity
435 m/s (1,427 ft/s)

The Type 41 75mm mountain gun is a Japanese license-built copy of the Krupp M.08 mountain gun. The Type 41
number was designated for the year the gun was accepted,the 41st year of Emperor Meiji's reign, 1898 in the
Gregorian calendar.[1] Originally it was the standard pack artillery weapon. After it was superseded by the Type 94
75 mm mountain gun, it was then used as an infantry "regimental" gun, deployed 4 to each infantry regiment, and
referred to as "Rentai Ho" (regimental artillery). Two gun shields were produced for the weapon, an early type,
which folded into thirds, and a late type, which folded in half.
Service
In Japanese service the gun was crewed by thirteen men, twelve gunners and a squad leader. When the weapon was
being fired there would be one aimer, one loader, one firer, one person to swing the guns aim left or right, a man
inserting the fuzes into rounds and handing them to the loader, two gunners lying in reserve to the left and right of
the gun position, and the squad leader sitting a little distance to the rear of the weapon. The remaining five men
would ferry ammunition in relays from the ammunition squad, which would typically be in cover a few hundred
meters behind the gun's position.
The weapon could be transported complete by its thirteen man squad, or broken down into parts and carried on six
pack horses using special harnesses, a seventh horse was used to carry ammunition.
Two types of impact fuze were available for the Type 97 75mm High Explosive round, one with a delay of 0.05
seconds, the second with a delay of 1 second. U.S. Army testing of the weapon at a range of 3,200 yards resulted in
75 percent of the rounds falling in a rectangle 20 by 30 yards. At maximum range (7,800 yards) 75 percent of the
rounds fell within a rectangle 10 yards wide and 200 yards long.
Ammunition
Type 98 High-explosive - 9.9 lb

Type 95 Armor piercing high-explosive - can penetrate 20mm of steel plate at 3,000 m - 13.66 lb
Type 1 Armor-piercing - 14.4 lb
Type 38 Shrapnel - 15.0 lb
Type 90 Shrapnel - 282 10.5 gram lead balls and 0.1kg black powder bursting charge - 15.4 lb
Type 2 Hollow charge - 7.81 lb (3 inches of RHA)
Incendiary
Type 90 Smoke (white phosphorus) - 12.60 lb
Type 90 Incendiary - 15.3 lb
Liquid incendiary projectile - 11.75 lb
Type 90 Illuminating - 12.44 lb
Vomit gas projectile - 13.25 lb
52
References
Notes
[1] War Department TM-E-30-480 Handbook on Japanese Military Forces September 1944 p 400
Bibliography
http://www3.plala.or.jp/takihome/41-75.htm
US Technical Manual E 30-480 (http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/IJA/HB/HB-9-2.html)
Japanese Infantry Arms In World War II, Ritta Nakanishi, ISBN 4-499-22690-2
53
54

Japanese Type 94 75mm Mountain Gun
Rear view of the Type 94 75 mm Mountain Gun

Type
Light, highly mobile pack artillery weapon suitable for horse or motor vehicle.
Placeoforigin
Empire of Japan
Service history
Inservice
19351945
Usedby
Wars
Imperial Japanese Army

Second Sino-Japanese War, World War II
Specifications
Weight
544kg (1,200lb) Firing

495kg (1,091lb) Traveling
Length
3.81m (12ft 6in) Firing (trails open)

3.89m (12ft 9in) (trails closed)
3.96m (13ft 0in) Traveling
Barrellength
1.56m (5ft 1in) L20.8
Width
1.023m (3ft 4in) Track 1.354m (4ft 5in) Maximum
Height
2ft 11in (0.89m)
Crew
18 to 41
Shell
HE, APHE, shrapnel, incendiary, illuminating, and pointed
Caliber
75 mm (2.95 in)
Barrels
single
Breech
horizontal sliding.
Recoil
Hydro-pneumatic
Carriage
Split trail with demountable spade plates, and fixed trail blocks, 2 steel band tires on spoked wheels
Elevation
10 to +45
Traverse
40
Rateoffire
15 rpm for 2 minutes

4 rpm for 15 minutes
2 rpm continuous
Muzzlevelocity (HE) 355 m/s (1,165 ft/s)

Effectiverange (HE) 8km (5.0mi)
Sights
Panoramic
The Type 94 75 mm Mountain Gun ( Kyyon-shiki nanag-miri Sanp) was a mountain gun
used as a general purpose infantry support gun by the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War
and World War II. It superseded the Type 41 75 mm Mountain Gun to become the standard pack artillery piece of
Japanese infantry divisions. It was superior to Type 41 in range and in weight.[1] The Type 94 number was
designated for the year the gun was accepted, 2594 in the Japanese imperial year calendar, or 1934 in the Gregorian
calendar.[2]
History and development

Combat experience with the Type 41 Mountain Gun during the invasion of Manchuria indicated to the Imperial
Japanese Army General Staff that the existing primary mountain gun lacked not only in firepower and accuracy, but
also was not as easily transportable under difficult terrain as had been hoped. The Army Technical Bureau was
assigned a project to develop a replacement in 1931. The first prototype was tested in 1932, and the design released
for production by September 1934 as the "Type 94". However, plans to re-equip all artillery regiments with the new
weapon were continually postponed due to budgetary priorities.
Design
The Type 94 75mm mountain gun had a single piece gun barrel with sliding breechblock based on German Krupp
designs and a long split-trail carriage with a hydro-pneumatic recoil mechanism based on French Schneider
designs.[3] The crew was partially protected by a gun shield made of 1/8-inch (3mm) thick armor plate.
For so light a weapon, it embodies a remarkable number of modern construction features. It has a Schneider type,
hydropneumatic independent recoil system, a Krupp type horizontal sliding-wedge breechblock, split trails with
spade plates for stabilizers, pintle traverse, and an equalizing arrangement which gives it three-point suspension.
Since it is trunnioned at the center of balance, it does not require equilibrators. It can be fired with trails closed or
open.[2]
The design was modular in construction, and the gun could be broken down into eleven modules within three to five
minutes for transport by animals or men.[4] The heaviest module weighed 210 pounds (95kg), and the weapon was
intended to be transported by six pack horses, or 18 men (although during the Bougainville campaign because of the
tough terrain it was carried by 41 men doubtless because of the extremely difficult terrain). The gun could be
reassembled within ten minutes and disassembled in from 3 to 5 minutes. At night, after the parts are rubbed with
luminous bark, the same operations can be performed, although 5 to 10 minutes longer are required.
It fires the same projectiles as other 75-mm pieces and has a cartridge case identical in length with that used in the
Model 38. This case is longer than that used in the Model 41 mountain gun. This is necessary because the propelling
charge used in Model 94 ammunition is less than that used in the ammunition for Model 38, and firing the latter
ammunition from Model 94 would damage the gun. Lack of a howitzer trajectory and of varying charges increases
the dead space for the Model 94 when it fires in mountainous terrain, and the counterrecoil is said to be so slow
when the piece is fired at elevations above 30 that, rather than fire above that elevation, the battery displaces
forward.
55
Ammunition
High-explosive
M94 6kg with 0.8kg of TNT and M88 impact or delay fuse.
"A" 6.46kg with Picric acid and dinitro and M3 combination fuse.
"B" 6.6kg with 0.66kg of Picric acid and dinitro and M88 impact or delay fuse.
M90/97 6.18kg with 0.42kg of TNT and M88 impact or delay fuse.
M90 Pointed HE 6.35kg with TNT and M88 impact or delay fuse.
Armor piercing
M95 APHE 6.2kg with 0.45kg of picric acid and dinitro M95 small AP base fuse.
Shrapnel
M90 Shrapnel 7kg with 0.1kg of black powder with M5 combination fuse.
M38 Shrapnel 6.83kg with 0.1kg of black powder with M3 combination fuse.
Chemical
Star
M90 Illumination 5.65kg with M5 combination fuse.
Incendiary
M90 Incendiary 6.93kg with black powder and M5 combination fuse.
Smoke
M90 Smoke 5.73kg with 0.1kg of picric acid and dinitro with M88 impact fuse.
Combat record
Type 94 75mm Mountain Gun was used extensively in Manchukuo during the Pacification of Manchukuo, and
during the Second Sino-Japanese War. It was also assigned to units in the Southern Expeditionary Army and was
sited in defensive positions on islands throughout the Netherlands East Indies and the South Pacific Mandate. It was
one of the most common weapons encountered by Allied forces towards the closing stages of the war.[5]
Chinese copies of the Type 94 were used by the North Koreans during the Korean War.
References
Bishop, Chris (eds) The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. Barnes & Nobel. 1998. ISBN 0-7607-1022-8
Chant, Chris. Artillery of World War II, Zenith Press, 2001, ISBN 0-7603-1172-2
McLean, Donald B. Japanese Artillery; Weapons and Tactics. Wickenburg, Ariz.: Normount Technical
Publications 1973. ISBN 0-87947-157-3.
Mayer, S.L. The Rise and Fall of Imperial Japan. The Military Press (1884) ISBN 0-517-42313-8
War Department Special Series No 25 Japanese Field Artillery October 1944
US Department of War, TM 30-480, Handbook on Japanese Military Forces, Louisiana State University Press,
1994. ISBN 0-8071-2013-8
56
External links
Taki's Imperial Japanese Army [6]

US Technical Manual E 30-480 [7]
75mm Type 94 Mountain Gun Walk Around with extensive photos [8]
75mm Type 94 Mountain Gun preserved in Vladivostok Walkaround [9]
Notes
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
Mayer, the Rise and Fall of Imperial Japan. pp. 56

War Department Special Series No 25 Japanese Field Artillery October 1944
Bishop, The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. Pp.150
US Army Technical Manual (http:/ / www. ibiblio. org/ hyperwar/ Japan/ IJA/ HB/ HB-9. html#III)
US Department of War. TM 30-480, Handbook on Japanese Military Forces
http:/ / www3. plala. or. jp/ takihome/ 94-75. htm
http:/ / www. ibiblio. org/ hyperwar/ Japan/ IJA/ HB/ HB-9. html#III
http:/ / www. primeportal. net/ artillery/ yuri_pasholok/ 75mm_type_94_mountain_gun/
http:/ / dishmodels. ru/ wshow. htm?p=1647& lng=E
57
58

7,5-cm-leichtes Infanteriegeschtz
18
Type
Infantry gun
Placeoforigin
Nazi Germany
Service history
Inservice
193245
Usedby
Nazi Germany
Wars
Second World War
Production history
Designer
Rheinmetall
Designed
1927
Manufacturer
Rheinmetall
Produced
193245
Numberbuilt
~ 12.000
Specifications
Weight
400 kilograms (880lb)
Barrellength
88cm (3ft) L/11.2
Crew
Shell
cased cartridge
Shell weight
6 kilograms (13lb)
Caliber
Breech
Shotgun-type block
Carriage
split trail
Elevation
-10 to 73
Traverse
12
Rateoffire
8-12 rpm
Muzzlevelocity
210m/s (690ft/s)
Maximumrange
3,550m (3,880yd)
The 7,5cm leichtes Infanteriegeschtz 18 (7,5cm le.IG 18) was an infantry support gun of the German
Wehrmacht used during World War II.
History
Development of the gun began in 1927, by Rheinmetall. The crew was protected by an armoured shield. There was a
mountain gun variant, the 7.5cm le.GebIG 18. For transport, The mountain variant could be broken down into six to
ten packs, the heaviest weighing 74.9kg. The Germans would typically assign two of these to each mountain
battalion. Six 7.5cm le.IG 18F were manufactured in 1939. These were airborne guns, capable of being broken
down into 4x140 kg loads. The airborne variant had smaller wheels and no shield. There was also an infantry support
gun, known as the 7.5cm Infanteriegeschtz L/13 which was designed as a replacement for the le.IG 18, this gun
could be broken into four to six loads. However though prototypes were tested the German army felt that it did not
improve on the existing design sufficiently to merit introduction and the army stayed with the earlier gun.
Statistics of the 7.5 cm le.IG 18 and 7.5 cm le.GebIG 18
Calibre: 75mm (2.95in)

Elevation: -10 to 73
Muzzle Velocity (w/HE shell): 210m/s (689ft/s)
Range: 3,550 m (3,882 yds)
Traverse: 12
Weight: 400kg (882lbs)
Weight of the 7.5cm le.GebIG 18: 440kg (970lbs)
Weight of HE Shell: 6kg (13.22lbs)
Weight of HC Shell: 3kg (6.6lbs)
Statistics of the 7.5 cm IG L/13
Calibre: 75mm (2.95in)

Elevation: -5 to 43
Muzzle Velocity: 305m/s (1,000ft/s)
Range: 5,100 m (5,577 yds)
Traverse: 50
Weight: 375kg (827lbs)
Weight of Shell: 6.35kg (14lbs)
References
Hogg, Ian V. German Artillery of World War Two. 2nd corrected edition. Mechanicsville, PA: Stackpole Books,
1997 ISBN 1-85367-480-X
59
60
A Gebirgskanone in use in the Causacus, January 1943

Type
Mountain gun
Placeoforigin
Nazi Germany
Service history
Inservice
1938-45
Usedby
Nazi Germany
Wars
Second World War
Production history
Designer
Rheinmetall
Designed
193538
Manufacturer
Rheinmetall
Produced
193845
Numberbuilt
1,193+
Specifications
Weight
750kg (1,700lb)
Length
1.45m (4ft 9in) (overall length)
Crew
Five
Shell
75130 mm. R (separate-loading, cased charge)
Shell weight
5.75kg (12.7lb)
Caliber
Breech
horizontal sliding block
Carriage
split trail
Elevation
-2 to +70
Traverse
40
Rateoffire
6-8 rpm
Muzzlevelocity
475m/s (1,560ft/s)
The 7.5cm Gebirgsgeschtz 36 (7.5cm GebG 36) was a 7.5cm (3.0in) German mountain gun used during World
War II. At least 1,193 were built between 1938 and 1945. It was the standard light gun of the German mountain
divisions, both Army and Waffen-SS, during World War II.
Development and description

The 7.5cm GebG 36 was designed by Rheinmetall to meet an Army requirement for a 7.5cm howitzer to serve in
the mountain divisions (Gebirgs Divisionen) and replace the World War I-era mountain guns still in service like the
Austro-Hungarian 7.5 cm Gebirgskanone 15. Production began in 1938 although exactly how many were produced
that year is unknown.[1] Some 1,193 were built between 193945.
The design of the 7.5cm GebG 36 was relatively conventional in regard to the gun itself, with its standard German
horizontal sliding breech block and muzzle brake. To maximize its ability to fire at high-angles, it was given rear
trunnions to lengthen the distance between the breech and the ground although springs became necessary to balance
the muzzle preponderance. Furthermore, it used the a variable recoil system that shortened the recoil as the elevation
increased. The breech was uncommonly massive as it incorporated a transport joint to allow it to be separated from
the barrel.[2]
The spades at the end of the split trail legs were removable. Generally it used light-alloy disc wheels with rubber
rims, but early guns had wooden-spoked wheels. No shield was fitted to save weight. It could be towed in one load
or broken down into eight pack-loads to be carried by mule or horse. It weighed 750kg (1,700lb).[2]
Because of its lightness the 7.5cm GebG 36 would jump when fired at low angles as the recoil forces would force
the gun's trail spades to act as a fulcrum and lever the wheels upwards. In fact Charge 5, the largest propellant
increment, was forbidden to be fired at angles under 15 because the gun would jump excessively. Firing at higher
angles was perfectly safe as the ground absorbed any residual recoil forces not absorbed by the recoil system.[2]
Ammunition
The 7.5cm GebG 36 fired a wide variety of ammunition, with the notable exception of a conventional
armor-piercing shell. It used instead a unique hollow-charge armor-piercing shell that weighed 5.83 kilograms
(12.9lb) with a maximum range of 9,250 metres (10,120yd).[3] It had its own 5.83 kilograms (12.9lb)
high-explosive shell, but could also fire that used by the 7.5 cm FK 18 as well. When the situation demanded, it
could fire a colored smoke shell. It used four increments of propellant which were added together to reach the
desired range. A fifth charge could be used which replaced all the other charges for targets at the limit of the gun's
range.[4] While this range was respectable for a light gun, the 7.5cm calibre soon proved too small for the demands
of World War II.
Organization
The guns were organized into batteries of four guns each with two or three batteries per battalion. A mountain
artillery regiment (Gebirgs-Artillerie Regiment) would have anywhere from one to three battalions equipped with the
7.5cm GebG 36.
Notes
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Gander and Chamberlain, p. 289

Hogg, p. 32
Zentner, C. Soldaten im Einsatz. Jahr Verlag Hamburg (1977). p. 115
Hogg, pp. 32-3
61
References
Chant, Chris. Artillery of World War II, ISBN 0-7603-1172-2
Engelmann, Joachim and Scheibert, Horst. Deutsche Artillerie 1934-1945: Eine Dokumentation in Text, Skizzen
und Bildern: Ausrstung, Gliederung, Ausbildung, Fhrung, Einsatz. Limburg/Lahn, Germany: C. A. Starke,
1974
0-385-15090-3
1997 ISBN 1-85367-480-X
External links
the 7.5 cm GebG 36 at Lexikon der Wehrmacht (http://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/Waffen/
gebirgsgeschutze.htm)
62
63
76 mm
Canon de76M(montagne) modele 1909
Schneider
Russian Model 1909 Mountain Gun

Type
Mountain gun
Placeoforigin
France
Service history
Usedby
France
Finland
Greece
Russian Empire
Nazi Germany
Wars
Production history
Designer
Panagiotis Danglis
Manufacturer
Schneider et Cie
Produced
1909
Specifications
Weight
transport: 1,225 kg (2,701

lbs)
combat: 627 kg (1,382 lbs)
Shell
76.2 191 mm. R
Caliber
76.2 mm (3 in)
Elevation
-6 to +28
Traverse
50
Muzzlevelocity
387 m/s (1,270 ft/s)
Maximumrange
8,550 m (9,350 yds)
The Canon de 76 M(montagne) modele 1909 Schneider (76mm mle.09) was a mountain gun manufactured by a
French company, Schneider. An earlier version, the 75 mm Schneider-Danglis 06/09 had been designed, in 1906,
by a Greek officer (Colonel Danglis), who designed it as a 75mm gun. This gun was used by Greece who, by 1939,

had sold many of these guns to Finland, where it was known as the 75 LK 13. In 1909, the revised 76.2mm gun was
produced for Russia, which wanted to replace low-powered 3-inch mountain gun M1904 designed by Obukhov
plant. The Russians would designated this as the 76mm mountain gun M1909 (76-09) and developed several
modifications (fortress 3-inch counter-assualt gun M1910 and "short" gun M1913, 76 LK 10 and 76 LK 13 in
Finnish service). In 1941, the Germans captured a number of 76-09s, which they referred to as 7.62cm GebK
293(r). The guns were sometimes equipped with an armoured shield.
Museum examples
Polish Army Museum in Warsaw[1]
The Artillery Museum of Finland in Hmeenlinna
References
[1] Armata grska wz. 1909 kal. 76,2 mm (pl) (http:/ / www. muzeumwp. pl/ emwpaedia/ armata-gorska-wz-1909-kal-76-2-mm. php)
64
65
76.2 mm
Ordnance RML 7 pounder Mk IV Mountain Gun
No. 4 (Hazara) Mountain Battery with RML 7 pounder circa. 1895

Type
Mountain gun
Placeoforigin
United Kingdom
Service history
Inservice
1873 - 19?
Usedby
Wars
British Empire
India
Anglo-Zulu War
First Boer War
Second Boer War
Anglo-Aro War
Specifications
Weight
200 pounds (90.72kg) barrel
Barrellength
3 feet (914mm)
Shell
7lb 11 oz (Shrapnel)
7lb 4oz (Common)
[1]
12lb 4oz (Double)
Calibre
3 inches (76.2mm)
Traverse
nil
Muzzlevelocity
968ft/s (295m/s)
Maximumrange
3,000yd (2,700m)
The Ordnance RML 7 pounder Mk IV "Steel Gun" was a rifled muzzle-loading mountain gun primarily used by
the Indian Army. 7 pounder referred to the approximate weight of the shell it fired.
66
History
Development began in 1864 to replace the RBL 6 pounder 2.5-inch (64mm) gun of 3cwt, which had proved too
heavy for a mountain gun. Several Mks of 7 pounder RML of 2 cwt were tried in 1865 by boring out and rifling old
SBML bronze guns, but were still too heavy.[2]
Several Mks of new steel barrels (the first British all-steel gun, hence the name "Steel Gun") were then produced of
190lb (86kg) and 150lb (68kg) but were not considered powerful enough.
Mk IV of 200lb (91kg) with a longer bore was settled on for production in 1873.
It was superseded by the RML 2.5 inch Mountain Gun from 1879.
Combat Use
It could be assembled and a round loaded in 20 seconds. Its Common shell was considered ineffective. To give it a
high angle capability, a Double shell was produced of increased length and containing a larger bursting charge. This
was fired with a reduced charge, but the low muzzle velocity did not always arm the fuze, or prevent the over-long
projectile from somersaulting. Shell rotation was effected by studs on the body of the shell. Elevation was by quoin
or wedge and by screw.
Anglo-Zulu War 1879

Britain deployed several guns mounted on Colonial (or "Kaffraria") carriages : light field gun type carriages with
larger wider-spaced wheels suited for being horse-drawn across long grass.
First Boer War 1880-1881

Britain deployed 4 guns mounted on standard small mountain carriages during the war.
Second Boer War 1899-1902

The gun was employed mounted on armoured trains and used by local
militia forces early in the war.
It was also employed mounted on normal field carriages with larger
wheels which increased mobility in the long grass and allowed it to be
towed by horses.[]
Anglo-Aro War
Boers with guns on mountain carriages captured
at Battle of KraaipanKraaipan at the beginning of
the war
Column No. 4 of The British assembled Aro Field Force deployed one
7 pounder gun during the battles in and around Arochukwu.
67
Gun on field carriage at Mafeking
Surviving examples
Today, several examples of the guns still exist around the world :
at the Regional Military Training Center in Darulaman Garrison,
Kabul. The garrison is near the palaces, and south of the Bala Hissar
where the British had their headquarters during the Anglo-Afghan
wars.
A gun at Royal Armouries, Fort Nelson, Hampshire, UK [3]
Royal Artillery Museum, London [3]
South African National Museum of Military History, Johannesburg,
South Africa
An example from 1885, at Royal Armoury, Fort
Nelson, UK

[1] Hall, December 1972
[2] Ruffell
[3] http:/ / www. royalarmouries. org/ visit-us/ fort-nelson
Bibliography
Major Darrell D Hall, "Guns in South Africa 1899-1902" in The South African Military History Society Military
History Journal - Vol 2 No 1, June 1971 (http://www.samilitaryhistory.org/vol021dh.html)
Major Darrell D. Hall, "Field Artillery of the British Army 1860-1960. Part I, 1860 - 1900" in The South African
Military History Society. Military History Journal - Vol 2 No 4, December 1972 (http://www.samilitaryhistory.
org/vol024dh.html) (web page is incorrectly titled 1900-1914)
W. L. Ruffell, The Gun - Rifled Ordnance: Mountain Artillery. RML 7 pounder (http://riv.co.nz/rnza/hist/
gun/rifled9.htm)
Further reading
Major D.D. Hall, The South African Military History Society Military History Journal Vol 4 No 4, December
1978. "ARTILLERY IN THE ZULU WAR - 1879" (http://www.samilitaryhistory.org/vol044dh.html)
Major D.D. Hall, The South African Military History Society Military History Journal - Vol 5 No 2, December
1980. "The Artillery of the First Anglo-Boer War 1880 - 1881" (http://www.samilitaryhistory.org/vol052dh.
html)
MAJOR G. TYLDEN, ED, The South African Military History Society Military History Journal - Vol 1 No 2,
June 1968. Further Notes on Early Rhodesian Military Units and Early Rhodesia's Weapons (http://www.
samilitaryhistory.org/vol012gt.html)
External links
Diagram of carriage, 7-pounder gun of 200 Lbs Mk I and Text (http://www.victorianforts.co.uk/art/
7prRMLMountain.htm) at Victorian Forts and Artillery website.
68
69

M1938 in the Artillery Museum of Finland.

Type
mountain gun
Placeoforigin
Czechoslovakia
Production history
Designer
Plant no 7
Designed
1937-1938
Specifications
Weight
785 kg (1,731 lbs)
Barrellength
1.63m (5ft 4in) L/21.4
Shell
6.23 kg (13.7 lbs)
Caliber
76.2 mm (3 in)
Breech
vertical block
Carriage
box trail
Elevation
-8 to +65
Traverse
10
Muzzlevelocity
495 m/s (1,624 ft/s)
Maximumrange 10,100 m (11,045 yds)
The 76 mm mountain gun M1938 (Russian: 76- . 1938 .) was a Soviet gun used in World
War II.
In 1937, USSR got a license for Skoda 75 mm M1936 mountain gun in exchange for license production of Tupolev
SB in Czechoslovakia; subsequently, in 1937-1938 a team led by L. I. Gorlitskiy at Plant no 7 developed a
modification eventually adopted as 76 mm mountain gun M1938.
The gun had high elevation angle and could be quickly dismantled for transporting by pack horses. Sprung wheels
allowed high towing speed. The gun was light enough to be moved in combat by its crew.
By 1 June 1941, the Red Army possessed about 800 pieces. In addition to mountain units, the weapon was issued to
some airborne units.
In Wehrmacht service the gun was designated as 7.62 cm GebK 307(r).
The Finnish army operated five captured pieces, known as 76 VK 38.
M1938, rear view.
References
Chamberlain, Peter & Gander, Terry. Infantry, Mountain and Airborne Guns. New York: Arco, 1975
0-385-15090-3
Ivanov A. - Artillery of the USSR in Second World War - SPb Neva, 2003 ( .
. ., , 2003., ISBN 5-7654-2731-6)
Shunkov V. N. - The Weapons of the Red Army - Mn. Harvest, 1999 ( . . - .
.: , 1999., ISBN 985-433-469-4)
Soviet Mountain Artillery at mega.km.ru [1]
References
[1] http:/ / mega. km. ru/ Weaponry/ encyclop. asp?TopicNumber=1603
70
71
80 mm
De Bange 80mm Mle 1877
"Canon de campagne de 80 modle 1877"
De Bange 80mm Mle 1877, at the Muse de l'Arme, Paris.

Type
Breechloading cannon
Placeoforigin
France
Service history
Inservice
1877-
Production history
Designer
Charles Ragon de Bange
Designed
1877
Manufacturer
Puteaux
Produced
1879
Specifications
Weight
423 kg
Length
2.28 m
Shell
4.9 kg explosive shell
Caliber
80 mm
Barrels
1, steel
Rateoffire
N/A
Sights
unknown
The De Bange 80mm cannon (Mle 1877) was a type of field artillery piece.
72
History
It developed in France by Colonel Charles Ragon de Bange in 1877,[1] and adopted by the French Army that same
year. It superseded the earlier Reffye cannon (1870) and the Lahitolle 95mm cannon (1875). De Bange also
manufactured another cannon of a rather similar size: the De Bange 90mm cannon.
The cannon was breech loading and used the original
mushroom-shaped obturator system developed by de Bange, allowing
to properly seal the breech during each firing.[2] The cannon still had
an important recoil, meaning that it moved backward at each firing,
necessitating re-aiming every time, which considerably slowed the rate
of firing. This would remain a problem with all artillery pieces until the
development of the recoilless Canon de 75 in 1897.
Notes
De Bange 80mm Mle 1877 breech portion.
[1] The Americana by Frederick Converse Beach, George Edwin Rines (http:/ / books.
google. com/ books?id=AtFPAAAAMAAJ& q="De+ Bange"+ 80& dq="De+
Bange"+ 80& lr=& pgis=1)
[2] Field Artillery and Firepower by Jonathan B. A. Bailey, p.208 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?ct=result& id=4M_Q6vWMshgC&
dq="de+ Bange"+ 90& ots=5gwHZv2Csz& pg=RA1-PA245& lpg=RA1-PA245& sig=ACfU3U1llT8uCoJ0dD3tO_9TnQPqqsXtmg& q=De+
Bange#PRA1-PA208,M1)
73
94 mm
Ordnance QF 3.7 inch mountain howitzer
A 3.7-inch QF mountain gun. Dated from 1939

Type
Placeoforigin
Mountain gun
United Kingdom
Service history
Inservice
19171960
Wars
Production history
Produced
1915?
Specifications
Weight
1,610lb (730kg)
Barrellength
3ft 7.5in (1.10m)
Shell
20 lb HE, Shrapnel, Smoke, Starshell, HEAT
Calibre
3.7 inches (94mm)
Recoil
Hydro-pneumatic, variable, 17.535 inch
Carriage
Wheeled, split trail
Elevation
5 to +40
Traverse
20 L & R
Muzzlevelocity
973ft/s (297m/s)
[]
Maximumrange 5,899yd (5,394m)
Ordnance, QF 3.7-inch Howitzer was a mountain gun, used by British and Commonwealth armies in World War I
and World War II, and between the wars.
74
History
The British Indian Army first requested a modern mountain gun in 1906 to replace the BL 10 pounder Mountain
Gun, which had been hastily developed after Second Boer War, but itself had several shortcomings. In particular, the
shell weight was seen as too light and the gun lacked any recoil absorber or recuperator, meaning the gun had to be
relaid after every shell was fired. However, financial constraints delayed production of the 3.7-inch weapon until
1915. (As a stop-gap, the barrel of the 10 pounder gun was mounted on an updated carriage to produce the 2.75 inch
Mountain Gun.
World War I
The 3.7-inch howitzer was first introduced in 1917, and was used in
action in that year in Mesopotamia.
Indian Army battery, probably 39th, at Jerusalem,

December 1917
The 22nd (Derajat) Indian Frontier Force mountain battery arrived in

the East Africa campaign on 18 December 1916, when they relieved
the 28th Battery which returned to India.[1] They appear to have
re-equipped from the 10 pounder mountain gun to the 3.7-inch
howitzer while in East Africa, and first used the new weapon in action
in an attack on German positions at Medo, 11 April 1918.[2]
Interwar years
The 3.7-inch howitzer superseded the 2.75-inch mountain gun
following World War I. It was used by mountain artillery regiments of
the Royal Artillery and the Indian Artillery, and saw much service on
the North West Frontier of India between the wars.
Indian gun crew firing, India, circa. 1930
World War II
In action in Burma, 3 November 1944
During World War II, the weapon equipped artillery units engaged in
the North African Campaign (Tunisia), the Italian Campaign and
Burma Campaign, and it was also used in the Netherlands and Ruhr
fighting in 1944-45 by units originally destined for mountain warfare
in Greece. In the latter theatre, on occasion the gun was dismantled and
man-hauled up to the upper floors of buildings to provide close support
in urban fighting. A lightened version was used briefly by Airborne
formations. At least one example was supplied to the French Army
after 1945; it was captured by the Viet Minh and is on display at the
Vietnam Army Museum in Hanoi.
During the war the gun, and its ammunition, were also manufactured in
other Commonwealth Countries, including South Africa, by the ISCOR (The Iron and Steel Corporation of South
Africa), and India. South Africa also produced modified versions of the gun.[3]

The gun was finally declared obsolete by the British Army in 1960, although it had not seen service since 1945.
Details
The weapon was designed to be broken into eight mule loads, for transport over difficult terrain. The heaviest single
section was the interrupted screw breech, which weighed 247 pounds (112kg). Given an open gun position, a
practiced crew could have the guns unloaded from the mules, reassembled and deployed ready for action in barely
two minutes. However, the 3.7-inch howitzer's adjustable suspension system allowed it to be deployed on almost any
position, even those too uneven or with too steep a gradient to allow field artillery to be sited. The process of
removing the howitzer from a position and reloading it onto the gun mules involved much more lifting and securing
loads than deploying it, but could be accomplished in three minutes in favourable conditions.
The howitzer had a split trail, the first British weapon to do so, which allowed firing at very high angles (a useful
feature in mountainous terrain). It also had a large rectangular shield to protect the crew from small-arms fire, but
this was often omitted to save weight. When it was first introduced, the howitzer had two wooden wheels and was
light enough be towed by two horses. Later marks had pneumatic tyres and could be towed by any light vehicle, such
as the Bren Carrier or jeep.
The propellant casing had five "charge zones", but HE was restricted to no more than Charge 4, to prevent premature
detonation of the shell.
Surviving examples
Royal Artillery Museum, Woolwich, London [3]

1942 Mk I Barrel on Mk II Carriage, at Imperial War Museum Duxford, UK.
Israel Defense Forces History Museum (Batey ha-Osef Museum), Tel Aviv
Army Memorial Museum, Waiouru, New Zealand [4]
Vietnam Army Museum, Hanoi
The War Museum of Athens
Example at GEM Homes, Johannesburg South Africa, to be restored shortly (pictures to follow)
Example at Lenz Military Base, Johannesburg, South Africa, to be restored soon. (pictures to follow)
Outside the Military Police Brigade HQ at Camp Cropper Iraq. (as of Jun 2008)

[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Farndale 1988, p. 338

Farndale 1988, p. 351
British Artillery in World War II: The 3.7-inch howitzer (http:/ / nigelef. tripod. com/ 37inchowsheet. htm)
http:/ / www. armymuseum. co. nz/
Bibliography
Farndale, General Sir Martin (1988). History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. The Forgotten Fronts and the
Home Base, 1914-18. London: The Royal Artillery Institution. ISBN978-1-870114-05-9.
Hogg, Ian V.; Thurston, L.F. (1972). British Artillery Weapons & Ammunition 1914 1918. London: Ian Allan.
ISBN978-0-7110-0381-1.
75
External links
W L Ruffel, QF 3.7-in Howitzer (http://riv.co.nz/rnza/hist/local/qf37in.htm)
British Artillery in World War 2, Data Sheet - Ordnance, Q.F. 3.7-inch Howitzer (http://nigelef.tripod.com/
37inchowsheet.htm)
ra39-45.pwp (http://www.ra39-45.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/guns)
3.7 inch Mountain Howitzer at Landships (http://www.landships.info/landships/artillery_articles.html?load=/
landships/artillery_articles/3_75_Mountain_Gun.html)
76
77
100 mm
A 10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M99 at Technical Museum Vienna

Type
Mountain howitzer
Placeoforigin
Austria-Hungary
Service history
Usedby
Wars
Austria-Hungary
World War I
Specifications
Width
90 centimetres (35in)
Shell
Caliber
Breech
eccentric interrupted screw
Carriage
box trail
Muzzlevelocity
305m/s (1,000ft/s)
Maximumrange
6,100 metres (6,700yd)?
The 10cm Gebirgshaubitze M 99 was a mountain howitzer used by Austria-Hungary during World War I. It
consisted of the bronze barrel of the 10cm Feldhaubitze M 99 on a new, narrow-gauge carriage that could be broken
down for transport on animal carts. Like its brother, it lacked a modern recoil system, using only an ineffective
spring-mounted spade brake, and was virtually obsolescent upon its introduction. Relatively few were made as the
version of the standard 10 cm Feldhaubitze M 99 with a narrow, 1.3-metre (51in) carriage was cheaper.
References
78
M.8 or M.10 at an Italian military cemetery

Type
Mountain howitzer
Placeoforigin
Austria-Hungary
Service history
Usedby
Wars
Austria-Hungary
World War I
Specifications
Shell
Caliber
104 millimeters (4.1in)
Breech
horizontal sliding wedge
Carriage
box trail
The 10cm Gebirgshaubitze M 8 was a mountain howitzer used by Austria-Hungary during World War I. It was the
first Austrian howitzer to use a modern hydraulic variable-recoil system. It used the same ammunition as the earlier
10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M 99, which was shown to be accurate, but lacked sufficient power to destroy bunkers,
during World War I. It had a gun shield. It could be mounted on a special sled carriage designed to allow for
high-angle fire between +43 and 70 elevation. This sled was transported on a special bedding cart with removable
wheels. The wheels were removed when in position to fire.
The 10cm Gebirgshaubitze M 10 was virtually identical except that it had its traversing and elevating handwheels
on different sides and it was not given a high-angle mount.
References
79

10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M. 16
Type
Mountain gun
Placeoforigin
Austria-Hungary
Service history
Inservice
1916-1945
Usedby
Austria-Hungary
Austria
Czechoslovakia
Nazi Germany
Hungary
Italy
Poland
Romania
Wars
Production history
Designer
Skoda
Manufacturer
Skoda
Produced
191518
Variants
10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze M. 16(T)
Specifications
Weight
1,235kg (2,720lb)
Barrellength
1.93m (6ft 4in) L/19
Shell weight
16kg (35lb) (Czech)

13.4kg (30lb) (Italian)
Caliber
Carriage
box trail
Elevation
-8 to +70
Traverse
5.5
Muzzlevelocity
341m/s (1,120ft/s) (Czech)

407m/s (1,340ft/s) (Italian)
Effectiverange
7,090m (7,750yd) (Czech)
Maximumrange 8,490m (9,280yd) (Italian)
The Skoda 100mm Model 1916 (100mm M.16) was a mountain howitzer used by Austria-Hungary during World
War I. The Turks used a 105mm variant, the M.16(T). The Wehrmacht redesignated this as the 10cm GebH 16 or
16(). Guns acquired from Italy, after 1943, were known as 10cm GebH 316(i); those acquired from

Czechoslovakia were 10cm GebH 16(t). The Italians referred to weapons gained either through capture or
reparations as the Obice da 100/17 modello 16. The gun could be broken into three sections, intended for towing by
two animal carts. The gun crew was protected by a gun shield. The Italians used lighter shells than the Czechs, which
accounts for the greater range and muzzle velocity of their guns.
Notes
References
Chamberlain, Peter and Gander, Terry. Infantry, Mountain and Airborne Guns. New York: Arco, 1975
0-385-15090-3
80
81

10 cm horska houfnice vz. 16/19
Type
mountain howitzer
Placeoforigin
Czechoslovakia
Service history
Inservice
19191945
Usedby
Czechoslovakia
Nazi Germany
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Poland
Yugoslavia
Wars
World War II
Production history
Designer
Skoda
Manufacturer
Skoda
Specifications
Weight
1,350kg (3,000lb)
Barrellength
2.4m (7ft 10in) L/24
Shell
16 kilograms (35lb)
Caliber
Carriage
box trail
Elevation
-7 30' to +70
Traverse
5 30'
Muzzlevelocity
395m/s (1,300ft/s)
Maximumrange
9,800m (10,700yd)
The Skoda 100mm Model 16/19 (100mm M.16/19) was a mountain howitzer modified by Skoda Works from the
design of the M.16, and its most notable difference was the longer barrel. It is unclear if they were newly built, or
rebuilt from older howitzers. The Czech Army used this gun in both its 100mm and 105mm variants. After 1938,
the guns were used by the Wehrmacht as 10cm GebH 16/19(t) and 10.5cm GebH(t). In addition, some of these
guns were also used by Italy and Turkey, although this needs confirmation. The gun broke down into 3 loads for
transport. The gun crew was protected by an armoured shield.
References
Chamberlain, Peter & Gander, Terry. Infantry, Mountain and Airborne Guns. New York: Arco, 1975
Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces 19391945. New York: Doubleday, 1979 ISBN
0-385-15090-3
Hogg, Ian Twentieth-Century Artillery. New York: Barnes & Nobles, 2000 ISBN 0-7607-1994-2
82
83
105 mm
10.5cm Gebirgshaubitze 40
Type
Mountain gun
Placeoforigin
Nazi Germany
Service history
Inservice
194265?
Usedby
Nazi Germany
Wars
Second World War
Production history
Designer
Bhler
Designed
193840
Manufacturer
Bhler
Produced
194245
Numberbuilt
420
Specifications
Weight
1,660kg (3,700lb)
Barrellength
2.87 metres (9ft 5in)
Shell
separate-loading, cased charge
Shell weight
14.52kg (32.0lb)
Caliber
Breech
Carriage
split trail
Elevation
-4 30' to +71
Traverse
51
Rateoffire
46 rpm
Muzzlevelocity
565m/s (1,850ft/s)
The 10.5cm Gebirgshaubitze 40 (10.5cm GebH 40) was a 10.5cm (4.1in) German mountain howitzer used
during World War II. A total of 420 were built during World War II. It saw action with German mountain divisions
in Finland, Italy, France, on the Eastern Front and in the Balkans from 1942. It has the distinction of being the
heaviest mountain howitzer ever built. It served with a number of European countries into the 1960s.
Development and description

The 10.5cm GebH 40 was designed to meet an Army requirement for a 10.5cm howitzer to serve in the mountain
divisions (Gebirgs Divisionen). Both Rheinmetall and Bhler submitted designs for troop trials in 1940 and Bhler
was selected for production, although actual production did not begin until 1942.[1] Some 420 were built between
194245.
The design of the 10.5cm GebH 40 was relatively conventional in regard to the gun itself, with its standard German
horizontal sliding block breech, split trail carriage with removable spades, and muzzle brake, but its carriage was
truly innovative. First, the light-alloy wheels with solid rubber tires, and their spring suspension, were fixed to the
legs of the split-trail carriage and would "toe-in" when the legs were spread out in preparation for firing. Second, a
firing pedestal was positioned underneath the front of the carriage so that the howitzer had three points of support
when firing and to minimize the time needed to find a firing position by reducing the amount of level space required
(three level spots being easier to find than four). Third, it could be towed fully assembled, broken down into four
loads on single-axle trailers towed by Sd.Kfz. 2 "Kettenkrad" half-track motorcycles or broken down into five
pack-loads to be carried by mules. It remains the heaviest mountain howitzer ever made at 1,660kg (3,700lb), but it
has been assessed as one of the best mountain guns ever made and it remained in service until the 1960s with various
European countries.[2]
Two different range figures have been quoted for the 10.5cm GebH 40, 12,625 metres (13,807yd) and 16,740
metres (18,310yd).[3] The former figure seems more plausible when compared to 10.5cm howitzers with roughly
similar barrel lengths and muzzle velocities like the 10.5 cm leFH 18 and the American M-2.
Ammunition
The 10.5cm GebH 40 fired a wide variety of ammunition, with the notable exception of a conventional
armor-piercing shell. It used instead the standard three types of 10.5cm hollow-charge armor-piercing shells
developed over the course of the war and shared its illumination shell with the 10.5 cm leFH 18. However it used
unique high-explosive and smoke shells. It used six increments of propellant which were added together to reach the
desired range. A seventh charge could be used which replaced all the other charges for targets at the limit of the
howitzer's range.[4]
Notes
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Gander and Chamberlain, p. 289

Hogg, p. 34
Hogg, p. 35
Hogg, pp. 356
References
Engelmann, Joachim and Scheibert, Horst. Deutsche Artillerie 19341945: Eine Dokumentation in Text, Skizzen
und Bildern: Ausrstung, Gliederung, Ausbildung, Fhrung, Einsatz. Limburg/Lahn, Germany: C. A. Starke,
1974
Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces 19391945. New York: Doubleday, 1979 ISBN
0-385-15090-3
84
1997 ISBN 1-85367-480-X
External links
Pictures of the gun (http://www.thetankmaster.com/english/afv/105_gebh40.asp)
10.5 cm GebH 40 in U.S. Ordnance Catalog (http://www.lonesentry.com/ordnance/
10-5-cm-geb-h-40-mountain-howitzer.html)
85
Canon Court de 105 M(montagne) modele 1909 Schneider
86
Canon Court de 105 M(montagne) modele 1909

Schneider
Canon Court de 105M(montagne) modle 1909
Schneider
Type
Mountain gun
Placeoforigin
France
Service history
Inservice
France
Nazi Germany
Production history
Manufacturer
Schneider et Cie
Produced
1909
Specifications
Weight
Combat: 730 kg (1,609 lbs)

Travel: 750 kg (1,653 lbs)
Shell weight
12 kg (26.4 lbs)
Caliber
Breech
Carriage
split trail
Elevation
0 to 60
Traverse
Muzzlevelocity
300 m/s (984 ft/s)
Effectiverange
6,000 m (6,561 yds)
The Canon Court de 105 M(montagne) modle 1909 Schneider (105mm mle.1909) was a French mountain gun,
manufactured by Schneider et Cie. According to Kennblatter fremden Gertz, Germany used the former French gun
as the 10.5cm GebH 343(f). The gun could be towed by a horse or mule.
According to Russian soures the 105 M Mle 1909 was evaluated and found suitable for Russian use, but needed to
be rebuilt to accept 107mm Russian ammunition and was never used by Russian army. (Encyclopedia of the Soviet
Artillery by Shirokorad A. B. and others).
87
Canon Court de 105 M(montagne) modle 1919

Schneider
Schneider 105, 1919/24 mountain gun at Hellenic

(Greek) War Museum, Athens, Greece
Canon Court de 105M(montagne) modele 1919

Schneider
Type
Mountain gun
Placeoforigin
France
Service history
Usedby
France
Nazi Germany
Kingdom of Italy
Greece
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Wars
World War II
Production history
Manufacturer
Schneider et Cie
Produced
1919
Specifications
Weight
750 kg (1,653 lbs)
Shell
12 kg (26.45 lbs)
Caliber
105mm (4.1in)
Breech
Carriage
split trail
Elevation
0 to 40
Traverse
Muzzlevelocity
350 m/s (1,184 ft/s)
Effectiverange
7,850 m (8,585 yds)
The Canon Court de 105 M(montagne) modle 1919 Schneider

(105mm mle.19) was a French mountain gun intended to be used in
conjunction with the 75 mm mle.19. The mle.19 was manufactured by
Schneider. For transport, this gun could be broken down into 8
sections; the barrel could be dismantled into 2 sections. These were
also used by Yugoslavia and Germany (the latter referring to them as
10.5cm le.GebH 322(f) and 10.5cm le.GebH 329(j)). The crew was
protected by an armoured shield. This gun was used also by the
Hellenic (Greek) Army in Ipirus (Pindos mountains) in the
Schneider 105, 1919/24 mountain gun template at
Greek-Italian war from October 1940 - Spring 1941 .It was used in
Hellenic (Greek) War Museum, Athens, Greece
conjunction with the 75 mm mle.19 of 7,5cm caliber as they called it.
A variant was later made, this being the Canon Court de 105
M(montagne) modle 1928 Schneider, which the Germans referred to as a 10.5cm le.GebH 323(f).
Survivors
At least one example is exhibited in Hellenic War Museum in Athens, Greece
88
89

Skoda 105 mm Model 1939 (D9)
Gun in Finnish service

Type
Mountain gun
Placeoforigin
Czechoslovakia
Service history
Inservice
1939-1945?
Usedby
Romania
Afghanistan
Wars
World War II
Production history
Designer
Skoda
Manufacturer
Skoda
Specifications
Weight
1,400kg (3,100lb)
Barrellength
2.51m (8ft 3in) L/23.9
Shell
15 kilograms (33lb)
Caliber
105 mm (4.13 in)
Carriage
box trail
Elevation
-7 30' to +70
Traverse
Muzzlevelocity
450 m/s (1,476 ft)
The Skoda 105mm Model 1939 (105mm M.39) was a mountain gun, manufactured by Skoda Works as a
companion piece for the 75 mm M.39. This was a revised version of the 100 mm M.16 and 100 mm M.16/19. Like
them it was broken down into three loads, each towed by a pair of horses, for transport.
References
OTO Melara Mod 56
90
OTO Melara Mod 56

OTO Melara Model 56/14 Pack
Howitzer
Type
Pack Howitzer
Placeoforigin
Italy
Service history
Usedby
See Users
Production history
Designer
OTO-Melara
Specifications
Weight
1,272kg (2,800lb)
Barrellength
1.47m (4ft 9.9in)
Crew
Calibre
105mm (4.13in)
Breech
vertical sliding block
Recoil
hydro-pneumatic
Carriage
split trail
Elevation
-7 to +65
Traverse
56
Muzzlevelocity
416.0m/s (1,360ft/s)
Maximumrange
11,100m (12,100yd)
The OTO-Melara Mod 56 is an Italian-made 105mm pack howitzer built and developed by OTO-Melara. It fires
the standard US type M1 ammunition.
History
The OTO Melara 105 mm Mod 56 began life in the 1950s to meet the requirement for a modern light-weight
howitzer that could be used by the Italian Armys Alpini brigades mountain artillery regiments. The fact that it
remained in service with those same units a full half century after the howitzer's introduction is testament to the gun's
quality. The Mod 56 has a number of unique characteristics for a weapon of its caliber, including the ability for its
crew to manhandle the gun (due to its light weight), and the capability of being able to be used in the direct fire role.
Being a pack howitzer, it is designed to be broken down into 12 parts, each of which can be easily transported.[1]
The capability of this weapon to be "knocked-down" allows the sections to be transported a number of ways
although the original design was for mule-pack using special pack saddles. More usually it is towed by a light
vehicle such as a jeep or Land Rover, and with the shield removed it can be carried inside a M113 APC. However,
its particular attraction to Western Armies in the 1960s was that its light weight meant it could be lifted in one piece
OTO Melara Mod 56
91
by helicopter. This made the gun popular with light artillery units in many countries as well as the more specialized
mountain and airborne troops. Over all, the Mod 56 has served in more than 30 countries worldwide, of which a
partial listing of the major operators is listed below.
As an added refinement to the gun's mass, the Mod 56 is built to be an artillery piece with a reputation of ease with
which it can be assembled and then disassembled into twelve components within minutes. The gun's light weight did
have a drawback, however. It lacked robustness necessary for sustained operations, Australian and New Zealand
Gunners in Vietnam found the weapon unsuitable for continuous operations. The guns in Vietnam were replaced by
the sturdy US-made M101A1 after some 2 years. This lack of durability also led to their being carried on trucks for
longer distances outside the combat zone. What's more was that fact that the Mod 56 offered limited protection to its
crew.
The Chinese manufacturer NORINCO offers a version of the Model 56 Pack Howitzer and its associated
ammunition.[2]
In Commonwealth service, the gun was known simply as the L5 Pack Howitzer with L10 ordnance. However, its
lack of range and the indifferent lethality of its ammunition led UK to start development of its replacement, the L118
Light Gun, only two years after the Pack Howitzer entering service.
The gun also became the standard equipment of the Allied Command Europe Mobile Force (AMF) artillery,
equipping the batteries provided by Canada, Belgium, German, Italy and UK (until 1975).
Combat Service
Identified combat use includes:
Argentine Army 3rd and 4th Artillery Groups during the 1982 Falklands War.
British Army during the Aden Emergency in South Yemen (1 RHA and 19 Light Regiments) and Borneo (4, 6,
29 Cdo, 40, 45 and 95 Cdo Light Regiments).
Australian Army during the Malayan Emergency in Borneo and Malaya (102 Field Battery) and during the
Vietnam War from 196567 (and very limited use thereafter) by (101, 103, 105, 106 and 108 Field Batteries).
Malaysian Army in Borneo and Malaysian Peninsular during the Second Malayan Emergency (19681989).
New Zealand Army during the Vietnam War (161 Battery).
Users
Current Users
Argentina
Bangladesh
Botswana
Brazil
Chile
Djibouti
Ecuador
El Salvador
Ghana
Greece
Malaysia
Mexico
Nigeria
Operators of the Mod 56 (current in blue former in red)
OTO Melara Mod 56

Pakistan: 50 ordered from Italy in 1975 and delivered between 1975 and 1978. [3]
Peru
Philippines
Saudi Arabia
Spain
Sudan
Thailand
Venezuela
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Former Users
Australia
Austria
Canada
France
Germany
India
Iraq[4]
Italy
New Zealand
Portugal
United Kingdom
References
Notes
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Twentieth Century Artillery by Ian Hogg ISBN 1-84013-315-5

China expands tube artillery capability by Christopher F. Foss in International Defence Review, Vol 42 May 2009
SIPRI Arms Transfers Database (http:/ / armstrade. sipri. org/ arms_trade/ trade_register. php)
http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ world/ iraq/ ground-equipment. htm
External links
OTO Melara 105 mm Pack Howitzer on ProbertEncyclopaedia.com (http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/
cgi-bin/res.pl?keyword=OTO+Melara+105+mm+Pack+Howitzer&offset=0)
German page on the OTO Melara 105 mm Pack Howitzer (http://www.panzerbaer.de/guns/bw_fh_105mm_f.
htm)
92
93
150 mm
Type
mountain howitzer
Placeoforigin
Czechoslovakia
Service history
Inservice
1918-1945?
Usedby
Czechoslovakia
Nazi Germany
Wars
World War II
Production history
Designer
Skoda
Manufacturer
Skoda
Produced
1918?
Specifications
Weight
2,800kg (6,200lb)
Barrellength
1.94m (6ft 4in) L/13
Shell
42 kilograms (93lb)
Caliber
149.1 mm (5.87 in)
Carriage
box trail
Elevation
-5 to +70
Traverse
Muzzlevelocity
340 m/s (1,115 ft/s)
The Skoda 150mm Model 1918 was a heavy mountain howitzer, manufactured by Skoda Works. The design was
begun during World War I, but the first prototype was completed as the war ended. After 1938, the Wehrmacht
designated the few built as 15cm GebH 18(t), although it's uncertain if they were actually used. The gun could be
transported on six carts; each cart pulled by at least two horses or mules. The barrel assembly required three towing
animals.
References
0-385-15090-3
94

Mountain gun Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=584724381 Contributors: Androcoles, Bobblewik, Bogdangiusca, Brianhe, Bukvoed, Cla68, Cprompt, Dilcoe, Dori, Foofbun,
Geni, GraemeLeggett, Ibericus Lusitanus, Idleguy, Idsnowdog, Jackehammond, JohnOwens, Joshbaumgartner, Kross, Manxruler, Maury Markowitz, Michael Hardy, Noclador, Paul1776, Peter
Chamberlain, Rcbutcher, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Riddley, Skartsis, Terry Gander, Tom harrison, Wpollard, Zoicon5, 20 anonymous edits
RML 2.5 inch Mountain Gun Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=548015693 Contributors: Andrwsc, Antique Military Rifles, Arx Fortis, CommonsDelinker, Dodo19, Hmains,
Idsnowdog, Jac16888, Jackehammond, Jim7x57, Koalorka, Lightmouse, NJR ZA, Profitoftruth85, Rcbutcher, SchroCat, 1 anonymous edits
Canon de 65 M (montagne) modele 1906 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=572690000 Contributors: AdmkplsTh, Aldis90, Artillerie, Balcer, Bobblewik, Bukvoed, Dr.
Sunglasses, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Gene Nygaard, Hmains, Hongdx, Ibericus Lusitanus, Idsnowdog, Joshbaumgartner, Klemen Kocjancic, Lightmouse, Peter Chamberlain, Rcbutcher,
Rettetast, Riddley, WouterVH, Ynhockey, 3 anonymous edits
Cannone da 65/17 modello 13 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=579294043 Contributors: Aldis90, Andrew Gray, Andrwsc, Bobblewik, Bukvoed, Cabalamat, Fat yankey,
Grafikm fr, Ibericus Lusitanus, Idsnowdog, Joshbaumgartner, Koalorka, Lightmouse, MatthewVanitas, Megaidler, Oberiko, Pearle, Pelzig, Rcbutcher, Riddley, Stormbay, 11 anonymous edits
7 cm Gebirgsgeschtz M 99 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=569496632 Contributors: Bukvoed, Delta 51, Idsnowdog, Klemen Kocjancic, Melaen, RASAM, Rettetast,
Shashenka, Sturmvogel 66, 1 anonymous edits
Cannone da 70/15 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=545378576 Contributors: Aieieprazu, Bukvoed, Ibericus Lusitanus, Idsnowdog, Sturmvogel 66, 1 anonymous edits
BL 10-pounder Mountain Gun Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=578686573 Contributors: Andrwsc, Antique Military Rifles, Bukvoed, CommonsDelinker,
DerbyCountyinNZ, GraemeLeggett, Idsnowdog, Jenks24, Jim Sweeney, Killa jim, Koalorka, Lightmouse, MBisanz, MFIreland, MZMcBride, Ohconfucius, Rcbutcher, Rich Farmbrough,
Rjwilmsi, Rob.langham, Topbanana, 7 anonymous edits
BL 2.75-inch Mountain Gun Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=578686923 Contributors: Antique Military Rifles, Bobblewik, Bukvoed, CommonsDelinker, Dangerous-Boy,
DerbyCountyinNZ, Gene Nygaard, Grafikm fr, Idsnowdog, Joshbaumgartner, Koalorka, Lightmouse, Luna Santin, Oberiko, Ohconfucius, Pearle, Rcbutcher, Rob.langham, Wandalstouring, 5
anonymous edits
Type 31 75 mm Mountain Gun Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=542517969 Contributors: A Train, Andres rojas22, Bobblewik, Brainy J, Brianhe, Buster40004, Dodo19,
Hmains, Idsnowdog, Loveman, MKFI, Megapixie, Rcbutcher, SimonP, , 2 anonymous edits
75 mm Schneider-Danglis 06/09 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=542473091 Contributors: Bobrayner, Bukvoed, Chasnor15, Cplakidas, Dmytro Kondratenko, DonaldDuck,
Megaidler, OwenX, Rcbutcher, Skartsis, 1 anonymous edits
QF 2.95-inch Mountain Gun Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=562487061 Contributors: Ain92, Antique Military Rifles, Aymatth2, Dspradau, GraemeLeggett, Hmains,
Idsnowdog, John of Reading, Koalorka, Lightmouse, Nfe, Ohconfucius, Rcbutcher, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Sadads, Sietse Snel, Theopolisme, WereSpielChequers, Zollerriia, 7 anonymous
edits
Ehrhardt 7.5 cm Model 1904 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=545417444 Contributors: Aldis90, Andrwsc, GreatWhiteNortherner, Idsnowdog, Max-78, NJR ZA,
Rcbutcher, Truthanado, Wikix, 3 anonymous edits
7.5 cm Gebirgskanone Model 1911 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=565595086 Contributors: Bukvoed, Gene Nygaard, Idsnowdog, Jerzy, Joshbaumgartner, Manxruler,
Mzajac, Oberiko, Pearle, Peter Chamberlain, Rcbutcher, Riddley, Rlandmann, ShelfSkewed, Zdziska, 2 anonymous edits
Skoda 75 mm Model 15 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=558900152 Contributors: Bobblewik, Bogdangiusca, EdH, Farkas Jnos, Ibericus Lusitanus, Idsnowdog, Jguk,
Joshbaumgartner, Joy, Klaudio, Klemen Kocjancic, Kross, Lightmouse, Mikeshk, Mzajac, Oberiko, Peter Chamberlain, Qsf, Rcbutcher, Rettetast, Riddley, Sardanaphalus, Stone, Stormbay,
Sturmvogel 66, 6 anonymous edits
Skoda 75 mm Model 1928 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=541138699 Contributors: Aldis90, Anetode, Bobblewik, Gene Nygaard, Idsnowdog, Joshbaumgartner, Klemen
Kocjancic, Kross, Mikeshk, Mzajac, Oberiko, Peter Chamberlain, Pudelek, Reallyfastcar, Riddley, Stone, Stormbay, Sturmvogel 66, Trockya, Vinie007, WouterVH, 2 anonymous edits
Skoda 75 mm Model 1936 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=546471307 Contributors: Bobblewik, Bukvoed, Jguk, Joshbaumgartner, Klemen Kocjancic, Kross, Magnius,
Mikeshk, Mzajac, Oberiko, Peter Chamberlain, Riddley, Stormbay, Sturmvogel 66, Tmopkisn, Trockya, 2 anonymous edits
Skoda 75 mm Model 1939 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=558904538 Contributors: Aldis90, Ashrf1979, Bobblewik, Bogdangiusca, Idsnowdog, Jguk, Joshbaumgartner,
Klemen Kocjancic, Kross, Mikeshk, Mzajac, Oberiko, Peter Chamberlain, Reallyfastcar, Rettetast, Riddley, Stone, Stormbay, Sturmvogel 66, The Bushranger
Canon de 75 M(montagne) modele 1919 Schneider Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=585744584 Contributors: Acad Ronin, Ain92, Ben Ben, Billlion, Bobblewik,
Bobrayner, Bukvoed, ChrisGualtieri, Dr. Sunglasses, Edurcastro28, Gene Nygaard, Ibericus Lusitanus, Idsnowdog, Jguk, Joshbaumgartner, Kierzek, Klemen Kocjancic, Manxruler, Max-78,
Mzajac, Nickj, Oberiko, Panagogr, Peter Chamberlain, PpPachy, Rcbutcher, Rettetast, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Riddley, WouterVH, Xristar, Zarcadia, 2 anonymous edits
Canon de 75 M(montagne) modele 1928 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=558900470 Contributors: Aldis90, Bobblewik, Bukvoed, Dr. Sunglasses, Gene Nygaard,
GraemeLeggett, Ibericus Lusitanus, Idsnowdog, Joshbaumgartner, Oberiko, Ohconfucius, Peter Chamberlain, PpPachy, Rcbutcher, Rettetast, Riddley, WouterVH, 6 anonymous edits
M.27 (mountain gun) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=484289890 Contributors: 777sms, Bukvoed, Ibericus Lusitanus, Idsnowdog, Manxruler, Rcbutcher, Sturmvogel 66
M116 howitzer Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=583864421 Contributors: Aldis90, Arch dude, Ary29, Brian in denver, Bukvoed, Cacetudo, CommonsDelinker, Diannaa,
Edward, Hmains, Idsnowdog, Il vecchietto, Jackehammond, Jiujitsuguy, Jmcc150, Kalur, Maxx786, Mieciu K, Mortense, Ohconfucius, Pol098, Rcbutcher, Sa, Shem1805, Shrigley, TJRC, The
Hollow Man2010, Upshotknothole, 26 anonymous edits
Obice da 75/18 modello 34 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=580717932 Contributors: Ain92, Aldis90, Bukvoed, CARAVAGGISTI, Cabalamat, Carlofg, DerbyCountyinNZ,
Dodo19, FAM1885, Fat yankey, Gaius Cornelius, Ibericus Lusitanus, Rcbutcher, Sus scrofa, Zubisoft, 9 anonymous edits
Bofors 75 mm Model 1934 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=545382604 Contributors: Ain92, Aldis90, Dodo19, Ibericus Lusitanus, Idsnowdog, Maviozan, Rcbutcher,
Sturmvogel 66, 5 anonymous edits
Type 41 75 mm Mountain Gun Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=545912137 Contributors: A Train, A1064, Andres rojas22, Balcer, Bobblewik, Bobrayner, BrokenSphere,
Bukvoed, Buster40004, DH85868993, Dodo19, Download, Gaius Cornelius, Idsnowdog, Lightmouse, Loveman, Megapixie, Rcbutcher, Spellmaster, , 7 anonymous edits
Type 94 75 mm Mountain Gun Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=585608431 Contributors: Bobblehead, Bobblewik, Brianhe, Buster40004, Chris the speller, Cla68,
Franzeska, Fuhghettaboutit, Idsnowdog, MChew, Megapixie, Rcbutcher, Rheo1905, Wikid77, Zippanova, 11 anonymous edits
7.5 cm leichtes Infanteriegeschtz 18 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=584830385 Contributors: Aldis90, Babajobu, Bukvoed, Chuckstar, Crested Penguin, Curps,
DarkScipio, Denniss, Dreamafter, Esagsoz, Gene Nygaard, HarDNox, Idsnowdog, Jesse V., Jguk, Joshbaumgartner, Juan Hernandez, King nothing, Klemen Kocjancic, Kubanczyk, Kyng,
MarcusBritish, Max-78, Mzajac, Oberiko, Ohconfucius, Rbaal, Rcbutcher, Reallyfastcar, Rettetast, Rich Farmbrough, Riddley, Rlandmann, Roo72, Sturmvogel 66, SwordSmurf, Terry Gander,
11 anonymous edits
7.5 cm Gebirgsgeschtz 36 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=563438840 Contributors: Bukvoed, ChrisGualtieri, D6, Delta 51, Glst2, Idsnowdog, Koalorka, Kyng,
MarcusBritish, Max-78, Ohconfucius, RASAM, Rcbutcher, Rettetast, Roo72, Sturmvogel 66, 2 anonymous edits
76 mm mountain gun M1909 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=559308581 Contributors: Ain92, Aranel, Bobblewik, Bobrayner, Bukvoed, Cplakidas, Gene Nygaard,
Hmains, Ibericus Lusitanus, Idsnowdog, Joshbaumgartner, MoRsE, Mzajac, Peter Chamberlain, Rettetast, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Riddley, Skartsis, Ulric1313, 3 anonymous edits
95

RML 7 pounder Mountain Gun Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=578364014 Contributors: Ako, Andrwsc, BD2412, Brad101AWB, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry,
Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Dodo19, Geni, Idsnowdog, Lightmouse, NJR ZA, Petruspulcher, Rcbutcher, Socrates2008, 2 anonymous edits
76 mm mountain gun M1938 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=539060640 Contributors: Bukvoed, Fryed-peach, Idsnowdog, LostArtilleryman, MoRsE, Nemo5576,
Rcbutcher, Sturmvogel 66, TykkimiesPSPR, 2 anonymous edits
De Bange 80 mm cannon Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=584724731 Contributors: Aldis90, Chris the speller, Depictionimage, Dodo19, Hugo999, Per Honor et Gloria,
Rcbutcher, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Someone not using his real name, Woohookitty
QF 3.7-inch mountain howitzer Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=578689096 Contributors: Aldis90, Antique Military Rifles, Bobblewik, Bukvoed, CanisRufus, Chris the
speller, DerbyCountyinNZ, Dodo19, Epipelagic, GraemeLeggett, Grafikm fr, HLGallon, Hoverfish, Hu, Idsnowdog, IxK85, Klemen Kocjancic, Lightmouse, Megapixie, Mzajac, Nfe, Ovsek,
Puddhe, Rcbutcher, Redvers, Roo72, Ryan.opel, SteinbDJ, Sus scrofa, Wknight94, 24 anonymous edits
10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M 99 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=559107755 Contributors: Adamdaley, Dodo19, Idsnowdog, Klemen Kocjancic, Rcbutcher, Rettetast,
Sturmvogel 66, Sushi-n-Sashimi, 1 anonymous edits
10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M 8 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=559107736 Contributors: Adamdaley, Ain92, Dodo19, Klemen Kocjancic, Rcbutcher, Rettetast, Sturmvogel 66,
1 anonymous edits
Skoda 100 mm Model 1916 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=558900253 Contributors: Aieieprazu, Bobblewik, Bukvoed, Farkas Jnos, GraemeLeggett, Ibericus Lusitanus,
Idsnowdog, Joshbaumgartner, Klemen Kocjancic, Kross, Lightmouse, Lothar von Richthofen, Manxruler, Mikeshk, Mzajac, Oberiko, Peter Chamberlain, Rcbutcher, Rettetast, Riddley,
Sardanaphalus, Stone, Sturmvogel 66, The Epopt, 1 anonymous edits
Skoda 100 mm Model 16/19 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=574273657 Contributors: Bobblewik, Bukvoed, Chris the speller, Denisarona, Edurcastro28, Enochlau,
Hmains, Idsnowdog, Jguk, Joshbaumgartner, Klaudio, Klemen Kocjancic, Kross, Mikeshk, Mzajac, Oberiko, Peter Chamberlain, Rcbutcher, Riddley, Stone, Sturmvogel 66, Ulric1313, 1
anonymous edits
10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze 40 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=563438951 Contributors: Brad101AWB, Bukvoed, D6, DerBorg, EyeSerene, Hmains, Idsnowdog, Koalorka,
Kwiki, Lastdingo, MarcusBritish, Max-78, Ohconfucius, Pol098, Rcbutcher, Rettetast, Roo72, Sturmvogel 66, 6 anonymous edits
Canon Court de 105 M(montagne) modele 1909 Schneider Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=561517161 Contributors: Ain92, Auntof6, BD2412, Bobblewik, Bobrayner,
Bukvoed, Guy1890, Ibericus Lusitanus, Idsnowdog, Joshbaumgartner, Les Meloures, MWAK, Max-78, Panagogr, Peter Chamberlain, Rcbutcher, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Riddley, 6
anonymous edits
Canon Court de 105 M(montagne) modle 1919 Schneider Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=547615118 Contributors: Aieieprazu, Aranel, Bobblewik, Bobrayner, Bukvoed,
Gene Nygaard, Iamunknown, Ibericus Lusitanus, Idsnowdog, Jguk, Joshbaumgartner, Livajo, Max-78, Mzajac, Oberiko, Panagogr, Peter Chamberlain, PpPachy, Rcbutcher, Rich Farmbrough,
Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Riddley, Sortior, TBadger, Xristar, 1 anonymous edits
Skoda 105 mm Model 1939 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=546470530 Contributors: Ain92, Aldis90, Bobblewik, Bukvoed, Eloquence, Idsnowdog, Joshbaumgartner,
Klemen Kocjancic, Kross, Mikeshk, Oberiko, Peter Chamberlain, Reallyfastcar, Riddley, Stone, Sturmvogel 66, 1 anonymous edits
OTO Melara Mod 56 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=577980374 Contributors: Aldis90, Anotherclown, Bobblewik, Bukvoed, CALR, Canationalist, CarloMartinelli,
Dave1185, Digre 90, EconomistBR, Firsfron, Good Skoda, Green Giant, Hibernian, Hmains, Idsnowdog, Jor70, Joshbaumgartner, Kernel Saunters, Lastdingo, MFIreland, MatthewVanitas,
Maxx786, Mownberry, Nfe, Noclador, Paul1776, Puddhe, Sandstig, Son of Zealandia, Tempest II, Timberwolf Sniper, Tonster, 50 anonymous edits
Skoda 150 mm Model 1918 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=546470980 Contributors: Aldis90, Bobblewik, Bukvoed, Dodo19, Glorioussandwich, Hmains, Idsnowdog,
Jguk, Jose Ramos, Joshbaumgartner, Klemen Kocjancic, Kross, Mikeshk, Oberiko, Peter Chamberlain, Rcbutcher, Riddley, Saimhe, Stone, Sturmvogel 66
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File:Worlds first mountain gun able to be broken down.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Worlds_first_mountain_gun_able_to_be_broken_down.jpg License:
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File:80 mm French mountain gun with a 130 pound air mine attached.jpg Source:
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File:Bergkanon M1848 side view.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bergkanon_M1848_side_view.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
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Image:RML2.5inchMountaunGunAssembling1895.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:RML2.5inchMountaunGunAssembling1895.jpg License: Public Domain
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File:QF2.95inchMountainGunMule.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:QF2.95inchMountainGunMule.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Rcbutcher 16:06, 9
September 2007 (UTC)
File:German anti-tank gun & crew October 1918 AWM H13453.jpeg Source:
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Germany Contributors: Ain92, Bukvoed, Lou.gruber, 1 anonymous edits
File:3.7inchHowitzerInActionMawlu3November1944.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:3.7inchHowitzerInActionMawlu3November1944.jpg License: Public
Domain Contributors: Photographer: Lentz W (Sgt) No 9 Army Film & Photographic Unit
File:Spanish-marines-man-105mm-howitzer-19811001.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Spanish-marines-man-105mm-howitzer-19811001.jpg License: Public
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File:RML2.5inchMountaunGunAssembling1895.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:RML2.5inchMountaunGunAssembling1895.jpg License: Public Domain
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File:Sikh Gunners with an Ordinance rifled muzzel loading 2.5inch mountain gun, the 'Screw-gun'..jpg Source:
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Image:2.75inchMountainGunKamberliSalonikaFrontJune1918.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2.75inchMountainGunKamberliSalonikaFrontJune1918.jpg
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Photographer: Varges, A
Image:BL2.75inchCartridgeDiagram.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BL2.75inchCartridgeDiagram.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: War Office, UK
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File:76-mm mountain cannon model 1909 Schneider system 2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:76-mm_mountain_cannon_model_1909_Schneider_system_2.jpg
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97

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UK.
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Mountain Guns

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Mountain Guns

Canon de 65 M (montagne) modele 1906

Cannone da 65/17 modello 13

BL 10-pounder Mountain Gun

BL 2.75-inch Mountain Gun

Type 31 75 mm Mountain Gun

QF 2.95-inch Mountain Gun

Ehrhardt 7.5 cm Model 1904

7.5 cm Gebirgskanone Model 1911

Skoda 75 mm Model 1928

Skoda 75 mm Model 1936

Skoda 75 mm Model 1939

Canon de 75 M(montagne) modele 1919 Schneider

Canon de 75 M(montagne) modele 1928

M.27 (mountain gun)

Obice da 75/18 modello 34

Bofors 75 mm Model 1934

Type 41 75 mm Mountain Gun

Type 94 75 mm Mountain Gun

7.5 cm leichtes Infanteriegeschtz 18

RML 7 pounder Mountain Gun

76 mm mountain gun M1938

Skoda 100 mm Model 1916

Skoda 100 mm Model 16/19

Canon Court de 105 M(montagne) modele 1909 Schneider

Canon Court de 105 M(montagne) modle 1919 Schneider

Skoda 105 mm Model 1939

OTO Melara Mod 56

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

British Indian Army crew

Mule transport of barrel of US

German crew using a

Germany army pack

British 3.7 inch

Spanish Marines manning an

Sikh gunners assembling the gun, circa. 1895

Second Boer War

Royal Gun Factory

800 pounds (363kg) total

7pounds 6ounces (3.35kg)

2.5 inches (63.5mm)

1,436 feet per second (438m/s)

Maximumrange 3,300 yards (3,018m)

RML 2.5 inch Mountain Gun

On display at Firepower - The Royal Artillery

In 1877 Colonel Frederick Le Mesurier of the Royal Artillery proposed

Second Boer War

Siege of Kimberley, 1899-1900

Sikh gunners with a "screw gun"

Either 4 or 6 guns (sources appear imprecise) were returned to service

RML 2.5 inch Mountain Gun

General Sir Martin Farndale, "History of the Royal Regiment of

65 mm mle 1906 in Yad Mordechai, Israel.

400 kg (882 lbs)

1.3m (4ft 3in)

Muzzlevelocity 330 m/s (1,082 ft/s)

Canon de 65 M (montagne) modele 1906

Cannone da 65/17 modello 13

Cannone da 65/17 modello 13

Italy, Kingdom of Albania

World War I, Spanish Civil War, World War II

560 kg (1,225 lb) (combat ready)

1.1m (3ft 7in) L/17