Improvement of Power Quality Using PQ Theory Based Series Hybrid Active Power Filter

International Journal of Communication and Computer Technologies
Volume 04 No. 2 Issue: 01 March 2016

ISSN NUMBER : 2278-9723
IMPROVEMENT OF POWER QUALITY

USING PQ THEORY BASED SERIES HYBRID
ACTIVE POWER FILTER
Dr.K.Sundararaju, M.E.,Ph.D
Professor, Department of EEE
M.Kumarasamy College of Engineering
Karur, Tamilnadu
sunkrr@gmail.com
Preetha Sukumar
Student, Department of EEE
M.Kumarasamy College of Engineering
Karur, Tamilnadu
preethu.karur@gmail.com
Abstract This paper investigate the power quality

improvement under unbalanced supply condition. The
current drawn is highly non-linear and contain harmonics.
Shunt active filter eliminate only the current harmonics,
not the voltage harmonics. But he series active filter
provide harmonics isolation. SHAPF is suitable for
compensation of source voltage, reactive
power and
reduce source current and voltage harmonics. It also
eliminate series and parallel resonance. The control
technique for the SHAPF is based on the Generalized
Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory. The real and
reactive power are converted into voltage component.
Then the reference voltage are calculated inorder to
compensate the source current and load voltage
harmonics. Simulations have been carried out on
MATLAB-Simulink Platform and results are presented.
and affect the quality of power delivered to the end user [1].
The harmonics may exist in voltage or current waveforms
which are the integral multiples of the fundamental frequency,
which does not contribute for the active power delivery. The
quality of power is affected when there is any deviation in the
voltage, current or frequency.
KeywordsActive and passive filter; instantaneous

reactive power theory; Harmonics; MATLAB.
The passive filter is used to compensate the current

harmonics. The voltage harmonics are compensated using the
Active filter. The Active filter can regulate the voltage at the
load but cannot reduce the current harmonics in the system [23]. The hybrid filter is the combination of the active filter and
passive filter. Among various combination the series APF with
a shunt connected passive filter (SHAPF) is widely used. To
overcome the problems of both passive and active power
filters, Series Hybrid 1Active Power Filters (SHAPF) have
been used and extensively used. It provide the cost effective
solution for the nonlinear load compensation. The
performance of the SHAPF depend on the proper reference
generation algorithm.
I. INTRODUCTION
Electrical energy is the most efficient form of energy and
the modern society is heavily dependent on the electric supply.
The life is impossible without the supply of electricity. The
quality of the electric power is very important for the efficient
functioning of the power system components and the end user
equipment. The term power quality became most important in
the power sector and both the electric power supply company
and the end users are concerned about it. The electric power
system is affected by various problems like transients, noise,
voltage sag/swell, which leads to the production of harmonics
The main effect of these problems is the production of

harmonics. The presence of harmonics deteriorates the quality
of power and may damage the end user equipment. These
harmonics causes the heating of underground cables,
insulation failure, increases the losses, reduces the life-time of
the equipment etc. The most effective solution to improve the
power quality is the use of filters to reduce harmonics. There
are different filter topologies in the literature such as- active,
passive, hybrid.
A variety of configurations and control strategies are

proposed to reduce inverter capacity [4-6]. Many approaches
Volume 04 No.2 Issue: 01

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have been published. The instantaneous reactive power theory
caused a great impact on harmonic isolation. The
instantaneous reactive power theory caused a great impact in
reference voltage generation. The instantaneous active and
reactive power has average component and oscillating
component.
This paper is organized as follows. First, a system
configuration is presented in section II. The generalized
definition of instantaneous active, reactive and apparent power
quantity is presented in section III-A. The control strategy for
the Series Active Filter is presented in section III-B. The
simulation results are given in section IV. The Simulation
study for the compensation of current harmonics, voltage
harmonics, reactive power and unbalanced supply voltage is
presented.
II. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

Figure 1 shows the block diagram of SHAPF. It consist of
the shunt passive filter and series active filter with a series
transformer. This arrangement act as a harmonic isolator,
voltage harmonic compensator. The harmonic current is made
to sink into the passive filter. The SHAPF eliminate the series
and parallel resonance. The setup also reduce the need of the
precise tuning of the passive filter. The harmonics are
eliminated by the passive filter and only higher order
harmonics are eliminated by the series active filter and thus
the rating of the active filter needed will be less compared
with conventional shunt active filters [7-9].
Series active filter compensate unbalanced voltage and
harmonics simultaneously. The arrangement of the series
active filter and shunt passive filter reduces the need for
precise tuning of the passive filter and eliminates possibility of
series and parallel resonance. The ripple filter inductor and
capacitor are used to suppress the switching ripples generated
because of the high-frequency switching of the PWM inverter.
The purpose of the coupling transformers is not only to isolate
the PWM inverters from the source it also to match the voltage
and current ratings of the PWM inverters with of the power
system.
the voltage induced across the primary winding. Also, the

selection of the transformer turns ratio affect the performance
of the ripple filter connected at the output of the PWM
inverter. The series active filter in the arrangement is
controlled as active impedance and is controlled as a harmonic
voltage source which offers zero impedance at fundamental
frequency and high impedance at all desired harmonic
frequencies.
III. CONTROL SCHEME
A. Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory
"The Generalized Theory of the Instantaneous Reactive
Power in Three-Phase Circuits", also known as instantaneous
power theory or p-q theory. This Theory was given by Akagi,
Kanazawa and Nabae in 1983. Control strategy presented in
this section is capable of compensating the source current
harmonics and it balance in load voltages. It deals with
instantaneous power and classified into following two groups.
The first one is developed based on abs phase to three
orthogonal axes which is known as p-q theory that is based on
a-b-c to --0 transformation, and the next is directly on a-b-c
phases. The main use of this theory is that it is valid for steady
state or transitory operations. It also allow control the active
filter in real time. The main advantage of using this technique
is the calculation is simple. It require only algebraic
calculation.
The p-q theory consists of an algebraic transformation
(Clarke transformation) of the three-phase voltages and
currents in the a-b-c coordinates to the --0 coordinates,
followed by the calculation of the p-q theory instantaneous
power components [10-11]. Three phase generic instantaneous
line current can be transformed on the --0 axes. On applying
the --0 transformation, the zero sequence can be separated
and eliminated.
B. Control statergy
Control strategy plays very important role in the
performance of the system. The instantaneous 3 load currents
and the 3 voltages are sensed and transformed from a, b, c
coordinates to , , 0 coordinates by using Clark
transformation.
The voltage obtained after the Clarke transformation in the
, , 0 coordinates is
Figure 1 Block Diagram of SHAPF
The current obtained after the Clarke transformation in the

, , 0 coordinates is
The turn ratio of the transformer should be high in order

to reduce the amplitude of the inverter output and to reduce
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IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
The control algorithm for the SHAPF is developed in the
MATLAB/Simulink software environment to check the
performance of the control strategy in improving the system
behavior. The simulation is carried under three conditionsThe real and reactive power obtained from the voltage and
current of the , , 0 coordinates is
The proposed control strategy is simulated with a nonlinear balanced load and the performance of the system is
analyzed. The system data is given in Table 1
Where
Instantaneous Real Power p=
Instantaneous Imaginary Power q=
Without Filter
With Passive Filter
With Active and Passive Filter
The Instantaneous Real Power and the Instantaneous

Imaginary Power has both average and oscillating power. The
average power of the real and reactive power are expressed as
and . The oscillating power of the real and reactive power
are expressed as and . The real and imaginary power can
be obtained based on the average and oscillating power is
The Zero sequence voltage is eliminated and the and

coordinates are to be considered. The voltage of the and
corresponding with the oscillating power of the real power and
the reactive power is calculated in (6).
System Parameter
Value
Voltage
230 V
Source Inductance
10 H
Source Resistance
0.5
Turns Ration of Coupling

Transformer
1:1
Table 1 System parameter
(6)
The reference voltage is calculated in order to compensate

the harmonic voltage in (7). They are obtained by the inverse
Clarke transformation.
The reference voltage is compared with the source voltage

and the output is given to the comparator and the output is
used to control the controller [6]. The inverter are operated
corresponding to the output of the comparator. SHAPF
injecting the voltages that follows the reference voltage. It can
compensate the source voltage unbalances and supply current
harmonics simultaneously. The special features of this
approach are: simplicity in separating harmonic voltage
component, computational complexity is less compared with
existing techniques.
Figure 2 Load voltage without any filter
Figure 3 Load current without any filter

The load voltage and load current obtained when the
system is in open loop without any filter is shown in the
Figure 2 and Figure 3. Load voltage and Load Current
obtained consist of more Harmonics which must be
eliminated. The harmonics generated is eliminated with the
help of filters.

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The FFT Analysis is carried out for the system without
any filter. The THD values are calculated and it is 34.64%,
which is higher shown in the Figure 4.
The load current and load voltage obtained when the

system with both Active and Passive filter is shown in the
Figure 8 and Figure 9. The Harmonics content in the load
voltage and Load current obtained with the series connected
active filter and shunt passive filter is comparatively low than
the other.
Figure 8 Load voltage with SHAPF

Figure 4 THD Analysis without any filter
The load voltage and load current obtained when the
system with passive filter is shown in the Figure 5 and Figure
6.The Load voltage and the load current obtained with passive
filter consist of less harmonics.
Figure 9 Load current with SHAPF

The FFT Analysis is carried out. The THD values are
calculated for the system with SHAPF and shown in the
Figure 10. The value is 0.24%, which is lesser compared with
passive filter.
Figure 5 Load voltage with passive filter
Figure 6 Load current with passive filter
Figure 10 THD Analysis with SHAPF

The Table gives the THD value for the system (a)
without filter, (b) With Passive Filter, (c) With Active
and Passive Filter. The THD value that are obtained by
the RL Load. From the table the THD value for the
system with both Active and Passive Filter are very
much less compared with the system with no Filter and
system with Passive Filter.
Figure 7 THD Analysis with passive filter
The FFT Analysis is carried out. The THD values are
calculated for the system with passive filter and shown in the
Figure 7. The value is 3.14%, which is less compared with the
system without filter.
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Electronics, July 2010, Volume 25, Issue 7, pp.
19231931.
System
THD Values in %
Without Filter
34.64
With Passive Filter
3.14
With SHAPF
0.18
Table 2 Comparison of the THD values

The voltage and current harmonics that are produced in
the system will be eliminated with the Active and Passive
Filter. The Active Filter is connected in series and Passive
Filter is connected in parallel to obtain the necessary output.
V. CONCLUSION
The demand for electric power is increasing at an
exponential rate and at the same time the quality of power
delivered became the most prominent issue in the power
sector. Thus, the reduction of harmonics and improving the
power factor of the system is of utmost important. In this
project a solution to improve the electric power quality by the
use of Active Power Filter is discussed. Most of the loads
connected to the system are non-linear which the major source
of harmonics is in the system. A Hybrid power filter with
series connected APF and shunt connected passive filter is
used. The simulation is also carried out with unbalanced load
and found that the APF improves the system behavior by
reducing the harmonics. Therefore, it is concluded that the
hybrid filter consisting of series APF and a shunt passive filter
is a feasible economic solution for improving the power
quality in electric power system.
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International Journal of Communication and Computer Technologies

Volume 04 No. 2 Issue: 01 March 2016