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3.1 Displacement:
The displacement is a change is the position of a body from its initial position to its final position. Its unit is meter (m). It is a
vector quantity given as:
Distance: the actual length of path on with a body has travelled. It is a scalar quantity. Its unit is meter (m)
3.2 Velocity:
Time rate of change of displacement is called velocity. It is a vector quantity. Its unit is m/sec. it is given as:
This is average velocity it does not tell us about the motion of the whole path so we take another term that is called
instantaneous velocity:
Instantaneous velocity: The limiting value of d/t as the time interval t approaches to zero. It is a vector quantity. Its unit is
m/sec
Or
The velocity of any body at any instant is called instantaneous velocity. It is given as
lim
Uniform velocity: if the instantaneous velocity does not change then the velocity is called uniform of constant velocity. It is a
vector quantity. Its unit is m/sec
Speed: the time rate of change of distance is called speed. Its a scalar quantity its unit is m/sec.
3.3 Acceleration:
The time rate of change of velocity is called acceleration. It is a vector quantity its unit is m/sec2 . it is given as:
Instantaneous Acceleration: acceleration at any particular instant is known as instantaneous acceleration. Its a vector quantity.
Its unit is m/sec2 .it is given as:
lim
If the velocity is increasing then acceleration is also increasing and it is taken as positive.
1|Page
F.Sc./ICS Part 1 Physics Notes by Luqman Saleem BS Hons Physics - email: luqmansaleem99@gmail.com
It the velocity is decreasing then the acceleration is also decreasing and it is taken as negative.
Uniform acceleration: if velocity of the body changes by equal amount in equal amount of time then acceleration is called
uniform acceleration. It is vector quantity. Its unit is m/sec2 .
The average acceleration of the body is given by slope of velocity time graph.
The area under velocity time graph is equal to distance covered by the body.
1
2
As gravity is also a constant acceleration so these equation can be used for motion under the action of gravity as:
"
2
1
"
2
2"
F.Sc./ICS Part 1 Physics Notes by Luqman Saleem BS Hons Physics - email: luqmansaleem99@gmail.com
3.7 Momentum
The product of mass and velocity of any object is known as momentum. It is a vector quantity and its unit is (kgms-1). It is given
as:
%
____ (equation 1)
______ (equation 2)
&
Or
$
Here $ & is final momentum and $
momentum is equal to applied force.
&
is initial momentum. Form above equation we can say that time rate of change of
Impulse
The product of Force and time is called impulse. For example when a ball hits the bat then it produces an impulse. It is given as:
#
($
&
$ )
Isolated system: system on which no external force acts is called isolated system. For example gas enclosed in a cylinder at
constant temperature.
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F.Sc./ICS Part 1 Physics Notes by Luqman Saleem BS Hons Physics - email: luqmansaleem99@gmail.com
After interaction their velocity change. The velocity of ball m1 become v1 and ball m2 become v2 as:
$-
$-
.Equation 1
$!
$!
Equation 2
(#,
(#
#)
$$-
$-
$!
$-
$!
$!
$!
$-
$-
$!
$!
Or
0
($-
$!
($-
$!
Or
($-
$!
($-
Here ($$! ) is the total momentum before the collision and ($So this equation show that total momentum is conserved.
$!
$!
Elastic collision:
Collision in which Kinetic energy of the system remain conserved is called elastic collision. For example when a hard ball bounce
back from hard marble floor.
Note: Momentum and total energy is remained conserved in both inelastic and elastic collisions.
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F.Sc./ICS Part 1 Physics Notes by Luqman Saleem BS Hons Physics - email: luqmansaleem99@gmail.com
$!
($-
$!
Or
$- (
-)
$! (
! )..
(Equation 1)
1
+ $!
2
1
= $2
, !
-
1
+ $!
2
, !
!
Or
1
($
2 -
($-
, !
-
1
$
2 -
+ $!
!)
+ $!
!)
= $-
, !
-
, !
!
+ $!
, !
!
+ $!
Or
$-
, !
!
= $!
. (Equation 2)
As we know
-
, !
-
=(
+ -)(
- ) and
$- (
+ - )(
!
-
, !
!
= ( ! +
- ) = $! ( ! +
! )(
! )(
!)
so equation 2 become:
! )..
! )(
(Equation 3)
+
$- (
-
- )( -
, )
-
-
-)
$! (
+
$! (
!
! !)
!
Or
(
Or
5|P age
-)
=(
! ).
(Equation 4)
!)
F.Sc./ICS Part 1 Physics Notes by Luqman Saleem BS Hons Physics - email: luqmansaleem99@gmail.com
(
!)
( - ! ) is relative velocity of first ball relative to the second ball before collision and
relative to second ball after collision.
To find velocity of first ball after collision (
):
From equation 1
$-
$-
$!
$!
Or
$-
$-
$!
$!
! ..
(Equation 5)
From Equation 4
!
- (Equation 6)
$!
$-
$!
$! -
$-
$!
$!
Or
$-
$! -
2$!
Or
,
- ($-
+ $! ) = ($- $! )
+ 2$!
Divide by ($- + $! )
,
() ')1 )
0 2)1 )
!)1
= ()0
+ ()
0 2)1 )
(Equation 6)
!:
$-
, !
-
= $!
, !
!
= $!
$!
Or
$-
$-
$-
$-
= $!
= $-
$-
+ $!
! .
$!
$!
Or
$!
(Equation 7)
! .
(Equation 8)
= $-
$- (
!) +
$!
F.Sc./ICS Part 1 Physics Notes by Luqman Saleem BS Hons Physics - email: luqmansaleem99@gmail.com
$!
$-
$-
$-
$-
$!
+ ($!
$-
!)
Or
$!
$-
2$-
Or
,
! ($-
+ $! ) = 2$-
+ ($! $- )
Divide by ($- + $! )
,
($- + $! )
2$=
($- + $! ) ($- + $! )
($! $- )
($- + $! )
Or
,
!)0
0 2)1 )
= ()
() ')0 )
!
0 2)1 )
+ ()1
(Equation 9)
Case 1:
When $- = $! Equation 6 shows
,
($- $- )
($- + $- )
2$($- + $- )
or
,
(0)
($- + $- )
,
2$2$-
Case 2:
When $- = $! and
=0
= 0 then
become
-.
Case 3:
When light body collide with massive body (m1>>m2):
When m1 is very greater than m2 and v2=0 then first ball will begin to move in opposite direction after collision with its original
velocity and second ball will not move.
Case 4:
Massive body collide with stationary body: (m1>>m2 and v2=0):
7|P age
F.Sc./ICS Part 1 Physics Notes by Luqman Saleem BS Hons Physics - email: luqmansaleem99@gmail.com
Now after collision ,- - and , ! 2 - . It means that first ball will continue to move with its original velocity and second
ball will move with double velocity of first ball.
5 7"8 97 $:$87 ;$
9$8
Or
4=
$( )
This is the force exerted by wall on the water, so according to 3rd law of motion force exerted by water on the wall is equal but
opposite to this force. So force by water is given as:
4 = <
==
$
>
So the momentum of gun is equal to momentum of bullet, as mass of gun is very large than bullet so velocity of gun is very less
than velocity of bullet.
8|P age
F.Sc./ICS Part 1 Physics Notes by Luqman Saleem BS Hons Physics - email: luqmansaleem99@gmail.com
Rocket has solid or liquid hydrogen and oxygen as fuel a rocket burns almost 1000kgs-1 fuel and eject it at speed of 4000ms-1. A
rockets 80% mass is due to its fuel.
Let m be the mass of gas ejected per second with velocity v relative to rocket then
Change in momentum per second of ejected gases= mv
As change in momentum per second is known as force. So
F
mA (Equation 1)
This force is acting on the fuel that is ejected from rocket. According to 3rd law the same force will apply on rocket of mass M
but in upward direction. This upward force is known as Thrust. So
B6C;D
> . (Equation 2)
mA
Or
mA
>
So is the mass of rocket M decrease the acceleration of rocket will increase.
Now the ball is moving in both horizontal and vertical axis. The velocity on horizontal axis is vx and velocity at vertical axis is vy .
Both the motions are independent of each other so we can use equations of motion to solve this motion. Ball moves horizontal
with constant velocity vx so the total distance on horizontal axis is given as:
E
The vertical motion is under the action of gravity so it will change with time. Hence intial velocity is zero
So
G
" !
!
We can resolve this motion into vertical and horizontal motions as:
9|Page
F.Sc./ICS Part 1 Physics Notes by Luqman Saleem BS Hons Physics - email: luqmansaleem99@gmail.com
So horizontal velocity vx is
F
cos K. (Equation 1)
sin K. (Equation 2)
"
tan K
Now S is the maximum height denoted by H and a is acceleration of gravity denoted by -g and vfy=0. So above equation
become
2"Q
Or
L
2"
10 | P a g e
sin! K
2"
F.Sc./ICS Part 1 Physics Notes by Luqman Saleem BS Hons Physics - email: luqmansaleem99@gmail.com
Time of flight:
It is time taken by body to hit back the same vertical level. Here total vertical distance is Zero.
As from equation of motion:
Here S=0 (total vertical distance) and a=-g. so our equation become:
0
1
"
2
Or
1
sin K = "
2
Or
2
sin K
=
"
Range of projectile:
The total horizontal distance covered by body is known as range of projectile. It is given as:
R 7"8 = R =
cos K
sin K
"
Or
R=
(2 sin K cos K)
"
sin 2K
"
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