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Data refers to the raw facts that are collected.

Information - refers to processed data that enables us to take decisions.
- is referring to knowledge or intelligence.
Data Communication is a process of exchanging data information done between
two devices over a

transmission medium.
- is the process of transferring digital information between two or

more points.
Characteristics of Data Communication
a. Delivery data delivered to the correct destination and correct user.
b. Accuracy deliver the data accurately, without introducing any errors.
c. Timeliness data delivered in a timely manner without any delay (real time
transmission).
d. Jitter variation in the packet arrival time, may affect the timeliness of data
being transmitted.
Elements of Data Communication
5 Components of Data Communication

Information
source

message

Transmitte
r

signal

Channe
l

signal

Receive
r

message

Destination

Noise source

Source generates data, persons who speaks into the phone or computer sending
data to the modem.
Transmitter device to transform / encode the signal sent over the transmission
system.
Transmission System allow transport of signal from one point to another (Example:
Telephone network).
Receiver device to encode the received signal for handling the destination device.
- modem converts the received analog data back to digital for use by the
computer.
Destination entity that finally uses the data. Computer on the other end of receiving
modem.
Two Types of Electric Signals
1. Analog Signal refers to information that is continuous.
2. Digital Signal refers to information that has discrete states.
The Modes of Transmission
a. Simplex is always one way. It is not possible to send back error or control
signals to the transmit end.
b. Half Duplex can send and receive but not at the same time. Only one end
transmits at a time, the other end receives.
c. Full Duplex data can travel in both directions simultaneously. Its like a two
lane bridge on a two-lane highway.
d. Full Full Duplex data transmission is possible between both station.
Computer Network - is a collection of computing devices that are connected in
various ways in order to
communicate and share resources.
- a group of interconnected computers and allows computer s to
communicate with
each other and to share resources and
information.
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Network
- simply a collection of computers or other hardware devices
that are connected
together, either physically or logically,
using special hardware and software, to allow
them to
exchange information and cooperate.
Networking
- is the term that describes the processes involved in designing,
implementing,
upgrading, managing and otherwise
working with networks and network technologies.
Host / End Devices - all computers connected to a network that participate directly
in network
communication.
- either the source or destination of message transmitted over the
network.
Servers
- are hosts that have software installed that enable them to provide
information, like
email or web pages, to other hosts on the
network.
Clients
- are computer hosts that have software installed that enable them to
request and
display the information obtained from the server.
Peer to Peer to Network
- clients and server software usually runs on separate computers, but it
is also possible for one computer to carry out both roles at the same time.
Components of a Network
Devices
Media
Services
Software Network components are used to provide services and processes, than run
on the networked devices.
Intermediary Devices - interconnect end devices, it provides connectivity and work
behind the scenes to
ensure that data flows across the
network.
- connect the individual hosts to the network and can connect
multiple individual
networks to form an internetwork.
Example of
Intermediary Devices
o Network Access (switches and wireless access points)
o Internetworking (routers)
o Security (firewalls)
The Transmission Medium
Medium communication across the network provides the channel over which the
message travels from
source to destination.
These media are:
Metallic wires within cables - data encoded to electrical impulses.
Glass or plastic fibers (fiber optic cable) - rely on pulses of light.
Wireless Transmission - patterns of electromagnetic waves.
Topology Diagram diagram uses symbols to represent the different devices and
connections that make up
a network. And mandatory for
anyone working with a network.
Types of Topology Diagrams
a) Physical Topology Diagrams identify the physical location of intermediary
devices, configured
ports and cable installation.
b) Logical Topology Diagrams identify devices, ports and IP addressing
scheme.
Network Interface Card - a NIC or LAN adapter provides the physical connection to
the network at the PC
or other host device.
Physical Port
- a connector or outlet on a networking device where the media
is connected to a
host or other networking device.
Interface
- specialized ports on an internetworking device that
connect to individual
networks.

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Standard Organization
1. CCIT - Comite Consultaif Internationaile De Telegraphique Et Telephonique
- A primary organization for developing standards on telephone and data
communication system.
Group A - addresses the regulatory aspects of international communication
Group B - concentrates its efforts on telegraph transmission, equipment
specification
and telegraph signaling.
Group C - studies international telephone operation.
Group D - addresses problems relating to international data transmission service.
2. ISO - (International Standard Organization)
- a voluntary organization consisting of national standard committees of
each
member of each country.
3. ANSI - (American National Standard Institute)
- a voluntary standards in US and is a member of ISO.
4. EIA - (Electronic Industries Association)
- a national trade association.
5. IEEE - (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
- organization responsible for some very important LAN standards.
The Data Communication System

DTE

DCE

DCE

Transmission Channel

DTE

DTE (Data Terminal Equipment)

- a general term that describes the interface equipment use at the
1. Teleprinter this terminal is an old form of DTE that was invented to replace Morse
telegrapher.
2. CRT (Cathode Ray Terminal) also known as VDT (Video Display Terminal) was
develop as an alternative to teleprinters terminals.
* Dumb Terminal - Teletype compatible and offer a limited number of functions.
* Smart Terminals - this terminals offer enhanced function such as formatting and
editing data entry.
*Intelligent User Programmable Terminals - this terminal features software
support.
3. PC Terminal replaces most teleprinters and CRT the processing capability of this
terminal can be used with appropriate hardware and software support.
DCE (Data Communication Equipment)
- general term that describes the equipment that converts digital signal to analog
signal.
Transmission Medium or Channel - facility that connects two points.
Network Topology
Topology identifies how various station within the network are interconnected.
A. Ring Topology could be configured for traffic to flow in one direction or in both.
B. Mesh Topology every node in the network is connected to each other by
transmission facilities.
C. Star Topology very economical when traffic relation are comparatively low but
inefficient when traffic intensifies grow.
D. Fully Connected Topology basically Full Mesh topology.
E. Bus Topology There is a common line to which common notes can connected.

Network Configuration
Point to Point circuit connection (consider) elemental in data connectivity.
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Multipoint a man station is commonly a CPU and outstations are workstation.

The Open System Interconnection (OSI)

a model for the logical structure of networked data communications equipment.
develop by International Standard Organization and first published in November
1978.
7 Layers of OSI
Physical Layer
- defines the physical interface between DTE and DCE.
- represents electrical, signaling, maintaining and clear physical connection.
Data Link Layer
- equates w/ High Level Data Link Control (HDLC).
- provides protocol for checking information transmitted in frames across the
two terminals.
Network Layer
- provides control between two adjacent network nodes, DTE and the
network.
Transport Layer
- called the end to end layer.
- provides the control from the user node to user node including addressing,
data assurance and
flow control.
Session Layer
- provides for establishing, maintaining and releasing logical connections for
data transfer.
Presentation Layer
- provides for data formats and transformation (those required for visual
display screen or
printers.
Application Layer
- the general manager of the network.
- controls the sequence of activities within an application, sequence of events
between
computer application and user of another application.

Network

PAN

LAN

MAN

WAN
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PAN (Personal Area Network)

- computer network used for communication among computer and different
information technology
device close to one person.
LAN (Local Area Network)
- usually privately owned and links the devices in a single office, building or
campus.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
- designed to extend over an entire city.
WAN (Wide Area Network)
- provides long distance transmission of data voice image and video information
over large geographic
are comprises a country.
Protocols
- set of rules that governs data communication.
- defines what is communicated how and when it communicated.
Entity
- anything capable of sending and receiving information.
Elements of Protocol
Syntax refers to the structure or format of the data.
Semantics refers to the meaning of each section of bits.
Timing when data should be sent and how fast they can be sent.
Standards essential in creating and maintaining and open and competitive market for
equipment

manufacturer of data communication and

telecommunication technology processes.

De Facto - standards that have not been approved by an organized body but have
adapted as standards.
Dejure those that have been legislated by an officially recognized body.

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