Parte I

Tenses

Capitulo 1

Present
1.1
1.1.1

Simple Present
When use it
Simple present is used to refer to

Daily habits: She takes a shower every day

Usual activies: I usually read the newspaper in the morning
General statements: Birds fly

1.1.2

How use it

1.1.2.1

Affirmative
Subject + verb

I
We
You
They
He
She
It

1.1.2.2

work
on Saturdays
works

Negative
Subject + dont/doesnt + verb

I
We
You
They
He
She
It

1.1.2.3

dont work
on Saturdays
doesnt work

Question
Do/Does + subject + verb

Do

Does

I
we
you
they
he
she
it

work

on Saturdays?

1.1.2.4

Spelling

1.2
1.2.1

Present Continuous
When use it

The present continuous is used to expresses an activity that is in progress at the time the
speaker is saying the sentence.

1.2.2

How use it

1.2.2.1

Affirmative
Subject + be + verb + ing

I
He
She
It
We
You
They

am taking

a shower right now

is taking

a shower right now

are taking

a shower right now

1.2.2.2

Negative
Subject + be not + verb + ing

I
He
She
It
We
You
They

1.2.2.3

aint taking

a shower right now

isnt taking

a shower right now

arent taking

a shower right now

Question
Be + subject + verb + ing

Am
Is

Are

I
he
she
it
we
you
they

taking

a shower right now?

taking

a shower right now?

taking

a shower right now?

1.3
1.3.1

Present Perfect
When use it
Present perfect is used to

Express something that occurred (or did not occur) before now, at some unspecified
time in the past: Jim has already eaten lunch.
Jims lunch occurred before the present time. The exact time is not mentioned because is
unimportant or unknown.

Talk about an activity that may be repeated several times before now, at unspecified
times in the past: Pete has eaten at that restaurant many times

Expresses situations that began in the past and continue to present:

Weve been in class since ten oclock this morning
Ive known Ben for ten years

1.3.2

How use it

1.3.2.1

Affirmative
Subject + have/has + past participle verb

I
We
You
They
He
She
It

1.3.2.2

have lived
here for a long time
has lived

Negative
Subject + have/has not + past participle verb

I
We
You
They
He
She
It

1.3.2.3

havent lived
here for a long time
hasnt lived

Question
Have/Has + subject + past participle verb

Have

Has

I
we
you
they
he
she
it

lived

here for a long time?

1.4
1.4.1

Present Perfect Continuous

When use it

Present perfect continuous is used to talk about how long an activity has been in progress
before now.

1.4.2

How use it

1.4.2.1

Affirmative
Subject + have/has + been + verb + ing

I
We
You
They
He
She
It

1.4.2.2

have been driving

for two hours
has been driving

Negative
Subject + have/has not + been + verb + ing

I
We
You
They
He
She
It

havent been driving

for two hours
hasnt been driving

1.4.2.3

Question
Have/Has + subject + been + verb + ing

How long have

How long has

I
we
you
they
he
she
it

been driving

Capitulo 2

Past
2.1

Simple Past

2.1.1

When use it

Simple past is used to talk about something in a specific time in the past (yesterday, last
month, 1999, ...)

2.1.2

How use it

2.1.2.1

Affirmative
Subject + verb in the past

I
He
She
It
We
You
They

was
in class yesterday
were

2.1.2.2

Negative
Subject + didnt + verb

I
He
She
It
We
You
They

2.1.2.3

didnt work

yesterday

Question
Did + subject + verb

Did

I
he
she
it
we
you
they

work

yesterday?

2.2
2.2.1

Past Continuous
When use it

Past continuous is used to express an activity that was happening at a point in the past or
at the time of another action.
I was eating dinner when Tom came
Eating was in progress at the time that Tom came.

2.2.2

How use it

2.2.2.1

Affirmative
Subject + was/were + verb + ing

I
He
She
It
We
You
They

2.2.2.2

was sleeping
when the phone rang
were sleeping

Negative
Subject + was/were not + verb + ing

2.2.2.3

Question
Was/Were + subject + verb + ing

I
He
She
It
We
You
They

Was

Were

wasnt sleeping
when the phone rang
werent sleeping

I
he
she
it
we
you
they

sleeping
when the phone rang?
sleeping

2.3

Past Perfect

2.3.1

When use it

Past perfect is used when there are two different events at two different times in the past;
one event ends before the second event happens.
[Situation: Jack left his apartment at 2:00. Ann arrived at his apartment at 2:15 and
knocked on the door.]
When Ann arrived, Jack wasnt there. He had left
There are two events, and both happened in the past: Jack left his apartment. Ann arrived
at his apartment. To show the time relationship between the two events, we use the past perfect
(had left) to say that the first event (Jack leaving his apartment) was completed before the second
event (Ann arriving at his apartment) occurred.

2.3.2

How use it

2.3.2.1

Affirmative
Subject + had + past participle verb

I
He
She
It
We
You
They

had eaten

when Bob came

2.3.2.2

Negative
Subject + had not + past participle verb

I
He
She
It
We
You
They

2.3.2.3

hadnt eaten

when Bob came

Question
Had + subject + past participle verb

Had

I
he
she
it
we
you
they

eaten

when Bob came?

2.4

Past Perfect Continuous

2.4.1

When use it

2.4.2

How use it

Capitulo 3

Future
3.1
3.1.1

Will
When use it
Will is used to:

Make predictions about the future: She will succeed because she works hard.
Express a decision made at the moment of speaking: This chair is too heavy for you
to carry alone. Ill help you.
Will form is more formal then going to.

3.1.2

How use it

3.1.2.1

Affirmative
Subject + will + verb

I
He
She
It
We
You
They

3.1.2.2

will come

to the party

Negative
Subject + will not + verb

I
He
She
It
We
You
They

3.1.2.3

wont come

to the party

Question
Will + subject + verb

Will

I
he
she
it
we
you
they

come

to the party?

3.2
3.2.1

Going To
When use it
Going to is used to:

Make predictions about the future: She is going to succeed because she works hard.
Express a plan made before the moment of speaking: I am going to build a bookcase
for my apartment.
Going to is less formal then will.

3.2.2

How use it

3.2.2.1

Affirmative
Subject + be + going to + verb

I
He
She
It
We
You
They

am going to leave
is going to leave
at nine tomorrow
are going to leave

3.2.2.2

Negative
Subject + be not + going to + verb

I
He
She
It
We
You
They

3.2.2.3

aint gonna leave

isnt gonna leave
at nine tomorrow
arent gonna leave

Question
Be + subject + going to + verb

Am
Is

Are

I
he
she
it
we
you
they

going to leave

at nine tomorrow?

3.3

Future Continuous

3.3.1

When use it

3.3.2

How use it

3.4

Future Perfect

3.4.1

When use it

3.4.2

How use it

3.5

Future Perfect Continuous

3.5.1

When use it

3.5.2

How use it