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Pharmaceutical Engineering-I
HEAT TRANSFER
Zaki Farhad Habib, MSc
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
Heat
transfer
by better conductors of heat than nonconduction in solids result from the metallic solids.
movement of heat energy to adjacent
molecules by vibrational energy transfer In static fluid (and therefore through
and the motion of free electrons. No boundary layers) the mechanisms are
mixing action is involved so that the virtually the same. Heat is transferred
conduction is limited to solids and fluids between molecules as a result of
that are bound in some way that molecular collisions.
prevents free movement.
The molecule/electron donating the heat
energy will subsequently vibrate to a lesser
extent and therefore cool down whereas the
molecule receiving the heat energy will
vibrate to a greater extent and therefore
increase in temperature.
Conduction
Heat energy from the gas burner is transferred by conduction through the
container wall to the water in the bath, which therefore increases in
temperature until its boiling point is reached. This heat gained is referred to
as sensible heat, as it produces an appreciable rise in temperature and
the change can be detected by the senses.
When the boiling point is reached, further heat generates steam without
further increase in temperature. This heat gain by the steam is termed
latent heat of evaporation or latent heat of vaporization.
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TS =
TL =
steam temperature
temperature of the
boiling liquid
TI and TO = temperature of the
inner and outer
surface of the dish
Above, heat transfer/flow undergoes three barriers which are the condensate layer, the dish
wall & the liquid side boundary.
The rate of heat transfer i.e. the quantity of heat transferred (Q, Joules) in
unit time (t, seconds) depends on the temperature difference between inner
and outer surface, the dish thickness LD and the area available for heat
transfer A.
Introducing a proportionality constant KD, the factors can be combined as:-
Recap:
ii)
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All the heat supplied will be sensible heat to rise the temperature of the
water (0C) to the boiling point 100C.
The heat required is given by
mass of water
1kg
temp. rise
100C
So, 420 KJ requires to raise 1kg water to its boiling point. Once the water
has reached boiling point, further heat energy input will not raise the
temperature of the water but will convert the boiling water at 100C to
steam at 100C. Steam at a temperature corresponding to the water boiling
point at that pressure (as in this case) is referred to as saturated steam.
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Therefore, with further heat, water will start converting into steam by receiving
latent heat of vaporization (temperature will remain constant at 100C).
V
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Once all the water has been converted to steam, any further
heat energy input increases the steam temperature i.e. the
steam gains sensible heat. Steam at a temperature above the
saturation temperature is called superheated steam.
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