General

The JARs numbered between 20 and 39 are those used for the design,
the production and certification of any flying object. As the requirements
differ separate JARs were established for the different objects.
JAR-21 prescribes the procedural requirements for the issue of a Type
Certificate and changes to those certificates, the issue of standard
Certificates of Airworthiness and the issue of export airworthiness
approvals. Further more it defines the procedural requirements for the
approval of certain parts and appliances as well as the approval of
organisations performing this kind of activities.
The other JARs contained in this number block prescribe the
requirements for the different groups of flying objects. All of these objects
must be designed, manufactured and certified according to the respective
JARs.

JAR-21 Certification Procedures for Aircraft

and related Products and Parts

JAR Certification Standards

The procedural requirements defined in JAR-21 must be followed when

any new product -like an aircraft, helicopter, sailplane, airship, aircraft
engine or propeller -is designed and later on used in non-commercial or
commercial operation. Furthermore JAR-21 covers parts and appliances
which are any instrument mechanism, equipment, part, apparatus or
accessory including communications equipment, that is used or intended
to be used in operating or controlling an air- craft in flight and is installed
in or attached to the aircraft. It includes parts of an airframe, engine or
propeller.
JAR-21 prescribes the procedural requirements with regard to the design
of minor and major modifications as well as repairs of products, parts and
appliances.
JAR-21 requirements in Section 1 are listed in subparts and appendices
with the following alphabetic order:

The design, production and certification of aircraft, helicopter, sailplanes

and air- ships are prescribed in the following JARs:

Table 2: JAR-21 includes the following Subparts Subpart A

General

Table 1: List of JARs for Certification Standards

Subpart A
Subpart B
Subpart D
Subpart E
Subpart F
Subpart G

JAR-21
JAR-22
JAR-23
JAR-25
JAR-26
JAR-27
JAR-29
JAR-36

Certification Procedures for Aircraft and related Products

and Parts
Sailplanes and Powered Sailplanes
Normal, Utility, Aerobatic and Commuter Category
Aeroplanes
Large Aeroplanes (over 5700 kg)
Additional Airworthiness Requirements for Operations
Small Rotorcraft
Large Rotorcraft
Aircraft Noise

Subpart H
Subpart JA
Subpart JB
Subpart K
Subpart L

General
Type certificates
Changes to type certificate
Supplemental type certificates
Production without production organisation approval
Production organisation approval for products, parts and
appliances
Certificates of airworthiness
Design organisation approval -products or changes to
products
Design organisation approval -parts and appliances
Parts and appliances
Export airworthiness approvals

Subpart M
Subpart N
Subpart 0
Subpart P
Subpart Q
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D

Repairs
Imported products, parts and appliances, and changes
designed in a non jaa country
Joint technical standard order authorizations
Joint part approval authorizations
Identification of products, parts and appliances
Production organisation exposition
Quality system
JTSO Specification incl. qualitative design requirements
List of products and applicable requirements

Type Certification
The type certification must follow the procedural requirements for the
issue of type certificates for aircraft, aircraft engines and propellers. Rules
governing the holders of those certificates have also been established.
The authority will only accept an application for a Type Certificate
submitted by a person holding an appropriate Design Organisation
Approval (DOA) under JAR- 21 Subpart JA or having had his application
for DOA accepted under JAR-21.
An application for a Type Certificate must be made in a form and manner
applicable to the authority and must be accompanied by drawings,
preliminary basic data, operating characteristics and limitations.
The authority issues a Type Certificate if satisfied with fulfillment of all
requirements by the applicant. This includes drawings, specifications,
inspections, flight and ground tests, record keeping, etc.
The Type Certificate holder for an aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller
shall produce, maintain and update master copies of all manuals required
by the applicable type certification requirements for the product and
provide copies on request to the authority.

Type Certificate
The Type Certificate/TC is considered to include the type design, the
operating limitations, the type certificate data sheet, the applicable
requirements with which the authority records compliance and any other
conditions or limitations prescribed for the product in the applicable
requirement.
A Type Certificate is effective until surrendered, suspended, and revoked
or a termination date is established by the authority. The Type Certificate
is the property of the manufacturer representing the Type Certificate
holder.

Supplement Type Certification

The authority will only accept an application for a Supplement Type
Certificate/STC submitted by a person holding or having applied for an
appropriate Design Organisation Approval (DOA) under JAR-21 Subpart
JA.
An application for a Supplemental Type Certificate must be made in a form and
manner applicable to the authority and must be accompanied by the descriptions
and identification including all parts of the Type Design and the approved
manuals being affected by the change.
The authority issues a Supplemental Type Certificate if the applicant has entered
into an arrangement with the Type Certificate holder, who advises that he has no
technical objection to the information submitted. In addition the Type Certificate
holder has agreed to collaborate with the Supplemental Type Certificate holder to
ensure discharge of all responsibilities for continued airworthiness of the changed
product.
A Supplement Type Certificate is effective until surrendered, suspended, and
revoked or a termination date is otherwise established by the authority.

Production Organisation Approval for

Products, Parts and Appliances
The applicant must furnish a Production Organisation Exposition/POE
providing the following information:
A statement signed by the accountable manager confirming that
the production organisation exposition and any associated
manuals, which define the approved organizations compliance
with the JAR-21 Subpart G, will be complied with.
Titles, names, duties and responsibilities of the managers involved
A list of certifying staff
A general description of manpower
A general description of the facilities located at the address
specified in the production organizations certificate approval
A general description of the production organizations scope of
work relevant to the Terms of Approval
A description of the quality system and the procedures as required
The authority issues a Production Organisation Approval/POA when
satisfied that compliance has been shown with JAR-21 Subpart G. The
POA remains valid until surrendered, suspended or terminated.
The organisation with a POA may:
In the case of complete aircraft and upon presentation of a
Statement of Conformity I obtain an aircraft certificate of
airworthiness, Standard or Export.
In case of other products, parts or appliances issue authorised
release certificates (JAA Form One).
Maintain a new aircraft that he has produced and issue a
certificate of release to service in respect to that maintenance.

Design Organisation Approval

JAR-21 prescribes the requirements for the Design Organisation
Approval/DOA as follows:
Subpart JA: Design Organisation Approval for products or
changes to products
Subpart JB: Design Organisation Approval for parts and
applications

The applicant must furnish a Design Organisation Handbook/DOH to the

authority, which describes the organisation, the relevant procedures and
the products or changes to products to be designed.
The applicant must show that the organisation has established and can
maintain a Design Assurance System for the control and supervision of
the design, and of design changes, covered by the application.
The authority issues a Design Organisation Approval/DOA when satisfied
that compliance has been shown with the appropriate JAR-21
requirement. The DOA remains valid until surrendered, suspended or
terminated.
The organisation with a DOA may:
obtain a Type Certificate or approval of a major change of a Type
Design
obtain a Supplemental Type Certificate
obtain a Joint Technical Standard Order/JTSO
classify changes of Type Design and repairs as major or minor
under a procedure acceptable to the authority
approve the design of major repairs to products for which he holds
the Type Certificate or the Supplemental Type Certificate under a
procedure acceptable to the authority

Propeller-driven twin-engine aeroplanes in the commuter category

that have a seating configuration, excluding the pilot seats, of
nineteen or fewer and a maximum certificated takeoff weight of
8618 kg (19000 lb) or less

JAR-25 Large Aeroplanes

JAR-25 prescribes airworthiness standards for the issue of type
certificates and changes to those certificates for large turbine-powered
aircraft.
'Large turbine-powered aircraft' means an aeroplane of more than 5700
kg (12500 Lb) certified takeoff weight.
JAR-25 contains requirements in respect to:
Flight performance
Structure
Design and construction
Power plant
Equipment
Operating limitations and information
Gas turbine auxiliary power unit installations

JAR-22 Sailplanes and Powered Sailplanes

JAR-27 Small Rotorcraft

JAR-22 prescribes airworthiness standards for the issue of Type

Certificates and changes to those certificates for:
Sailplanes with a maximum weight of up to 750 kg
Single engine powered sailplanes with a maximum weight of up to
850 kg
Sailplanes and powered sailplanes with up to 2 occupants

JAR-27 prescribes airworthiness standards for the issue of type

certificates and changes to those certificates for small rotorcraft with
maximum weights of 3175 kg (7000 Lb) or less and 9 or less passenger
seats.

JAR-23 Normal, Utility, Aerobatic and

Commuter Category Aeroplane
JAR-23 prescribes airworthiness standards for the issue of Type
Certificates and change to those certificates for
Aeroplanes in the normal, utility and aerobatic categories hat have
a seating configuration, excluding the pilot seats, of nine or fewer
and a maximum certificated takeoff weight of 5670 kg (12500 lb)
or less

JAR-29 Large Rotorcraft

JAR-29 prescribes airworthiness standards for the issue of type
certificates and changes to those certificates for large rotorcraft.

Documents
To comply with national and international requirements a set of
documents must be carried all times on board the respective aircraft.

Certificate of Airworthiness
The Certificate Of Airworthiness/C of A must be accessible and stored
with other airworthiness certificates in the cockpit.
For each aircraft to be legally operated the register state authority must issue a
certificate of airworthiness.
Basic documents required for a certificate of airworthiness are:

A type certificate including type certificate data sheet

An export certificate of airworthiness from the previous register
state
An approved Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM)
Technical documents, maintenance records as applicable

Certificate of Registration
The certificate of registration must be accessible and stored with other
airworthiness certificates in the cockpit. Each aircraft must have its own
aircraft registration based on rules and regulation of the respective
country of registration.
Note: For Swiss rules and regulation see chapter 10.7.

Noise Certificate
The noise certificate must be accessible and stored with other
airworthiness certificates in the cockpit
An aero plane, when flight-tested in accordance with the requirements of
JAR-36 and operated within the limits of the type certificate, shall not
exceed the noise levels specified in JAR-36.140 at the following points on
level terrain (Ref. JAR-36- 120):
Lateral reference measurement point: the point on a line parallel to and
450 m from the runway centre line, or extended centre line, where the
noise level after lift-off is at a maximum during take-off;
Flyover reference noise measurement point: the point on the extended
centre-line of the runway at a distance of 6.5 km from the start-of-roll;
Approach reference noise measurement point: the point on the ground, on
the extended centre-line of the runway 2000 m from the threshold. On
level ground this corresponds to a position 120 m (394 ft) vertically below
the 3"- descent path originating at a point on the runway 300 m beyond
the threshold.

Weight Schedule
An operator shall specify, in the operations manual, the principles and
methods involved in the loading and in the mass and balance system that
meet the requirements of JAR-OPS 1.605. This system must cover all
types of intended operations.
Each weight change has to be recorded and registered in the weight and
balance sheet of the aircraft.
A scheduled aircraft weighing has to be established.
For every flight a weight calculation (load sheet) must be performed and
signed by the pilot.
(a) An operator shall ensure that during any phase of operation,
the loading, mass and centre of gravity of the aeroplane complies with the
limitations specified in the approved aeroplane flight manual, or the
operations manual if more restrictive.
(b) An operator must establish the mass and the centre of gravity
of any aeroplane by actual weighing prior to initial entry into service and
thereafter at intervals of 4 years if individual aeroplane masses are used
and 9 years if fleet masses are used. The accumulated effects of
modifications and repairs on the mass and balance must be accounted for
and properly documented. Furthermore. Aeroplanes must be reweight if
the effect of modifications on the mass and balance is not accurately
known.
(c) An operator must determine the mass of all-operating items
and crewmembers included in the aeroplane dry operating mass by
weighing or by using standard masses. The influence of their position on
the aeroplane centre of gravity must be determined.
(d) An operator must establish the mass of the traffic load,
including any ballast, by actual weighing or determine the mass of the
traffic load in accordance with standard passenger and baggage masses
as specified in JAR-OPS 1.620.
(e) An operator must determine the mass of the fuel load by using
the actual density or, if not known, the density calculated in accordance
with a method specified in the operations manual. (See IEM OPS 1.605(e)
Note: Examples of Weight Schedule Documents see chapter 10.7

Aircraft Station Licence

The aircraft station licence must be accessible and stored with other
airworthiness certificates in the cockpit.
Aircraft communication for COMM. and NAV. needs a licence issued by
the Swiss Federal Office of Communication.

Liability, Insurance Certificate for Aircraft

The liability insurance certificate for aircraft must be accessible and stored
with other airworthiness certificates in the cockpit.
Each aircraft must be equipped with the necessary insurance certificate.