Trends in collaboration and R&D investment: Overview of Science &

Engineering Indicators report

Globally, science and technology is making great strides. Remarkably, developing nations are fast catching up with the
developed nations in terms of R&D investment, technological advances, research output, and research outreach. To map these
changes and understand the latest trends across the world, the US National Science Foundation (NSF) put together a
reportScience & Engineering Indicators 2016 that was released in January 2016. This detailed report serves as a resource for
federal agencies to design policies and understand the leanings of various nations when it comes to research. Lets take a look
at some of the most significant highlights of the report.
Global R&D investment has increased
Worldwide, the expenditure on R&D came up to an estimated $1.671 trillion in 2013, which means it has doubled in the last
decade; the figure in 2003 was $836 billion. The expenditure of United States forms 27% share of the global total, making it the
leading nation in terms of R&D performance. China comes a close second with 20% of the global share, totaling $336.5 billion.
Its investment is almost equivalent to the total investment by the European Union. The countries that form the next tier in
terms of R&D investment are Japan, Germany, South Korea, Russia, the UK, and India.
Collaborations are on the rise
The statistics show a tremendous spurt in collaborations. According to the report, The percentage of publications with authors
from different countries rose from 13.2% to 19.2% between 2000 and 2013. Increased R&D expenditure, improvement in
communication technology, a growing number of trained researchers are deemed to be the pillars behind increased
collaborative projects. The field of astronomy reflects the highest number of collaborative ventures with half of its publications
having international coauthors. Remarkably, US authors collaborate most frequently with Chinese authors: 18.7% of U.S.
international publications have coauthors from China. On the other hand, China and Canada have unusually high percentages of
U.S. participation in their own internationally coauthored publications (45.6% and 44.4%, respectively).
East and Southeast Asia is making exponential progress
East and Southeast Asia is turning into a hub of scientific development, joining the ranks of North America and Europe. The R&D
spending in this region has accounted for about one-third of the global increase in R&D spending over the 20032013 period.
While in 2013, the U.S. had an R&D intensity of 2.7%, Israel and South Korea had a ratio of 4.2%. Moreover, South Korea and
Taiwan have experienced rapid growth in patenting and in intellectual property exports, and the resulting income gained in
these regions has increased over the decade.
Developing nations are advancing faster than developed nations
Developing nations tend to reflect rapid growth rate, which is typical at early stages of economic and technical development. In
comparison, developed nations tend to show a slower pace of growth. This allows the developing nations to get closer to the
developed nations in terms of progress rate, a trend that is clearly reflected when one looks at the progress China has made in
a decade in its R&D investment, science and engineering output (its share being larger than that of the U.S.), and global share of

publication (tripled from 6% in 2003 to 18% in 2013). Other developing nations that have made promising progress include
India and Brazil.
New knowledge flow and citation patterns are emerging
Knowledge flow can be observed by looking at the citation patterns of various regions. The factors that influence these patterns
are culture, geography, and language ties, and perceived impact. Predictably, U.S. publications receive the maximum number of
citations, most of which are cited by Canadian and United Kingdom authors. The report observes that while researchers are
most likely to cite a work in their native language, they often make references to works published by foreign researchers.
Discussing the report, Dan Arvizu, chairman of the National Science Board, observes that, The scientific landscape is
increasingly multipolar. With collaborations on the rise and the emergence of new citation and knowledge flow patterns, the
world of science and research is clearly undergoing a huge transformation. Policy makers, institutions, and funding bodies
would have to consider these factors when making decisions about grants, funding, and collaboration.