POLITEKNIK KUCHING SARAWAK

Chapter 1
Types of Engines
Mohd Sarhan Othman
Department of Mechanical Engineering (Automotive),
Politeknik Kuching Sarawak

Fundamental of the Engine operations

Engine: is a machine that converts
heat energy into mechanical energy.
The heat from burning air-fuel (A/F)
mixture produces power which
moves the vehicle.
Automotive engine are internal
combustion (IC) engine because the
fuel that runs them is burned
internally, or inside the engines.
There are two types of engine
Reciprocating engine: piston
moving up and down, or back
and forth
Rotary engines: have rotor that
spin or rotate

 Essential for Engine Operation

The automobile engine has cylinders
Piston moves up and down in each
cylinder
The car moves because the piston
move
Engine must have available fuel for
moving up and down the piston
Fuel gets into the engine due to the
pressure difference.
Gravity, atmospheric pressure, and
vacuum pressure make it possible
for the fuel to get into the engine
cylinders.
Fuel burns to produce power.
Vacuum is the absence of air.
When a piston moves down in
a cylinder, the pistons creates
a partial vacuum.

Reciprocating
Engine.

Rotary Engine

Actions in the Engine Cylinder

The intake valve closes after the piston passes it bottom
position and starts to move up again
The bottom position of the piston into the cylinder is called
bottom dead center (BDC).

The piston moves up, compresses the A/F mixture into a

confined space is called combustion chamber.
The piston reaches the top position and spark plug fire
The top position of the piston into the cylinder is called top
dead center (TDC).

The spark sets the fire to ignite the compressed A/F

mixture.
The temperature of the burning A/F mixture goes up as
high as 33160C.
The high temperature makes the pressure as high as 4140
kPa (1 psi = 6.9 kPa or 1 bar = 100 kPa).
The 4140 kPa push down the piston of up to 17,792 N
This 17,792 N pushes the piston down
The downward movement, carried through the connecting rod,
rotates the crankshaft
The crankshaft turns the gears and drive shafts to move the
car.

Four Stroke Cycle:

1.Intake
2. compression
3. power
4. exhaust

Fundamental of Diesel Engine Operation

Diesel engines are similar to spark ignition engines in
construction, as both have
pistons, with piston rings,
move up and down in engine cylinders.
Both type of engines burn fuels in combustion
chambers, in the upper parts of the cylinders.
The high pressure produced by the burning fuel, pushes
the pistons down, which rotates the crankshaft.
The rotary motion is transmitted through shaft and
gears, to the drive wheels.

Fundamental of Diesel Engine Operation

The intake valve opens and exhaust valve closes
completely.
The position of the piston into the cylinder is in
bottom dead center (BDC).
Draw the air in to the cylinder.
Both of the valve close and the piston reaches the
top position
The piston moves up, compresses the air into a
confined space is called combustion chamber
until reach to the TDC..
Pressure and temperature increase to its
maximum level.
Injector injects the right amount of fuel to the high
temperature air into the combustion chamber.
Fuel burn instantly due to the high
temperature of air.
Develop the high pressure and force to
push the piston down
Create the torque at the crankshaft to
propel the car.
Fuel injectors are controlled by Electronic control
module (ECM)

Petrol Engine and Diesel Engine - comparison

Major types of engines are petrol and diesel.
The engines required to run with burning petrol and diesel are different
because petrol and diesel are different types of fuel.
Petrol is a highly volatile fuel and gets ignited very easily whereas diesel is
comparatively heavy and dirtier fuel.

Petrol engine

Diesel engine

Petrol Engine and Diesel Engine - comparison

Inlet stroke
In petrol engines, the mixture of air and petrol is drawn in by the falling
piston
In diesel engines, only air is drawn in by the falling piston
Compression stroke
In petrol engine, the mixture is compressed.
In diesel engine, only air is compressed.
Expansion stroke
In petrol engine, the air and fuel mixture is ignited using a spark plug and
burns expanding and forcing the piston down.
In diesel engine, fuel is injected at a high pressure into the hot, compressed
air in the cylinder, causing it to burn and force the piston down. No spark is
required.
Exhaust stroke
In both petrol and diesel engines, the burned mixture of air and fuel is
pushed out of the cylinder by the rising piston.

Petrol engines are lighter than diesel engines.

Petrol engine is called spark ignition engine while the diesel engine is
called compression ignition engine.
Diesel engines have better fuel efficiency as compared to petrol due to
the fact that they have higher compression ratio.
Diesel engines dont need an ignition system, which reduces their
complexity.
But they are more noisy and may require frequent maintenance as compared
to petrol engines.
Also they are more durable.

And now the most important part, fuel economy. Diesel wins in both ways.
Diesel engines give better mileage than petrol engines.
So running on diesel would make you go farther at a lower cost than running
on petrol.

Mode of Operation of Two- Stroke

Engine

Mode of operation of two-stroke engine-continue

Intake. The A/F mixture is
first drawn into the
crankcase by the vacuum
created during the upward
stroke of the piston.
During the downward
stroke the poppet valve is
forced closed by the
increased crankcase
pressure. The fuel mixture
is then compressed in the
crankcase during the
remainder of the stroke

Compression. The piston then

rises, driven by flywheel
momentum, and compresses the
fuel mixture. (At the same time,
another intake stroke is happening
beneath the piston).
Power. At the top of the stroke the
spark plug ignites the fuel mixture.
The burning fuel expands, driving
the piston downward, to complete
the cycle.

Transfer/Exhaust.
Toward the end of the
stroke, the piston
exposes the intake port,
allowing the compressed
fuel/air mixture in the
crankcase to escape
around the piston into
the main cylinder. This
expels the exhaust
gasses out the exhaust
port, usually located on
the opposite side of the
cylinder. Unfortunately,
some of the fresh fuel
mixture is usually
expelled as well.

Difference between Two-stroke engine and four-stroke engine

The two-stroke internal combustion engine differs from the more common four-stroke
engine by completing the same four processes (intake, compression, combustion,
exhaust) in only two strokes of the piston rather than four.
This is accomplished by using the beginning of the compression stroke and the end of
the combustion stroke to perform the intake and exhaust functions.
This allows a power stroke for every revolution of the crank, instead of every second
revolution as in a four-stroke engine.
Two-stroke engines provide high specific power, so they are valued for use in portable,
lightweight applications.
Specific power, which is typically given in kilowatts per litre of engine displacement (or
horsepower per cubic inch).

Two - stroke engine is always worse than in the four-stroke engine, which loses fresh
fuel only because of the "overlap" of the valve times (both valves are open for an
instant).
Beside these performance-technical problems, there are also increasing difficulties with
the environment.
The fuel mixture of the two-stroke engine often gets shifted with a certain quantity of oil
because of the necessary lubrication.
Unfortunately the oil gets burnt partly, too, and harmful gases are expulsed by the
engine.

GAS TURBINE ENGINE

A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal
combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled to
a downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between.
.

The basic operation of the gas turbine:

1) Air flows through a compressor that brings it to higher
pressure.
2) Energy is then added by spraying fuel into the air and
igniting it, thus the combustion generates a hightemperature flow.
3) This high-temperature high-pressure gas enters a turbine,
where it expands down to the exhaust pressure,
producing a shaft work output in the process. The
turbine shaft work is used to drive the compressor and
other devices such as an electric generator that may be
coupled to the shaft.

THE END