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Contents
1.
2.
3.
Introduction.................................................................................................................. 4
What Are Opening Types? .......................................................................................... 5
MacroFlo Opening Types Manager Interface ............................................................ 5
3.1.
Add ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
3.2.
Reference ID ...................................................................................................................................... 5
3.3.
Description ......................................................................................................................................... 5
3.4.
Exposure Type ................................................................................................................................... 6
3.5.
Opening Category .............................................................................................................................. 6
3.5.1.
Custom/Sharp Edge Orifice....................................................................................................... 7
3.5.1.1. Openable Area % ...................................................................................................................... 7
3.5.2.
Window/Door - Side Hung ......................................................................................................... 7
3.5.2.1. Openable Area % ...................................................................................................................... 7
3.5.2.2. Max Angle Open ..................................................................................................................... 7
3.5.2.3. Proportions ................................................................................................................................ 7
3.5.3.
Window - Centre Hung .............................................................................................................. 7
3.5.3.1. Openable Area % ...................................................................................................................... 7
3.5.3.2. Max Angle Open ..................................................................................................................... 8
3.5.3.3. Proportions ................................................................................................................................ 8
3.5.4.
Window - Top Hung................................................................................................................... 8
3.5.4.1. Openable Area % ...................................................................................................................... 8
3.5.4.2. Max Angle Open ..................................................................................................................... 8
3.5.4.3. Proportions ................................................................................................................................ 8
3.5.5.
Window - Bottom Hung.............................................................................................................. 8
3.5.5.1. Openable Area % ...................................................................................................................... 8
3.5.5.2. Max Angle Open ..................................................................................................................... 9
3.5.5.3. Proportions ................................................................................................................................ 9
3.5.6.
Parallel Hung Windows/Flaps.................................................................................................... 9
3.5.6.1. Openable Area % ...................................................................................................................... 9
3.5.6.2. Max Angle Open ..................................................................................................................... 9
3.5.6.3. Proportions ................................................................................................................................ 9
3.5.7.
Window - Sash .......................................................................................................................... 9
3.5.7.1. Openable Area % ...................................................................................................................... 9
3.5.8.
Sliding/Roller Door................................................................................................................... 10
3.5.8.1. Openable Area % .................................................................................................................... 10
3.5.9.
Louvre...................................................................................................................................... 10
3.5.9.1. Openable Area % .................................................................................................................... 10
3.5.9.2. Coefficient of Discharge .......................................................................................................... 10
3.5.10.
Grille ........................................................................................................................................ 10
3.5.10.1.
Openable Area %............................................................................................................ 10
3.5.10.2.
Coefficient of Discharge.................................................................................................. 10
3.5.11.
Duct ......................................................................................................................................... 11
3.5.11.1.
Openable Area %............................................................................................................ 11
3.5.11.2.
Duct Length (m) .............................................................................................................. 11
3.5.11.3.
Duct................................................................................................................................. 11
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3.5.12.
Acoustic Duct........................................................................................................................... 11
3.5.12.1.
Openable Area %............................................................................................................ 11
3.5.12.2.
Duct Length (m) .............................................................................................................. 11
3.5.12.3.
Duct................................................................................................................................. 11
3.6.
Aerodynamic (or equivalent) Area.................................................................................................... 12
-1
-1
-0.6
3.7.
Crack Flow Coefficient (l s m Pa )............................................................................................. 12
3.8.
Crack Length (% of opening perimeter) ........................................................................................... 13
3.9.
Opening Threshold Temperature (C).............................................................................................. 13
3.10. Degree of Opening (% Profile) ......................................................................................................... 13
3.11. OK .................................................................................................................................................... 14
3.12. Cancel .............................................................................................................................................. 14
4.
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1. Introduction
This document describes MacroFlo Opening Types, a program for specifying
the air flow characteristics of openings such as windows and doors for use in
the bulk air flow simulation program MacroFlo.
Please refer to the MacroFlo User Guide and the Apache User Guide for further
information about MacroFlo.
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3.2. Reference ID
An 8-character ID unique to the Opening Type. The Reference ID is
constructed automatically by the program from the Description.
3.3. Description
A verbal description of the Opening Type.
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In the examples above openable area may need to include the impact of frame
area or obstructing elements in the openable area and/or define the openable
area in a large element that contains both openable and fixed parts.
It is important not to confuse openable area with geometric free area which
may not be in the plane of the wall.
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3.5.9. Louvre
3.5.9.1. Openable Area %
The area available for air flow, expressed as a percentage of the overall plane area of the
opening. The value should usually be less than 100%, to allow for frames and bottom
louvres. It is essentially the duct face area.
Openable Area Can be any value from 0% to 100%.
3.5.9.2. Coefficient of Discharge
The coefficient of discharge, Cd, of the louvre used in the calculation of air flow through the
opening (further details in the MacroFlo Calculation Methods manual).
Coefficient of discharge can be any value from 0 to 0.6 Cd.
3.5.10.
Grille
3.5.11.
Duct
3.5.12.
Acoustic Duct
0
P
Windows (Weatherstripped)
Hinged
Lower Quartile
Median
Upper Quartile
0.086
0.13
0.41
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Windows (Non-weatherstripped)
Sliding
0.079
0.15
0.21
Hinged
0.39
0.74
1.1
Sliding
0.18
0.23
0.37
Lower Quartile
Median
Upper Quartile
Hinged
0.082
0.27
0.84
Revolving
1.0
1.5
2.0
Hinged
1.1
1.2
1.4
Sliding
0.2
1.1
1.3
2.0
0.64
0.68
0.75
3.11. OK
Exit the MacroFlo Opening Types Manager and save the changes.
3.12. Cancel
Exit the MacroFlo Opening Types Manager without saving the changes.
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h
height above the ground (m)
and a and K are coefficients taking the following values for different terrain
types:
Terrain
Type
Description
Exponent
a
Layer
Thickness
(m)
Country
0.14
270
0.7244
Suburbs
0.22
370
0.4319
City
0.33
460
0.2097
v = u (met/hmet)
(h/)
where
met = 270 m is the Layer Thickness for the meteorological site (assumed to be
of type Country)
met = 0.14 is the Exponent for the meteorological site (assumed to be of type
Country)
hmet = is the measurement height for the meteorological site (assumed to be 10
m)
In accordance with equations 2 and 3, the values of K appearing in the above
table are calculated from
K = (270/10)0.14 (1/)
An alternative reference wind speed is used in cases not strictly covered by the
experimental data, namely buildings of more than 12.5m in height. In such
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cases the reference wind speed depends on the height of the opening. For
openings less than 12.5m off the ground, v is taken to be the free stream wind
speed at 12.5m, or at the height of the building (whichever is the smaller). For
openings above 12.5m, v is taken to be the free stream wind speed at the
height of the opening.
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