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FASTENERS
In discussing fasteners or connectors, we will make a distinction between permanent fasteners, such as
rivets and weldments, and detachable fasteners, such as screws, bolts ,cotter pins, and so on.
DETACHABLE FASTENERS. SCREW FASTENERS. Since most machine parts that require
connection must usually be made in such a way that they can easily be disassembled as well as
assembled, nonpermanent fasteners or so-called detachable fasteners are required. Screws and bolts
are examples of these. The only difference between a screw and a bolt is that the bolt needs a nut in
order to be used as a fastener, whereas a screw fits into a threaded hole.
BOLTS. Through bolts are the most satisfactory form of screw fastening, since they can be easily
renewed when broken or when the threads strip. A stud bolts (or a stud) has threads on both ends and
particularly useful in applications where a plate is to be bolted to a larger part and a through bolt
cannot be used.
SCREWS. Sems are preassembled fasteners that eliminate the need for hand assembling of screws
and washers. Set screws are a type of semipermanent fasteners used to prevent relative motion
between sliding surface. In general, they are useful in low torque applications involving rotary motion.
Set screws are made in variety of heads and points.
To prevent nuts from working loose, many types of special washers, pins and nuts are used as locking
devices. Some of the most common locking devices are lock nuts, split pins, spring washers, etc.
The Pitch and the Lead. The pitch is the axial distance between corresponding points on adjacent
threads and is equal to the reciprocal of the number of threads per inch. The lead is the distance a
screw moves axially during 1 revolution of the screw. The lead of a single threaded screw is equal to
its pitch, a double threaded screw has a lead equal to twice its pitch, a triple threaded screw has a lead
3 times its pitch, and so on. (See Fig 13-3)