Smart Grid Technology Seminar Report

Smart grid technology
Dept of EEE
Smart Grid Technology

Seminar Report
Technical seminar report
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Dept of EEE
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Dept of EEE
1 . Introduction
A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using two-way digital
technology to control appliances at consumers' homes to save energy,
reduce cost and increase reliability and transparency. It is capable of assessing
its health in real-time, predicting its behavior, anticipatory behavior, adaptation to new
environments, handling distributed resources, stochastic demand, and optimal response to
the smart appliances. It is a tool that allows electric utilities to focus on evolving true
business drivers by enabling cost containment, end-to-end power delivery control, and a
more secure infrastructure.
The grid is considered to have observability with nodes data integration and analysis
to support advances in system operation and control. This includes power delivery
integration and high level utility strategic planning functions.
The existing transmission and distribution systems use techniques and strategies that are
old and there is limited use of digital communication and control technology. To achieve
improved, reliable and economical power delivery information flow and secure integrated
communication is proposed.
The Smart Grid with intelligent functions is expected to provide self-correction,
reconfiguration and restoration, and able to handle randomness of loads and market
participants in real time, while creating more complex interaction behavior with intelligent
devices, communication protocols, standard and smart algorithms to achieve complex
interaction with smart communication and transportation systems.
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The Smart Grid is planned to have the following key characteristics:

Self-healing: A grid, which is able to rapidly detect, analyze, respond and restore
from perturbations.
Empower and incorporate the consumer: The ability to incorporate consumer
equipment and behavior in the design and operation of the grid.
Tolerant of attack: A grid that mitigates and stands resilient to physical and
cyber security attacks.
Provides power quality needed by 21st century users: A grid that
provides a quality of power consistent with consumer and industry needs.
Accommodates a wide variety of generation options: A grid that
accommodates a wide variety of local and regional generation technologies
(including green power).
Fully enables maturing electricity markets: Allows competitive markets for
those who want them.
Optimizes assets: A grid that uses IT and monitoring to continually optimize its
capital assets while minimizing operations and maintenance costs.Overall, the Smart
Grid design goals are to provide grid observability; create controllability of assets,
enhance power system performance and security; and reduce costs of operations,
maintenance, and system planning. Benefits of the Smart Grid with bring forth the
following:
Improved system performance meters.
Better customer satisfaction.
Improved ability to supply information for rate cases, visibility of utility operation /
asset management
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Dept of EEE
Availability of data for strategic planning, as well as better support for digital
summary
More reliable and economic delivery of power enhanced by information flow and
secure communication
Life cycle management, cost containment, and end-to-end power delivery is
improved in the smart grid design
Improved ability to supply accurate information for rate cases- with compounding
impact in regulatory utilities
Input visibility of utility operation to asset management
Impact access to historical data for strategic planning.
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Dept of EEE
2. SMART GRID
A SMART GRID delivers electricity from supplier to consumers using two- way digital
technology to control appliances at consumers homes to save energy, reduce cost and
increase reliability and transparency. It overlays the electricity distribution grid with an
information and net metering system. Power travels from the power plant to your house
through an amazing system called the power distribution grid.Such a modernized
electricity networks is being promoted by many governments as a way of addressing
energy independences, global warming and emergency resilience issues. Smart meters
may be part of smart grid, but alone do not constitute a smart grid.
A smart grid includes an intelligent monitoring system that keeps track of all electricity flowing
in the system. It also incorporates the use of superconductive transmission lines for less power
loss, as well as the capability of the integrating renewable electricity such as solar and wind.
When power is least expensive the user can allow the smart grid to turn on selected home
appliances such as washing machines or factory processes that can run at arbitrary hours. At
peak times it could turn off selected appliances to reduce demand.
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2.1 FUNCTIONS SUPPORTED BY THE SMART GRID

ARCHITECTURE
For the functional scope of the Smart Grid architecture[2], eight functional scenarios
have been defined. A short description of each case is provided in the following
subsections.
2.1.1 Variable-Tariff-Based Load
The key idea of this is a variable price profile given to the customer day ahead before the
delivery by a retailer. This profile is considered fixed after transmission to the customer
and, as such, the customer can rely on it. The price profile will look different for each day,
reflecting market conditions that vary from day to day. These variations will likely further
increase with expanding generation from fluctuating sources like wind power and
photovoltaics. Generally, this concept allows for integration of loads as well as of
generation units at the customer site as it is up to the customer which devices are allowed
to be managed according to the variable tariff. To enable in-home energy management,
a suitable domestic system is required together with an automatic home management
device coupled to an intelligent meter.
2.1.2 Energy Usage Monitoring and Feedback
In the Action Plan for Energy Efficiency, the European Commission estimates the EUwide energy saving potential of households at approx. 27%.
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Dept of EEE
As one important measure for realizing this potential, the action plan states that awareness
must be increased in order to stimulate end-customer behavioural changes. A timely
display of energy consumption is expected to have positive effects on energy savings.
Personalized and well targeted advice on how to save energy can further help exploit the
savings potential. A portal or display that combines information about present and past
consumption, comparisons to average consumption patterns, and precise suggestions how
to further lower consumption, which are tailored personally to the customer, is expected to
be
the most effective way of realizing the targeted increase in households energy
efficiency.
2.1.3 Real-time Portfolio Imbalance Reduction
This function is rooted in the balancing mechanism as used by Transmission System

Operators (TSOs) throughout the world. In this context, a wholesale-market participant,
that is responsible for a balanced energy volume position, is called a Balance
Responsible Party (BRP). These parties have an obligation to plan or forecast the
production and consumption in their portfolio, as well as notify this plan to the TSO.
Deviations of these plans may cause (upward or down-ward) regulation actions by the
TSO. The TSO settles the costs for the used reserve and emergency capacity with those
BRPs that had deviations from their energy programs. On average this results in costs for
the BRP referred to as imbalance costs. This business case scenario focuses on the
balancing actions by a BRP in the near-real time (i.e. at the actual moment of delivery).
Traditionally, these real-time balancing actions are performed by power plants within the
BRPs portfolio. The key idea of this function is the utilization of real-time flexibility of
end-user customers to balance the BRP portfolio.
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Dept of EEE
2.1.4 Offering (secondary) Reserve Capacity to the TSO
Taking the previous function one step further, the BRP uses these VPPs to, additionally,
bid actively into the reserve capacity markets.
2.1.5 Distribution System Congestion Management
This function is aimed at the deferral of grid reinforcements and enhancement of network
utilization to improve the quality of supply in areas with restricted capacity in lines and
transformers. The Distribution System Operator (DSO) avoids infrastructural investments
and optimizes the use of existing assets by active management using services delivered by
smart houses. By coordinated use of these services, end-customer loads can be shifted
away from periods at which congestion occurs and simultaneousness of local supply and
demand can be improved.
2.1.6 Distribution Grid Cell Islanding in Case of Higher- System Instability
The main principle of this is to allow the operation of a grid cell in island mode in case of
higher system instability in a market environment. The scenario has two main steps, the
first occurring before a possible instability and involves keeping a load shedding schedule
up-to-date. The second step is the steady islanded operation. The transition to the island
mode is automatic and neither end users nor the aggregator interferes with it. The system
manages the energy within the island grid and it is considered that all nodes within the
islanded grid will participate in the system.
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2.1.7 Black-Start Support from Smart Houses
The most important concept of this function is to support the black start operation of
the main grid. It is assumed that after the blackout the local grid is also out of
operation. The main goal is to start up quickly in island mode and then to reconnect
with the upstream network in order to provide energy to the system.
2.1.8 Integration of Forecasting Techniques
The volatility of the production level of distributed generators, like renewables and CHP,
makes forecasting a necessary tool for market participation. The market actor with the
lowest forecasting error will have the most efficient
market participation. Moreover, the usage of intelligent management tools for handling
the information about the uncertainties of large-scale wind generation
will improve the system-wide operational costs, fuel and CO2 savings. The Smart Grid
architecture under development must interact with these forecasting tools and
additionally ensure accurate data collection for these tools.
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3. Smart Grid And its Need
Understanding the need for smart grid requires acknowledging a few facts about our
infrastructure. The power grid is the backbone of the modern civilization, a complex
society with often conflicting energy needs-more electricity but fewer fossil fuels,
increased reliability yet lower energy costs, more secure distribution with less
maintenance, effective new construction and efficient disaster reconstruction. But while
demand for electricity has risen drastically, its transmission is outdated and stressed. The
bottom line is that we are exacting more from a grid that is simply not up to the task.
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POWER SYSTEM
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How smart should a smart

power grid
The utilities get the ability to communicate with and control end user hardware,
from industrial- scale air conditioner to residential water heaters. They use that to better
balance supply and demand, in part by dropping demand during peak usage hours.
Taking advantages of information technology to increase the efficiency of the
grid, the delivery system, and the use of electricity at the same time is itself a smart move.
Simply put, a smart grid combined with smart meters enables both electrical utilities and
consumer to be much more efficient.
A smart grid not only moves electricity more efficiently in geographic terms, it also
enables electricity use to be shifted overtime-for example, from period of peak demand to
those of off-peak demand. Achieving this goals means working with consumers who have
smart meters to see exactly how much electricity is being used at any particular time. This
facilitates two-way communication between utility and consumer. So they can cooperate in
reducing peak demand in a way that its advantageous to both. And it allow to the use of two
way metering so that customer who have a rooftop solar electric panel or their ownwindmill
can sell surplus electricity back to the utility.
1. Intelligent :Capable of sensing system overloads and rerouting power to prevent or minimize a potential
outage; of working autonomously when conditions required resolution faster than humans
can respond and co-operatively in aligning the goals of utilities, consumers and regulators.
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2. Efficient :Capable of meeting efficient increased consumer demand without adding
infrastructure.
3. Accommodating :Accepting energy from virtually any fuel source including solar and wind as easily
and transparently as coal and natural gas: capable of integrating any and all better
ideas and technologies energy storage technologies. For e.g.-as they are market
proven and ready to come online.
4. Motivating :Enable real-time communication between the consumer and utility, so
consumer can tailor their energy consumption based on individual
preferences, like price and or environmental concerns.
5. Resilient :Increasingly resistant to attack and natural disasters as it becomes more
decentralization and reinforced with smart grid security protocol.
6. Green :Slowing the advance of global climate change and offering a genuine path
towards significant environmental improvement.
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Dept of EEE
Technology
The bulk of smart grid technologies are already used in other applications such
as manufacturing and telecommunications and are being adapted for use in grid
operations. In general, smart grid technology can be grouped into five key areas
I. Integrated communications
Some communications are up to date, but are not uniform because they have
been developed in an incremental fashion and not fully integrated. In most cases,
data is being collected via modem rather than direct network connection. Areas
for improvement include: substation automation, demand response, distribution
automation, supervisory control and data acquisition(SCADA), energy
management systems, wireless mesh networks and other technologies, powerline carrier communication s and fiber-optics. Integrated communication will
allow for real time control, information and data exchange to optimize system
reliability, asset utilization, and security.
AI. Sensing and measurement
core duties are evaluating congestion and grid stability, monitoring equipment
health, energy theft prevention, and control strategies support. Technologies
include: advanced microprocessor meters (smart meter) and meter reading
equipment, wide-area monitoring system, dynamic line rating(typically based
on online reading by distributed temperature sensing combined with Real time
thermal rating (RTTR) systems), electromagnetic signature
measurement/analysis, time-of-use and real-time pricing tools, advanced
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Dept of EEE
switches and cables, backscatter radio technology, and Digital protective relays
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Dept of EEE
BI.Smart meters
A smart grid replaces analog mechanical meters with digital meters that
record usage in real time. Smart meters are similar to Advanced Metering
Infrastructure meters and provide a communication path extending from
generation plants to electrical outlets (smart socket) and other smart gridenabled devices. By customer option, such devices can shut down during times
of peak demand.
IV.
Advanced components
Innovations in superconductivity, fault tolerance, storage, power electronics, and

diagnostics components are changing fundamental abilities and characteristics of
grids. Technologies within these broad R&D categories include: flexible
alternating current transmission system devices, high voltage direct current, first
and second generation superconducting wire, high temperature superconducting
cable, distributed energy generation and storage devices, composite conductors,
and intelligent appliances.
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Dept of EEE
REDUCTION O F LOSSES IN GRID

TECHNICAL LOSSES IN T&D SYSTEM:
Transmission system comprises of transmission towers, conductors,
insulators and switchgear protection system transmits power from generating
station to any particular distribution substation. Distribution system
comprises of feeder towers, poles and insulators etc.
which distribute power fromdistribution substation to any particular area.
Parameters influencing T&D system:
1) Transformer
2) Transmission line
3) Distribution line
TRANSFORMER LOSSES :Transformer losses are mainly classified as

a. iron losses
b. copper losses
a) IRON LOSSES
The loss of power consumed to sustain the magnetic field in transformer steel
core. It is also known as iron losses.
Magnetic losses = hysteresis loss + eddy current loss
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Dept of EEE
b) COPPER LOSSES
The total power loss taking place in the winding of transformer is
called as copper (Cu) loss or electrical losses.
Cu losses =I12R1+ I22R2
Now, that we have learned the number of losses in T&D sector so also lets have
a view to reduce or conserve this losses. The major percentage of losses occurring in
T&D sector are only transformer losses. It contributes to 40% of losses inT&D system.
So, it is sole responsibility to reduce them.
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ENERGY CONSERVATION TECHNIOUES ENERGY CONSERVATION IN TRANSMISSION SYSTEM:

Transformer is a static device. It does not have any moving parts. So, a
transformer is free from mechanical and frictional losses. Thus, it faces only
electrical losses and magnetic losses. Hence the efficiency of conventional
transformer is high around 95-98%.
Thus, energy conservation opportunities for trans former are available only in
design and material used. Also optimizing loading of transformer can increase
efficiency of system.
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ENERGY CONSERVAT ION TECHNIQ UES IN

TRANSFORMER
OPTIMIZATION OF LOADING OF TRANSFORMER:The environmental protection agency (EPA) brought study report that nearly 61 billion
K WH of electricity is wasted in each year only as transformer losses.
Study of typical grid system showed that, power transformer contributes nearly 40% to
50% of total transmission and distribution losses.
Maintaining maximum efficiency to occur at 38% loading (as recommended by REC),
the overall efficiency of transformer can be increased and its losses can be reduced. The
load loss may be even reduced by using thicker conductors.
Transformer ratings
Re duction in losses at 38% loadi ng
25 KVA
685-466W
63KVA
1235-844W
100KVA
1760-1196W
IMPROVISION IN DESIGN AND MATERIAL

OF TRANSFORMER
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This is nothing but the reducing No-Load losses or Core Losses. They can be
reduced by following methods:-
1) BY USING ENERGY EFFICIENT TRANSFORMER:By using superior quality or improved grades of CRGO (Cold Rolled Grain
Oriented) laminations, the no-load losses can be reduced to 32%.
2) BY USING AMORPHOUS TRANSFORMER:Transformer with superior quality of core material i.e. amorphous alloy is called
Amorphous Transformers. Amorphous alloy is made up of Iron-boron-silicon alloy. The
magnetic core of this transformer is made with amorphous metal, which is easily
magnetized / demagnetized. Typically, core loss can be 7080% less than itsMolten metal
mixture when cooled to solid state at a very high speed rate, retain a random atomic
structure that is not crystalline. This is called Amorphous transformer.
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ENERGY C ONSERVA T I O N I N T R A NSMISSI ON LI NE:Transmission losses can be reduced as follows:1) BY REDUCING RESISTANCE Losses are directly proportional to I2r in conductor. So, if we reduce R from this
surely the losses will be reduced. For this we can use stranded or bundled conductors
or ACSR conductors. And even this method is been adopted and also successful.
ACC
ACSR Conductor
2) BY CONTROLLING VOLTAGE LEVELSThis can be done by following methods1. By using voltage controllers
2. By using voltage stabilizer
3. By using power factor controller

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AWRENESS IN CONSUMERSThis is one of most important and useful/helpful for energy conservation. This can be
done by asking consumer to make use of energy efficientequipments,by giving seminar
about energy conservation and make them aware and understand about the happening and
there advantages and disadvantages etc.
Effective use of smart grid technologies by customer helps utilities
Optimizes grid use.
Improve grid efficiency and security.
Better align demand with supply constraints & grid congestion.
Enable distributed generation (especially fromrenewablesources)
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Dept of EEE
ENERGY C ONSERVA T I O N I N D IST R IBU T I ON SY STEM :This is done by considering following points:1) BALANCING OF PHASE LOADAs a result of unequal loads on individual phase sequence, components
causes over heating of transformers, cables, conductors motors. Thus,
increasing losses and resulting in the motor malfunctioning under unbalanced
voltage conditions. Thus, keeping the system negative phase sequence voitage
within limits, amount of savings in capital (saving the duration of equipment )
as well as energy losses. Thus, to avoid this losses, the loads are distributed
evenly as is practical between the phases.
1) POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENTLow power factor will lead to increased current and hence increase
losses and will affect the voltage. The power factor at peak is almost unity.
However, during off peak hours, mainly (11 am to 3 pm ) the power factor
decreases to around 0.8, this may be due to following reasons,
Wide use of fans.
Wideindustrialloads
Wide use of agricultural and domestic pumping motors.
Less use of high power factor loads like lightubg etc.
Now, to improve power factor at off peak hours the consumers must
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be aware of the effects of low power factor and must connect compensation
equipments DSTACOM, capacitor bank.
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Dept of EEE
SMART METERS
A
smart meter generally refers to a type of advanced meters that identifies
consumption in more detail than a conventional meter and communicates that information
back to the local utility for monitoring and billing, a process known as telemetering
.
These meters includes additional functions to power measurement such as communication,
data storage, remote programming, and time-of-use rates , and are intended to be deployed
as advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) solution. Smart meters are the next generation of
electricity and gas meters. smart meter will empower customer to make choices on how
much energy they use. Supplier will install two-way communication system that display
accurate real time information on energy use in the home to the consumer and back to the
energy supplier.
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Dept of EEE
COMPARISION BETWEEN TODAYS GRID

AND SMART GRID(MODERN GRID)
Characteristics
Today's grid
1) Self-heals
Respond to prevent further

damage. focus is on
protection of assets
following system faults.
2) Motivates &
includes the
consumers
Consumers are uniformed

&non-participative with the
power system.
3) Resist attack
Vulnerable to malicious
acts of terrors natural
disasters.
Focused on outstage rather
than power quality
problems. Solve response in
revolving PQ issues.
4) Provided power
st
quality for 21
century needs
5) Accommodates all
generation and
storage option.
Relatively small no. of

large generating plants.
numerous obstacles exist
for interconnecting DER.
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Smart grid
(Modern grid)
Automatically detects &
respond to actual &
emerging transmission
&distribution problems.
Focus is on prevention.
minimizes computer
impacts.
Informed involve &active
consumers. Broad
penetration of demand
response.
Resilient to attach &natural
disasters with rapid
restoration capabilities.
Quality of power meets
industry standards &
consumers need. PQ issues
identified &revolved prior
to manifestation. Various
levels of PQ at various
prices.
Very large no. of diverse
distributed generation &
storage devices deployed to
complements the large
generating plant.

Dept of EEE
Advantages Of Smart Grid Reduces the cost of blackouts.

Helps measure and reduces energy conservation and costs.
Help businesses to reduce their carbon footprints.
Opens up new opportunities for tech companies meaning more jobs created.
Disadvantages Of Smart Grid

Biggest concern: it has security and privacy.
Two-way communication between power consumer and provider and sensors
so it is costly.
Some type of meter can hacked.
HACKER Gain control of thousand even millions, of meters.
Increases or decreases the demand of power.
Not simply a single component .various technology components are used are
software, system integrators,the power generators.
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Dept of EEE
Future : In the new future, will not be any vast development.

Risky because of financial developments and regulations.
In the long run, attitudes will change, wide spread usage of the smart grid from
every business to every home just like the internet.
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Dept of EEE
RELIABILITY
Renewable resources, while supplementing the generation capability of the grid and
addressing some environmental concerns, aggravate the reliability due to their volatility.
Demand response and electric storage resources are necessary for addressing economics of the
grid and are perceived to support grid reliability through mitigating peak demand and load
variability. Electric transportation resources are deemed helpful to meeting environmental
targets and can be used to mitigate load variability. Balancing the diversity of the
characteristics of these resource types presents challenges in maintaining grid reliability [7].
Reliability has always been in the forefront of power grid design and operation due to the cost
of outages to customers. In the US, the annual cost of outages in 2002 is estimated to be in the
order of $79B [5] which equals to about a third of the total electricity retail revenue of $249B
[6]. A similar estimate based on 2008 retail revenue would be of the order of $109B. Much
higher estimates have been reported by others. The reliability issues in modern power grids
are becoming increasingly more challenging. Factors contributing to the challenges include:
Aggravated grid congestion, driven by uncertainty, diversity and distribution of energy

supplies due to environmental and sustainability concerns. The power flow patterns in
real-time can be significantly different from those considered in the design or off-line
analyses.
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Dept of EEE
More numerous, larger transfers over longer distances increasing volatility and
reducing reliability margins. This phenomenon is aggravated by energy markets.
The grid being operated at its edge in more locations and more often because of:
Insufficient investment and limited rights of way
Increasing energy consumption and peak demand creating contention for limited
transfer capability
Aging infrastructure
Maximizing asset utilization driven by modern tools for monitoring, analyzing
and control
Consolidation of operating entities giving rise to a larger foot print with more
complex problems and requiring smaller error margins and shorter
decision times. This problem may be aggravated by depletion of experienced
personnel due to retirement, etc.
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Dept of EEE
DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS

The reliability problem also arises due to faults occurring in the system. A set of
advanced automation functions [8] is developed to combat this problem. These new
distribution management functions can be summarized as follows:
The Fault Diagnosis and Alarm Processing Function:

This function is automatically triggered immediately after the occurrence of a fault. It
produces a diagnosis of events on the basis of a set of pre-defined scenarios (a comparison of
the remote information flow is made with the patterns predefined by experienced operators).
The diagnosis produces an analysis of the type of fault enabling the operator to quickly
understand what happened in the network under its control. The function can also detect
missing remote control signals.
7.1.2 The Fault Location Function:

After detecting and analyzing the fault, it is necessary to find the location of the fault.
The goal of this function is to quickly determine the section of the feeder where the fault
occurred. This is performed by analyzing the information sent from fault indicators to the
control center. Operators can then intervene and isolate the fault area by remotely opening
the corresponding switches. The degree of accuracy depends on the density of fault
indicators on the MV network.
7.1.3 The Service Restoration Function:

After locating the fault, this function finds all the plans allowing power restoration to lost
customers of the non-faulted section of the feeder while considering technical constraints. Each
plan consists of a series of actions,(opening/closing of switching devices) leading to power
restoration
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P a g e | 26
The Fault Diagnosis and Alarm Processing Function:

This function is automatically triggered immediately after the occurrence of a fault. It
produces a diagnosis of events on the basis of a set of pre-defined scenarios (a comparison of
the remote information flow is made with the patterns predefined by experienced operators).
The diagnosis produces an analysis of the type of fault enabling the operator to quickly
understand what happened in the network under its control. The function can also detect
missing remote control signals.
7.1.2 The Fault Location Function:

After detecting and analyzing the fault, it is necessary to find the location of the fault.
The goal of this function is to quickly determine the section of the feeder where the fault
occurred. This is performed by analyzing the information sent from fault indicators to the
control center. Operators can then intervene and isolate the fault area by remotely opening
the corresponding switches. The degree of accuracy depends on the density of fault
indicators on the MV network.
7.1.3 The Service Restoration Function:

After locating the fault, this function finds all the plans allowing power restoration to
lost customers of the non-faulted section of the feeder while considering technical
constraints. Each plan consists of a series of actions, (opening/closing of switching devices)
leading to power restoration.
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P a g e | 27
CONCLUSION
With the increasing world population, thereby increasing demand, and depleting resources the
need to be smart and efficient in our energy usage has become an imperative.
Implementation of Smart Grid concept would go a long way in solving many of the present
energy issues and problems. The whole network needs to be upgraded to meet the
requirements i.e. at transmission as well as distribution level. Researches are going on to find
the optimal solution and new technology to make all the desired characteristics possible.
Smart Meters, Smart Homes, Smart City and so on would constitute the Smart Grid. As the
new technologies would be invented and existing ones boosted up to
meet the desired specifications the Smart Grid would become a reality and change the
whole energy pattern throughout the world.
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P a g e | 28
Resources of information
Articles:Energy Conservation Through Energy Management
- byProf. S. P. Rath (IEEMA magazine, January 2008)
WIRELESS Transmission Of Electric Power

- by Syed Khadeerullah(Electrical India magazine, January
2008)
Magazine of Electrical India 2010
Websites:www.nima.com www.howstuffworks.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.xcelenergy.com/smartgridcity
www.schneider.com www.powersmiths.com
www.renewableenrgyworld.com
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