APPLICATION OF AAS INSTRUMENT IN FOOD INDUSTRY

REFERENCES
INTERNET
(Anonymous , 15 th April 2015)
http://oro.open.ac.uk/28247/(11/4)
(Anonymous , 15 th April 2015)
http://blogs.maryville.edu/aas/uses/
(Anonymous , 15 th April 2015)
http://www.foodquality.com/details/article/2785491/Atomic_Absorption_for_Trace_Elem
ent_Analysis_in_the_Food_and_Beverage_Industry.html
(Anonymous , 15 th April 2015)
http://faculty.sdmiramar.edu/fgarces/labmatters/instruments/aa/AAS_Theory/AASTheory.
htm
(Mary Millikan , Sch. of Engineering & Science, FOHES & ISI , Victoria
University ,Australia)
http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/26282.pdf
(Julia O'Hallorans and Marco A. Inzunza , 15

th

April 2015)

NEW MEXICO STATES UNIVERSITY

http://hydrology1.nmsu.edu/teaching/soil698/Student_Material/AA/Portaweb.h
tm
BOOK
David Harvey 1956 , Modern Analytical Chemistry, First Edition
McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION
AAS,page 412

APPLICATION OF AAS INSTRUMENT IN FOOD INDUSTRY

JOURNAL

APPLICATION OF AAS INSTRUMENT IN FOOD INDUSTRY

APPLICATION OF AAS INSTRUMENT IN FOOD INDUSTRY

INTRODUCTION
AAS
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a spectroanalytical procedure for the quantitative
determination of chemical elements using the absorption of optical radiation (light) by free atoms
in the gaseous state.
In analytical chemistry the technique is used for determining the concentration of a particular
element (the analyte) in a sample to be analyzed. AAS can be used to determine over 70 different
elements in solution or directly in solid samples used in pharmacology, biophysics and
toxicology research.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy was first used as an analytical technique, and the underlying
principles were established in the second half of the 19th century by Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, both professors at the University of Heidelberg, Germany.
The modern form of AAS was largely developed during the 1950s by a team of Australian
chemists. They were led by Sir Alan Walsh at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organization (CSIRO), Division of Chemical Physics, in Melbourne, Australia.
Figure 1

Atomic absorption spectrometry has many uses in different areas of chemistry such as:

Clinical analysis: Analyzing metals in biological fluids and tissues such as whole blood,
plasma, urine, saliva, brain tissue, liver, muscle tissue, semen

Pharmaceuticals: In some pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, minute quantities of a

catalyst that remain in the final drug product

Water analysis: Analyzing water for its metal content.

APPLICATION OF AAS INSTRUMENT IN FOOD INDUSTRY

BACKGROUND
The relatively small number of atomic absorption lines (compared to atomic emission lines) and
their narrow width (a few pm) make spectral overlap rare; there are only very few examples
known that an absorption line from one element will overlap with another. Molecular absorption,
in contrast, is much broader, so that it is more probable that some molecular absorption band will
overlap with an atomic line. This kind of absorption might be caused by un-dissociated
molecules of concomitant elements of the sample or by flame gases. We have to differentiate
between the spectra of di-atomic molecules, which display a pronounced fine structure, and those
of larger (usually tri-atomic) molecules that dont read such fine structure. Another source of
background absorption, particularly in ET AAS, is scattering of the primary radiation of particles
that are generated in the atomization stage, when the matrix could not be removed sufficiently in
the paralysis stage.
All these phenomena, molecular absorption and radiation scattering, can result in artificially high
absorption and an improperly high (erroneous) calculation of the concentration or volume of the
analyte in the sample. In that respect are various techniques available to compensate for
background absorption, and they are significantly different for LS AAS and HR-CS AAS.
Background correction techniques in LS AAS
In LS AAS background absorption can only be corrected using instrumental techniques, and all
of them are founded on two sequential measurements, firstly, total absorption (atomic plus
background), secondly, background absorption only, and the remainder of the two measurements
gives the net atomic absorption. Because of this, and because of the use of additional devices in
the spectrometer, the signal-to-interference ratio of background-corrected signals are always
significantly inferior compared to uncorrected signals. It should likewise be pointed out that in
LS AAS there is no path to correct for (the uncommon case of) a direct overlap of two atomic
lines. In effect there are three techniques used for background correction in LS AAS:
Deuterium background correction
This is the oldest and still most commonly applied technique, particularly for flame AAS. In this
instance, a separate source (a deuterium lamp) with broad emission is used to measure the
background absorption over the full width of the exit slit of the spectrometer. The use of a
separate lamp makes this technique the least accurate one, as it cannot correct for any structured
background. It also cannot be used at wavelengths above about 320 NM, as the emission volume
of the deuterium lamp becomes very light. The use of deuterium HCL is preferable compared to
an arc lamp due to the better fit of the image of the former lamp with that of the analyte HCL.

APPLICATION OF AAS INSTRUMENT IN FOOD INDUSTRY

Smith-Hieftje background correction

This technique is established on the line-broadening and self-reversal of discharge lines from
HCL when high flow is used. Total absorption is measured with normal lamp current, i.e., with a
narrow emission line, and background absorption after application of a high-current pulse with
the profile of the self-reversed line, which has less emission at the original wavelength, but
strong emission on both sides of the analytical line. The advantage of this technique is that only
one radiation source is used; among the disadvantages are that the high-current pulses reduce
lamp lifetime, and that the technique can only be used for relatively volatile elements, as only
those exhibits sufficient self-reversal to avoid dramatic loss of sensitivity. Another trouble is that
the backdrop is not valued at the same wavelength as total absorption, making the technique
unsuitable for correcting structured background.
Zeeman-effect background correction
An alternating magnetic field is utilized at the atomizer to break up the absorption line into three
components, the component, which stays at the same location as the original absorption line,
and two components, which are moved to higher and lower wavelengths, respectively. Total
absorption is measured without magnetic field and background absorption with the magnetic
field on. The component has to be taken away in this case, examples using a polarizer, and the
components do not overlap with the emission profile of the lamp, so that only the background
absorption is measured. The advantages of this technique are
1. That full and background absorption is measured with the same emission profile of the
same lamp, so that any kind of background, including background with fine structure can
be corrected accurately, unless the molecule responsible for the desktop is likewise
regarded by the magnetic domain
2. Using a chopper as a Polariser reduces the signal to noise ratio. While the disadvantages
are the increased complexity of the spectrometer and power supply needed for extending
the powerful magnet needed to break up the absorption line.
Background correction techniques in HR-CS AAS
In HR-CS AAS background correction is carried out mathematically in the software using
information from detector pixels that are not used for measuring atomic absorption; hence, in
contrast to LS AAS, no additional components are required for background correction.
Background correction using correction pixels
It has already been mentioned that in HR-CS AAS lamp flicker noise is eliminated using
correction pixels. In fact, any increase or decrease in radiation intensity that is observed to the
same extent at all pixels chosen for correction is eliminated by the correction algorithm. This
obviously also includes a reduction of the measured intensity due to radiation scattering or

APPLICATION OF AAS INSTRUMENT IN FOOD INDUSTRY

molecular absorption, which is corrected in the same way. As a measurement of total and
background absorption, and rectification of the latter, is strictly simultaneous (in contrast to LS
AAS), yet the quick changes of background absorption, as they may be observed in ET AAS, do
not have any trouble. In summation, as the same algorithm is utilized for background correction
and elimination of lamp noise, the background corrected signals show a much better signal-tonoise ratio compared to the uncorrected signals, which is also in contrast to LS AAS.

Background correction using a least-squares algorithm

The above technique can obviously not correct for a background with fine structure, as in this
case the absorbance will be different at each of the correction pixels. In this case HR-CS AAS is
offering the possibility to measure correction spectra of the atoms that are responsible for the
background and store them in the computer. These spectra are then multiplied by a factor to
match the intensity of the sample spectrum and subtracted pixel by pixel and spectrum by
spectrum from the sample spectrum using a least-squares algorithm. This might sound complex,
but foremost of all the number of di-atomic molecules that can subsist at the temperatures of the
atomizers used in AAS is relatively low, and second, the rectification is performed by the
computer within a few minutes. The same algorithm can actually also be used to correct for
direct line overlap of two atomic absorption lines, making HR-CS AAS the only AAS technique
that can correct for this kind of spectral interference.

APPLICATION OF AAS INSTRUMENT IN FOOD INDUSTRY

PRINCIPLES
The atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) is an analytical method based on the
absorption of UV or visible light by gaseous atoms. The sample becomes atomized by injecting a
solution into a flame or by heating a dried sample in an energized graphite tube. As source of
light, a hollow-cathode lamp is used to determine the contained element. These element's atoms
in the flame absorb precisely the wavelength sent by the source of light. The absorption is
proportional to the concentration.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a very common technique for detecting metals
and metalloids in solid and aqueous samples. It is very reliable and simple to use. The technique
is based on the fact that ground state metals absorb light at specific wavelenths. Metal ions in a
solution are converted to atomic state by means of a flame. Light of the appropriate wavelength
is supplied and the amount of light absorbed can be measured against a standard curve. The
technique of (AAS) requires a liquid sample to be aspirated, aerosolized, and mixed with
combustible gases, such as acetylene and air or acetylene and nitrous oxide. The mixture is
ignited in a flame whose temperature ranges from 2100 to 2800 oC. During combustion, atoms
of the element of interest in the sample are reduced to free, unexcited ground state atoms, which
absorb light at characteristic wavelengths. The characteristic wavelengths are element specific
and accurate to 0.01-0.1nm. To provide element specific wavelengths, a light beam from a lamp
whose cathode is made of the element being determined is passed through the flame. A device
such as a photonmultiplier can detect the amount of reduction of the light intensity due to
absorption by the analyte, and this can be directly related to the amount of the element in the
sample.
The atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) is an analytical method based on the
absorption of UV or visible light by gaseous atoms. The sample becomes atomized by injecting a
solution into a flame or by heating a dried sample in an energized graphite tube. As source of
light, a hollow-cathode lamp is used to determine the contained element. These element's atoms
in the flame absorb precisely the wavelength sent by the source of light. The absorption is
proportional to the concentration.

Figure 2

Light absorption process of atoms

APPLICATION OF AAS INSTRUMENT IN FOOD INDUSTRY

The technique makes use of absorption spectrometry to assess the concentration of an

analyte in a sample. It requires standards with known analyte content to establish the relation
between the measured absorbance and the analyte concentration and relies therefore on
the Beers Lambert Law.
In short, the electrons of the atoms in the atomizer can be promoted to higher orbitals
(excited state) for a short period of time (nanoseconds) by absorbing a defined quantity of energy
(radiation of a given wavelength). This amount of energy, i.e., wavelength, is specific to a
particular electron transition in a particular element. In general, each wavelength corresponds to
only one element, and the width of an absorption line is only of the order of a few picometers
(pm), which gives the technique its elemental selectivity. The radiaton flux without a sample and
with a sample in the atomizer is measured using a detector, and the ratio between the two values
(the absorbance) is converted to analyte concentration or mass using the Beer-Lambert Law.
The selection of the monochromator is vital to obtain a linear calibration curve (Beers'
Law), the bandwidth of the absorbing species must be broader than that of the light source;
which is difficult to achieve with ordinary monochromators. The monochromator is a very
important part of an AAS because it is used to separate the thousands of lines generated by all of
the elements in a sample. Without a good monochromator, detection limits are severely
compromised. A monochromator is used to select the specific wavelength of light that is
absorbed by the sample and to exclude other wavelengths. The selection of the specific
wavelength of light allows for the determination of the specific element of interest when it is in
the presence of other elements. The light selected by the monochromator is directed onto a
detector, typically a photomultiplier tube, whose function is to convert the light signal into an
electrical signal proportional to the light intensity. The challenge of requiring the bandwidth
of the absorbing species to be broader than that of the light source is solved with radiation
sources with very narrow lines.

APPLICATION OF AAS INSTRUMENT IN FOOD INDUSTRY

BASIC INSTRUMENTATION

INSTRUMENT COMPONENTS

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 1

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 2

APPLICATION OF AAS INSTRUMENT IN FOOD INDUSTRY

Hollow Cathode Lamp

Figure 3

In AA instrument the light source is named Hollow cathode lamp.The light from hollow cathode
lamp is important eventhough no monochromator.This is because when the metal or sample to be
tested analyse supplied energy within it will elevate to the excited states. Upon returning to the
ground state, exactly the same wavelengths that are useful in the analysis are emitted, since it is
the analyzed metal with exactly the same energy levels that undergoes excitation. The hollow
cathode lamp therefore must contain the element being determined. A typical atomic absorption
laboratory has a number of different lamps in stock which can be interchanged in the instrument,
depending on what metal is being determined. Some lamps are "multielement," which means that
several different specified kinds of atoms are present in the lamp and are excited when the lamp
is on. The light emitted by such a lamp consists of the line spectra of all the kinds of atoms
present. No interference will usually occur as long as the sufficiently intense line for a given
metal can be found which can be cleanly separated from all other lines with the monochromator.

APPLICATION OF AAS INSTRUMENT IN FOOD INDUSTRY

Figure 4

A Lamp Compartment
B Light Source (Hollow Cathode Lamp)
C Alignment Knobs
The light source generates resonance lines that can be absorbed by atoms of the element of
unknown concentration. The ideal activity that a light source should produce is a steady, low
noise signal with very little interference and a long operating life. The common light sources
used in atomic absorption spectrophotometry are the hollow cathode lamps (HCL) and the
electrodeless discharge lamps (EDL). The Perkin-Elmer model 460 uses hallow cathode
lamps. The HCL consists basically of three parts: a sealed glass tube filled with argon or neon, a
cathode built from the element of interest, and an anode. The gas ions are accelerated ahead the
cathode by a high voltage, hitting and displacing atoms of the element that are then excited by
collisions with gas ions. As atoms suffer excitation they radiate light of the proper wavelength
for absorption by atoms of the same element in the flame. The HCL can be of two types
depending on the material used to build the cathode: single or multi elements. HCL are
commonly use as the light source for most elements, however with volatile elements short lamp
life and low light intensity may be a problem.

Flames

APPLICATION OF AAS INSTRUMENT IN FOOD INDUSTRY

Figure 5
All flames require both a fuel and an oxidant in order to exist. Bunsen burners and Meker
burners utilize natural gas for the fuel and air for the oxidant. The temperature of such a flame is
1800 K maximum. In order to atomize and excite most metal ions and achieve significant
sensitivity for quantitative analysis, however, a hotter flame is desirable. Most AA and FP
flames today are air-acetylene flames-acetylene the fuel; air the oxidant. A maximum
temperature of 2300 K is achieved in such a flame. Ideally, pure oxygen with acetylene would
produce the highest temperature (3100 K), but such a flame suffers from the disadvantage of a
high burning velocity, which decreases the completeness of the atomization and therefore lowers
the sensitivity. Nitrous oxide (N20) used as the oxidant, however, produces a higher flame
temperature (2900 K) while burning at a low rate. Thus, N2O-acetylene flames are fairly popular.
The choice is made based on which flame temperature/burning velocity combination works best
with a given element. Since all elements have been studied extensively, the recommendations for
any given element are available from literature sources or reference books (see pages 451-453)
or in applications literature from instrument manufacturers. Air-acetylene flames are the most
commonly used.

Flame Atomizer System

(Method to break the chemical bonds to produce ground states atoms)

APPLICATION OF AAS INSTRUMENT IN FOOD INDUSTRY

Parts in Flame system is Burner and Nebulizer

Burner
Where combustion occur
Atomic vapor of the element to be analyzed is produced
Type of Burner

Premix burner

Total
consumption
burner

Figure 7

Most instruments are equipped to accept a

variety of fuels and oxidants. As the gas
Fuel
combinations are varied (see previous
The premix
burner
does
awaynecessary
with this to change
discussion),
it is
usually
difficulty
and ishead
the burner
used
the burner
to one typically
suitable for
thein
AA. particular
The sample
is nebulizedchosen.
and mixed
combination
A faster
with burning
the fuel mixture
and oxidant
prior
to a burner head
would
require
introduction
into theslot
flame,
the use of burning
with a smaller
so aswith
to discourage
a series
of baffles. Figure 13 is a diagram of
(explosion!)
Figure 6 inside the head of a premix
Oxida
Sampl
this design.
burner. Here also the sample is drawn
nt
e
from the sample
container
The cross-sectional
view
of a totalvia the vacuum
Today,
most
of
thefuel
burners
used are those of
created
by(nebulizer).
the rushing
and
consumption
burner
The
fuel,oxidant
The fuel (usually acetylene) and
long-slot
burning
premixed
Adesigned
drain
line
is required
in thisfuel and
oxidant and (aspiration).
sample
all meet
at the
base
of the
oxidant (usually air) are forced,
oxidant
gases
and fitted
with solution
a pneumatic
design
in order
to remove
sample
flame.
under pressure, into the flame,
nebulizer.
selection
theway
flame
droplets
that do The
not make
it allofthe
to is
whereas the sample is drawn into the This type of burner
head
is
used
in
flame
important
for section
complete
atomization and to
the flame.
See the
entitled
flame by aspiration. The rush of the
photometry and
is
not
useful
for
atomic
avoid ionization.
When
the flame temperature
"Important
Experimental
Considerations"
fuel and oxidant through the burner
absorption. The
reason
for
this
is
that
the
isdiscussion
too low, atomization
will
be incomplete
for: aPhenumatic
ofora potential
safety
hazard
Nebulizer
ultrasonic
head creates a vacuum in the
resulting flame
is
turbulent
and
nonsince
the
flame
cannot
supply
sufficient
associated
with this.
convert
sample line and draws the sample
homogenous-a property
negates its
energy that
to dissociate
the compounds in the
from the sample container into the
usefulness Sample
in AA,sample.
since
theOn
flame
must be
theFine
other
hand, if the flame
Solution
to
flame with a "nebulizing" or mixing
homogeneous,
fortemperature
the same
reason
that
mist/aerosol.Using
the same
principle
is too
high, theas
atoms formed
effect.
paintcuvettes
spray
scent
different sample
in molecular
may
be and
ionized
reducing the number of atoms
spectrophotometry
must be closely matched.
present.
suck up liquid samples at
One would not want the absorption properties
controlled rate.
to change from one moment to the next
because
of the lack
of homogeneity
in the
create
a fine
aerosol spray
for
flame. introduction into flame.

Mix in
Flame
syste
m

APPLICATION OF AAS INSTRUMENT IN FOOD INDUSTRY

Monochromator

Figure 8
The monochromator is included as an important device of the optical system of an atomic
absorption spectrophotometer. The function of this device in atomic absorption is to separate the
spectral line of interest from others spectral lines with different wavelengths emitted by the
hollow-cathode lamp. The desired spectral line is chosen with the preferred wavelength and
bandwidth by an appropriate monochromators setting named grating. A grating is a reflective
surface, scored either mechanically or holographically with parallel grooves that can be designed
for different wavelength regions. Generally, most of the instruments are equipped with two
gratings with the goal to cover a wavelength range from 189 to 851 nm which is used in atomic
absorption.

Photomultiplier Detector

APPLICATION OF AAS INSTRUMENT IN FOOD INDUSTRY

Figure 9
The monochromator receives light from the hollow-cathode lamp through the flame
together with the light emitted from the flame. The signal arising at the detector from the flame
emission will be rejected and only that from the hollow-cathode lamp will be accepted. The
detector used almost universally is a photomiltiplier tube whose current output corresponds to
the intensity of the light falling on its photocathode. This feeds the amplifier and output device,
which displays the measured signals.

APPLICATION OF AAS INSTRUMENT IN FOOD INDUSTRY

Readout Components
As with molecular spectrophotometry, the readout of the absorbance and transmittance data can
consist of either a meter, a recorder or digital readout. The meter can be calibrated in either %
transmittance (or % absorption 100 %T) or absorbance, or possibly both. If %T or % absorption
are displayed, these of course must first be converted to absorbance (-log T) before plotting.If a
recorder is used, it is not the atomic spectrum that is recorded but rather the wavelength is fixed,
and the absorbance (or %T or % absorption) is recorded vs. time as the various solutions are
aspirateD. The advantage of such a readout would be to make it easier to obtain a good average
value for each solution when electrical (background) "noise" is a problem, as indicated by
serious fluctuations in the readings. This problem is very common in AA, especially when the
sample concentration is low and the sensitivity is set at a high level.

Figure 10
Strip chart recording of the absorption values of a series of standard solution as measured by an
AA instrument.
aids in the nullification of any problems associated with such matrices, such as high viscosity or
the highly efficient burning of organic compounds. If the method of standard additions is not
used, the importance of matching the sample to the standards in terms of organic solvents is
paramount

APPLICATION OF AAS INSTRUMENT IN FOOD INDUSTRY

APPLICATIONS
Some of the metal analyses on fruit products are, in fact, related to metal analyses in fruit
juices and purees that are often related to authenticity and country or region of origin. This is to
detect adulteration with an inferior juice since metal analyses are indicative of the soil type and
hence the location. Other studies are related to contaminants such as tin from canned fruit and
juices.
METAL ANALYSES IN FRUIT JUICES AND PUREES
Selenium levels in wild fruit juice from the mountainous area in north China, Lantingguo, was
reported by (Yongming et al. 1996) using a graphite furnace AAS. Electrothermal AAS using a
Perkin-Elmer 5000 AAS linked to a Model HGA 500 graphite furnace with a selenium HCL was
the instrument set up employed for this work. This analysis was complicated by the fact that
there were other interfering ions present in the juice, hence matrix modifiers were necessary. It
was found that the modifier consisting of 10 g of platinum and 200 g of nickel gave the most
satisfactory results. As already mentioned the metal content in the juice are related to the
different fruit growing regions. Other metals found in these locations that interferes with the Se
analyses include: potassium greater that 1000 mg/L followed by calcium, magnesium,
manganese, iron, phosphorous and zinc in lower amounts 100 1000 mg/l. There were also trace
amounts of cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, silicon, strontium and selenium. The average values
found for eight determinations of three juices from fruit grown in different locations in the above
region were: 0.20, 0.23 and 0.10 mg/L selenium. Tin is not a desirable metal but a contaminant
and was analysed in a number of juices, purees and fruit by the Comite Europeen de
Normalisation (Foodstuffs). Determination of trace elements. Determination of tin by flame and
graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS and GFAAS) after pressure digestion
2009 in a collaborative study. Some of the products analysed included: carrot puree, tomato
puree, pineapple, mixed fruits, powdered peach and tomato. Samples were prepared by pressureassisted digestion then analysed by flame AAS or graphite furnace AAS. Data obtained for the

APPLICATION OF AAS INSTRUMENT IN FOOD INDUSTRY

products analysed were in the range of 43 260 mg/kg for AAS and or 2.5 269 mg/kg for
graphite furnace AAS.
BENEFICIAL METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN SOME FRUITS
Slurried fruit samples were tested by (Cabrera, Lorenzo, and Lopez 1995) for the levels of
cadmium, copper, iron, lead and selenium by Electrothermal AAS. Only results for copper, iron
and selenium will be mentioned, as these are the nutritional metals as distinct from the others
that are contaminants. In addition, to the sample preparation of slurries, the samples were also
mineralized in a microwave acid-digested bomb and the data compared for accuracy and
precision. A total of 40 samples comprising 8 types of fruit that are regularly consumed were
tested. These samples were: banana; custard apple; kiwifruit; mango, medlar, papaya; pineapple
and strawberries. For these fruit samples the mean range of the metals copper, iron and selenium
were 2.00 5.50 g/g; 0.050 - .0.396 g/g and 0.010 0.020 g/g, respectively. Chromium and
manganese were analysed in fruit by AAS, after wet digestion but found that these two metals
were relatively low in fruit when compared to other foods.

APPLICATION OF AAS INSTRUMENT IN FOOD INDUSTRY

APPLICATION OF ATOMIC
ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY IN
FOOD INDUSTRY
Members :
NUR ALIMAH BT MOHD AZELI
55104314177
AMILA HUSNA BT AHMAD FAUZI
55104314235
MAS LISA BT JAMALI
55104314230
NUR AZIEMAH BT MODH AULAN
55104314243
MUHAMMAD SAIFUL AMBIA BIN MOHD NASIR
5510414274

LECTURER : MISS NORHAYATI BINTI MOHD IDRUS

GROUP : G4 L02

APPLICATION OF AAS INSTRUMENT IN FOOD INDUSTRY

CONTENT
(A) INTRODUCTION TO THE ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENT
- state the background of the instrument
- principle of the instrument
(B) BASIC INSTRUMENTATION
- schematic diagram
- function of the components
(C) APPLICATION
- describe the application of the
(D) JOURNALS
(E) REFERENCES