Population mean,

s=

X
=
N

Sample mean,

X =
n

n1

Location of a percentile ,

L p=( n+1 )

w X +w X ++ wn X n
X = 1 1 2 2
w1 +w2 ++w 2

P
100

Range=Largest ValueSmallest Value

Mean deviation ,

MD=

| X X |
n

( X )2

=
2

( X )2

Sample variance ,

s 2=

Complement rule ,

General rule of addition ,

Sample standard deviation ,

General rule of multiplication ,

P ( AB )=P( A) P( B| A)

n1

Special rule of multiplication ,

P ( AB )=P ( A ) P ( B )

( X X )

Special rule of addition ,

P ( AB )=P ( A ) + P ( B )P ( AB )

Population standard deviation ,

3( X Median)
s

P ( A )=1P ( A )

coefficient of skewness,

P ( AB )=P ( A ) +P ( B )

Population variance ,

Pearso n' s

sk =

Weighted mean ,

( X X )

Multiplication formula ,

total number of arrangements=( m ) ( n )

Pr =

n!
( nr ) !

C r=

Standard normal value,

z=

Combination ,

n!
r ! ( nr ) !

X =

Mean of a probability distribution ,

Z-value,

known

Binomial probability formula ,

x

nx

, with

unknown,

s
X t
n

Sample proportion,

of binomial distribution,

p=
2=n (1)
Poisson probability distribution,

known,

Confidence interval for

Mean of a binomial distribution ,

Variance

, with

X z
n

=n

Confidence interval for

P ( x )= C x (1 )

and

Variance ofa probability distribution ,

z=

( x )2
[ . P( x )]
2=

Standard error of the mean,

= [ xP ( x ) ]

e
x!

Permutation,

P ( x )=

X
n

Confidence interval for proportion,

p z

p (1 p)
n

z=

Sample size for estimating mean,

z
E

( )

n=

Sample size for proportion,

n=p (1 p)

z
E

p1 p 2

pc (1 pc ) p c (1 pc )
+
n1
n2

( )

Testing a mean

z=

21 22
+
n 1 n2

Two-sample test of proportions,

z=

1 X 2
X

Pooled proportion,

pc =

known,

X
/n

X 1 +X 2
n1 +n2

Pooled variance,
2
p

s =

Testing a mean

t=

X
s/n

Two-sample test of means,

(1 )
n

t=

Variance of distribution of
differences in means,
1

2
x 1x 2

X 1 X 2

s2p

( n1 + n1 )
1

Paired t test,

t=

d
sd / n

= 1+ 2
n1 n2

Test for comparing two variances,

2

unknown,

n1+ n22

unknown,

Test of hypothesis, one proportion,

z=

( n1 1 ) s 21+ ( n21 ) s 22

Two-sample test of means,

s
F= 12
s2

known,

Sum of squares, total,

2
SS Total = ( X X G )

a=Y b X

Sum of squares, error,

2
SSE= (X X c )

Intercept of the regression line,

Standard error of estimate,

s y x=

Sum of squares, treatments

SST =SS TotalSSE

Confidence interval for differences

in treatment means,

1 1
( X 1 X 2 ) t MSE n + n
1
2

Confidence interval,

Prediction interval,

Coefficient of determination,
2

r n2
1r 2

Y^ =a+bx

Slope of the regression line,

b=r

sy
sx

=1

Standard error of estimate,

s y x=
Linear regression equation,

( Y Y ) ( Y Y^ )
r=
2
( Y Y )
2

)
1 ( X X
Y^ t s y x 1+ +
)
n ( X X

Test for significant correlation,

t=

n2

( X X ) ( Y Y )
( n1 ) s y s x

2
1 ( X X )
^
Y t s y x
+
n ( X X )

Coefficient of correlation,

r=

( Y Y^ )

SSE
n2

SSE
SS Total