Fundamentals of

DC Electric Circuits
Pekik Argo Dahono

Ideal Voltage Sources

An ideal voltage source provides a prescribed voltage across its terminals irrespective
of the current flowing through it. The amount of current supplied by the source is
Determined by the circuit connected to it.

Ideal Current Sources

An ideal current source provides a prescribed current to any load connected to it.
The voltage across the terminal is determined by the load connected to it.

Dependent (Controlled) Sources

Voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS)

Current controlled voltage source (CCVS)
Voltage controlled current source (VCCS)
Current controlled current source (CCCS)

Branch

Node and Supernode

Charge and Current

Current (Ampere)=Coulomb/Time

dq
i=
dt

Electron charge = - 1.602 10-19 C

In order for current to flow there must exist a closed circuit (loop)

Kirchhoff Current Law

The sum of the currents entering (leaving) a node must equal to zero

Voltage
Voltage is work per unit charge
1 volt = 1 Joule (J)/Coulomb (C)
Voltage is potential difference between two points

Kirchhoff Voltage Law

The net voltage around a closed circuit is zero

es (t ) + vs (t ) = 0

Power
work
work
coulomb
Power =
=

= voltage current
time coulomb
time

Generated power = es (t ) i (t )
Absorbed power = vs (t ) i (t )

Resistors and Ohm Law

v = Ri
i = Gv
R resistance
G conductance

Power in resistors
P = vi
P = Ri

P=v /R
P = Gv

Series Resistance and Voltage Divider

Parallel Resistance and Current Divider

Wheatstone Bridge

Ammeter
Ammeter is a device to measure current that flowing through circuit
The ammeter must be placed in series with the element whose current is to be
measured.
The ammeter should not restrict the flow of current (i.e., cause a voltage drop).
An ideal ammeter has zero internal resistance

Voltmeter
Voltmeter is a device to measure voltage across an element
Voltmeter is connected in parallel
Ideal voltmeter has infinite internal resistance

Ohmmeter
A device to measure the resistance of an element
Resistance can only be measured when the element is disconnected from
the circuit

Wattmeter and kWh meter

A device to measure the power
Wattmeter has four terminals. Two terminals for voltage and two terminals for
current

kWh meter is a device to measure the energy with the unit of kilowatt-hour.

Loop (Mesh) analysis

Ed1 + R1I1 + R2 (I1 I 2 ) = 0

R2 ( I 2 I1 ) + R3 I 2 + R4 I 2 + Ed 2 = 0

(R1 + R2 )I1 R2 I 2 = Ed1

R2 I1 + (R2 + R3 + R4 )I 2 = Ed 2

Node Analysis

Ed 1 v
v v Ed 2
=
+
R1
R2 R3 + R4

Superposition
In a linear circuit containing N sources, each
branch voltage and current is the sum of
N voltages and currents, each of which may
be computed by setting all but one source
to zero and solving the circuit containing that
single source.

Ed1 v1 v1
v1
=
+
R1
R2 R3 + R4
v2 v2 v2 Ed 2
=
+
R1
R2 R3 + R4
v = v1 + v2

Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

Viewed from the load, any network can be represented by an equivalent voltage
in series with the equivalent resistance

Norton Equivalent Circuit

Viewed from the load, any network can be represented by

an equivalent current source in parallel with the equivalent
resistance

Capacitor
Capacitor is an element that has ability to store an electric charge

Q = CV
dQ
dt
d (CV )
dC
dV
i=
=V
+C
dt
dt
dt
dv
i=C
dt
1 t
v=
idt + v(0)
C 0
1
w = Cv 2
2

i=

Voltage across the capacitor cannot

be changed instantaneously

Inductor
Inductor is a device that has a capability to store a magnetic flux

= Li
d

di
dL
v=
= L +i
dt
dt
dt
di
v=L
dt
1 t
i = vdt + i (0)
L 0
1 2
w = Li
2

Current through the inductor cannot be

changed instantaneously