Internal

OWA200002 WCDMA
RAN Fundamental
ISSUE1.0

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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Outline the advantage of CDMA technology
Outline the fundamentals of UTRAN
Outline the key technologies of UTRAN

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Page 2

Chapter 1 CDMA Fundamental

Chapter 2 WCDMA Key Technologies

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Multiple Access Technology

FDMA

TDMA

power

t im

e
qu
e
r
f

power

y
nc

CDMA

nc
ue
q
fre

tim
e

power

ncy
freque

time

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Characteristics of CDMA System

High Spectral Efficiency
Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1.
soft capacity
Quality
Coverage
Interference
Self-interference system
A UE transmission power is interference for another UE.

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Correlation
Correlation is a measure of similarity of between any two arbitrary signals.
EXAMPLE:
+1
0
-1
+1
0
-1

-1 1 -1 1
(a)
-1 1 -1 1
1 1 1 1
1 correlation
Identical signals

+1
0
-1

-1 1 -1 1
(b)
11 11
-1 1 -1 1
Zero correlation
Orthogonal signals

+1
0
-1

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Spreading
UE1:
UE1:

1
1

1
111

UE2:
UE2:

1
1

1
1

c1:
c1:

1
11
11
11
1 1
11
11
11
1

c2:
c2:

1
11
11
11
1 1
11
11
11
1

UE1c1

UE1c1

1
11
11
11
1 1
11
11
11
1

UE2c2

UE2c2

1
11
11
11
1 1
11
11
11
1

UE1c1

UE1c1
UE2c2
UE2c2
00 2
2 002
2

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00 2
2 00 2
2

Page 7

Dispreading
UE1c1

UE1c1
UE2c2:
UE2c2:

00 2
2 00 2
2

UE1
UE1Dispreading
Dispreadingby
byc1:
c1:

00 2
2 00 2
2

1
11
1 1
11
1 1
11
1 1
11
1

Dispreading
Dispreadingresult:
result:

00 2
2 00 2
2

Integral
Integraljudgment:
judgment:

44(means
(means
1)
1)
44(means
(means
1)
1)

UE2
UE2Dispreading
Dispreadingby
byc2:
c2:

1
11
1 1
11
1 1
11
1 1
11
1

Dispreading
Dispreadingresult:
result:
Integral
Integraljudgment:
judgment:

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00 2
2 00 2
2

00 2
2 00 2
2

00 2
2 00 2
2

44(means
(means
1)
1)
44(means
(means
1)
1)

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Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading

Spreading code

P(f)

P(f)

f
Narrowband signal

P(f)

Broadband signal

Noise

Recovered signal

Noise+Broadband signal

Signal
Combination

P(f)

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P(f)
f

Spreading code

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Chapter 1 CDMA Fundamental

Chapter 2 WCDMA Key Technologies

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Processing Procedure of WCDMA System

Source
coding

Channel
coding

Spreading

Modulation

Transmission

Radio
Radio channel
channel

Source
decoding

Channel
decoding

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Despreading

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Demodulation

Page 11

Reception

Terms
Bit, Symbol, Chip
Bit : data after source coding
Symbol: data after channel coding and interleaving
Chip: data after spreading

Process Gain: 10log (cps/bps); for different service, the Gain is different
; Process Gain is smaller, UE need more power for this service
; Process Gain is smaller, the coverage of the service is smaller

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WCDMA Source Coding

AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) voice coding
Multi-rate:
; 8 kinds of coding rates
; Benefit multi-mode terminal design
Adaptation: when cell load increases, the system will decrease
speech rate of part of subscribers automatically so as to support
more subscribers.

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WCDMA Channel Coding

Purpose:
Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal
when interference occurs.

Types
Speech service: Convolution code1/21/3
Data service: Turbo code

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WCDMA Interleaving
Interleaving is used for continuous bit error correction
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 ...
...
First interleaving

....

...
... 452
452 453
453 454
454

B0

B1

B2

B3

B4

B5

B6

B7

1
9

2
10

3
11

4
12

5
13

6
14

7
15

8
16

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

....

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456

Second interleaving

{A4,B0}
{A4,B0} {A5,B1}
{A5,B1} {A6,B2}
{A6,B2} {A7,B3}
{A7,B3} {B4,C0}
{B4,C0} {B5,C1}
{B5,C1} {B6,C2}
{B6,C2}
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{B7,C3}
{B7,C3}

WCDMA Spreading Code: OVSF Walsh

OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor, generated by Walsh matrix

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1

SF = 2

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SF = 4
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Purpose of OVSF
For uplink, OVSF is used to separate different services of one connection
For downlink, OVSF is used to separate different connections

Typical service

Data rate

Downlink SF

Uplink SF

AMR

12.2+3.4

128

64

Modem28.8k

28.8+3.4

64

32

12.2kAMR & 64k packet data

12.2+64+3.4

32

16

12.2kAMR & 144k packet data

12.2+144+3.4

16

12.2kAMR & 384k packet data

12.2+384+3.4

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Why we need scrambling code

Distinguishing cells or users
Downlink
Scrambling code is used for distinguishing cells
OVSF code is used for distinguishing users
Uplink
Scrambling code is used for distinguishing users
OVSF code is used for distinguishing channels of one user

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WCDMA Scrambling Code: Gold Sequence

Gold sequence is made by two m sequence.

Advantage: No need to use GPS as the system clock, NodeB

can work in asynchronous mode, and it is also convenient for
indoor coverage
Disadvantage: the interference between code is larger than m
sequence

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WCDMA Modulation
Different modulation methods corresponding to different transmitting
abilities in air interface
R99/R4: adopt QPSK

HSDPA: adopt 16QAM

DL max data rate is 2.7Mbps

DL max data rate is 14.4Mbps

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Multi-path Environment
Transmitted
signal

Received
signal
Time
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Fading
Received Power(dBm)
Fast fading

-20

Slow fading
-40

-60

10

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30

Distance(m)

Page 22

Introduction to Diversity Technique

Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated signals for combining
Reduce the effects of fading
Improve the reliability of communication
Increase the coverage and capacity

Diversity methods
Time diversity
Frequency diversity
Space diversity

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Principle of RAKE Receiver

Correlator 1
Correlator 2

Combiner

Receive set

The
combined
signal

Correlator 3
Calculate the
time delay and
signal strength

Searcher correlator
s(t)

s(t)

RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system
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Structure of RAKE Receiver

Input signal

I
Correlator

Code
Generators

Phase
Rotator

Delay
Equalizer

Channel
Estimator
Path 1
Path 2
Path 3

Matched
Filter

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Combiner

WCDMA Fast Power Control Control Fast Fading

Without power control

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With power control

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Thank You
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