Cincia dels Materials

Blocs Temtics:
Tema 1.
Tema 2.
Tema 3.
Tema 4.
Tema 5.

Materials denginyeria
Enlla Qumic
Estructura Cristallina perfecta
Estructura Cristallina imperfecta. Defectes
Diagrames de fases. Equilibri microestructural.
Diagrames importants en materials denginyeria
Tema 6. Equilibri i Cintica. Tractament Trmic.
Diagrames TTT
Tema 7. Metalls. Alliatges ferris i no ferris. Propietats
mecniques.
Tema 8. Cermics i vidres.
Tema 9. Polmers i composites
Tema 10. Degradaci i falla dels materials.

Tema 1. Materials denginyeria

Materiales ms de 162.000.000 dentrades a Google en

2011, i ms de 203.000.000 en 2012
Materials ms de 1000.000.000 dentrades en Google
(2011), ms de 1250.000.000 en 2012.

Evoluci histrica de la tecnologia de materials

Eines i armes del neoltic

17.000 anys aC

Art al neoltic (Bisonte en

Altamira; 13.000 a.C.

xids de ferro i carb

Obtenci dels metalls: Edat del

bronze (Cu/Sn) 3.000-800 anys a.C.

xids de ferro i carb

Materials cermics i vidres: Desde

lantiguitat fins a la modernitat

Materials cermics i vidres: Des de

lantiguitat fins a la modernitat

1.- Fibra ptica

2.- Recubriment ajustat
3.- Refor daramida
4.- Coberta

Materials cermics i vidres: Des de

lantiguitat fins a la modernitat

Materials cermics i vidres: Des de

lantiguitat fins a la modernitat

Nous materials

Fibra de carboni

ZYLON

Projecte ITER

Nanotecnologia
Don Eigler (1989)

Nanotecnologia:
Piles de combustible

Nous materials: Biomaterials

Classification of Materials

Metals

and Alloys
Ceramics, Glasses, and Glass-ceramics
Polymers (plastics)
Semiconductors
Composite Materials

Table 1.1 Representative examples,

applications, and properties for each category
of materials
Example of Applications

Properties

Metals and Alloys

Gray cast iron Automobile engine blocks Castable, machinable,
vibration damping
Ceramics and
Glasses
SiO2-Na2O-CaO Window glass
Optically transparent,
thermally insulating
Polymers
Polyethylene
Food packaging
Easily formed into thin,
flexible, airtight film

Table 1.1 Continued

Example of Applications
Semiconductors
Silicon

Composites
Tungsten carbide
-cobalt (WC-Co)

Transistors and integrated

circuits

Properties
Unique electrical
behavior

Carbide cutting tools for High hardness, yet

machining
good shock resistance

Section 1.3
Functional Classification of Materials
Aerospace

Biomedical
Electronic Materials
Energy Technology and Environmental Technology
Magnetic Materials
Photonic or Optical Materials
Smart Materials
Structural Materials

 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning

Functional
classification of
materials.
Notice that
metals, plastics,
and ceramics
occur in
different
categories. A
limited number
of examples in
each category is
provided

Section 1.4
Classification of Materials-Based on Structure

Crystalline material

is a material comprised of one or

many crystals. In each crystal, atoms or ions show a longrange periodic arrangement.
Single crystal is a crystalline material that is made of
only one crystal (there are no grain boundaries).
Grains are the crystals in a polycrystalline material.
Polycrystalline material is a material comprised of
many crystals (as opposed to a single-crystal material that
has only one crystal).
Grain boundaries are regions between grains of a
polycrystalline material.

Section 1.5
Environmental and Other Effects
Effects of following factors must be accounted for in
design to ensure that components do not fail
unexpectedly:
Temperature

Corrosion
Fatigue
Strain Rate

Section 1.6
Materials Design and Selection

Density

is mass per unit volume of a material,

usually expressed in units of g/cm3 or lb/in.3
Strength-to-weight ratio is the strength of a
material divided by its density; materials with a
high strength-to-weight ratio are strong but
lightweight.

Representative strengths of various categories of materials

2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning

Metalls

Common objects that are made of ceramic materials: scissors, a

china teacup, a building brick, a floor tile, and a glass vase.

Cermics i vidres

Polmers
Several common objects that are made of polymeric materials: plastic
tableware (spoon, fork, and knife), billiard balls, a bicycle helmet, two
dice, a lawn mower wheel (plastic hub and rubber tire), and a plastic
milk carton.

Polmers

Materials compostos

Semiconductors

Microestructura i propietats

Selecci dun material segons la seva aplicaci