Sie sind auf Seite 1von 30

Department of Industrial and Management Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Training Programme on

Power Procurement Strategy and Power Exchanges


20--22 April 2015
20

Power Sector Reform &


Regulation
Anoop Singh
Associate Professor
Dept of Industrial and Management Engg.
Engg.
IIT Kanpur

Electricity Consumption and


Economic Growth
16000

Sweden
Swede

14000

United States
12000

Electricity
Consumption per capita
(kWh)

Australia
10000

Korea

8000

OECD
Japan

Saudi Arabia

Germany

Russian Federation

6000

United Kingdom

4000

Malaysia
World
Argentina
People's Rep. of China
Brazil
Latin America
Africa AsiaIndonesia
India
Bangladesh

2000

0
0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

Per Capita GDP (USD PPP)

30000

35000

40000

Electricity Consumption and Human


Development Index
PerCapitaEElectricityConsumption(200
09)

7000
Europe&CA
6000
5000
4000
World

3000

China
2000
1000
0

Bhutan
India

Maldives

Afghanistan Pakistan
SouthAsia
Nepal
Bangladesh
0.35

0.45

0.55

SriLanka
0.65

0.75

0.85

HumanDevelopmentIndex(2011)

Projections for Electricity Demand


Policy and
Regulatory
Regime to attract
investment

CO2 Emissions
Per Capita and per GDP
4.50

4.00

Russian Federation

CO2 /G
GDP (kg CO2/2000 USD)

3.50

3.00

2.50

People's Rep. of
China

2.00

India
I d
Indonesia
i

1.50

Africa Asia
1.00

0.50

0.00
0.00

Saudi Arabia
Malaysia

World

Australia

Korea
Argentina Germany
OECD
Latin America
UK
Brazil
Sweden
Japan

Bangladesh

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

CO2 Emission per capita.


(tCO2)

United States
14.00

16.00

Indian Power Sector

18.00

20.00

Indian Power Sector - Institutional


Framework (So: WB 2000)

All India Generation Capacity


(As on Feb. 2015)

Growth in Per Capita Consumption

Per Capita Consumption in selected


countries
2007

26659
27752

20440
2346

China

2000

717
734

20660
21554

5762
5718

Italy

4000

Brazil

6122
6338

Russia

6000

4810
5013

6192
6142

8063
8502

UK

8000

7175
7185

10000

Germany

8220
8475

12000

7585
7573

14000

2006

France

16000

11309
11216

13515
13616

Elecctricity Consumption (kWh)

18000

16766
16995

Per Capita Electricity Consumption (kWh) in Selected Countries

$: Indian data displayed under column 2006 and 2007 correspond to the year 2007-08 & 2008-09 respectively.
The provisional figures for 2009-10 is 777.7 kWh; So: CEA (June, 2010)

World

India ($)

S. Africa

Korea

Japan

Australia

USA

Canada

T&D and AT&C losses (in %)

All India T & D Loss (%)

60

50

40

30

20
58.5

70

13.5
14.5
1
15.3
1
16.8
17.0
17.6
18.6
19.6
20.1
20.5
21.6
22.3
22.3
22.4
22.7
24.4
24.8
27.7
28.1
28.4
32.6
32.7
34.3
34.5
35.0
38.0
38.8
40.8
6.17
6.553

USA

World

8.58
9.20

15.32
15.27

10.98
13.56

27.220
25.47

30

India

Brazil

77.64
7
7.57

15

Russia

UK

7.84
9.62

6.336
6.83

China

Canada

6.222
6..91

8.75
9.57

6.80
7.86

France

S. Africa

10
5.55
6.335

2006

Australia

T & D Loss (% )
25

Italy

4.65
5.30

Germany

3.61
3.77
4.57
4.80

Japan

Korea

Pondicherry
HimachalPrad.
AndhraPrad.
Punjab
TamilNadu
Goa
Kerala
Karnataka
Tripura
Uttrakhand
Maharashtra
WestBengal
Gujarat
AllIndia
Haryana
UttarPrad.
Rajasthan
Assam
Nagaland
Meghalaya
MadhyaPrad.
Chhatisgarh
Mizoram
Arun.Prad.
Bihar
Manipur
Sikkim
Jharkhand
J&K

T&DLoss(%)

T & D Loss Across Countries


T & D Losses in Various Countries (in percentage)

2007

20

So: CEA (June, 2010)

T & D Loss Across States

201112(AP)

10

1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12*

MW

1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
*2011-12
155.43

200

140000

120000

100000

80000

40000

60000

300

Demand (MW)
7.09

7.35

424.51

So: CEA (June, 2010), MoP (2011-12); * Upto November & Provisional

Year
So: CEA (June, 2010), MoP (2011-12); * Upto November & Provisional
8.50

100

861.59

830.59

788.36

746.64

777.04

739.34

691.04

613.87
569.08

10.11

666.01

624.50

11.07

Shortage

9.92

9.57

900

7.30

8.38

591.37
548.12
631.76
578.82
690.59

7.13

7.50

7.85

800

519.40

545.67
8.81
497.59
559.26

483.35

6.21

5.90

10.91

Availability (TWh)

7.31

507.22

8.05

467.41 522.54

450.59

480.43

390.33
446.58
420.24

9.15
11.51

8.33

7.80

7.87

7.92

354.05
413.49
365.90

389.72

2999.49
352.26

7.74

9.40

Requirement (TWh)

327.28

500
7.90

700

187.98
223.19
205.91
247.776
228.15
2677.63
246.566
2288.97
266.43
305.27
279.82
323.25

6.70

600

157.26
192.36
174.28
210.99

145.01
170.75

400

25810
22800
280990
24215
308850
269244
319990
282442
366245
317113
40385
336658
44005
37171
48055
339027
52805
41984
54875
44830
57530
48066
60981
49836
63853
52376
65435
58042
67905
58445
72669
63691
74872
65628
78441
69189
81492
71547
84574
75066
87906
77652
93255
81792
100715
86818
108866
90793
109809
96785
119166
104009
122287
110256
127724
114233

Poweer Supply (TWh)

Energy Shortage
Power Supply Position (Energy-wise)
14

12

10
8

Year

Peak Shortage

Power Supply Position (Peak-wise)

Availability (MW)

20000

Power supply position in


September 2012*

Projections for Electricity Demand


Policy and
Regulatory
Regime to attract
investment

All India Annual per Capita


consumption of Electricity

All India Village Electrification (as on 31.05.2013): 5,60,899


Pumpsets Energised (as on 31.05.2013): 1,88,95,341

But performance is ..?

All India Plant Load Factor (PLF)

# - Provisional; * - For utilities selling directly to consumers (So: PFC)

Commercial Loss and Subsidy 2011--12 (Rs. Cr.)


2011

30000
40000
Subsidy

17684

201011

201112

37836

20000

18210

200910

41401

200809

29468
8

200708

10000

35880

16330

10000

17032

20000

24454

CommercialLossandSubsidy 201112(Rs.Cr.)
23049

30000

CommercialLoss(withsubsidy)

50000

Average cost of power supply &


average realization (paise
(paise/kWh
/kWh )

Investment in Infrastructure as a % of
GDP (Rs. Crore in 20062006-07 prices)

PPP Projects in Central and State Sectors


(31 March 2011)
S. Sector
N.

Completed Projects
No. of
Projects

(A) Central Sector


1 National Highways 39
2 Major Ports
23
3 Airports
3
4 Railways
Total (A)
65
(B) State Sector
1 Roads
96
2 Ports
20
3 Airports
4 Railways
5 Power
8
6 Urban Infra.
51
7 Other Sctors
1
Total (B)
176
(C) Grand (A+B)
241

Projects under
Projects in Pipeline Total
Implementation
Project
No. of
Project
No. of
Project
No. of
Cost
Projects Cost
Projects Cost
Projects
(crore))
(crore))
(crore))
13,699
5,762
5,883
25,344
6,387
19,704

9,073
6,105
18
41,287
66,631

64
13
2
4
83

41,913
10,509
18,777
4,717
75,916

81
29

69
37
1
1
15
74
17
214
297

60,866.5 86
51,548
18
500
13
500
3
28,392
34
19,738
68
3,575
19
1,65,119.5 241
2,41,035.5 401

50
160

76,341
18,465

Project
Cost
(crore))

184
65
5
90,000
54
1,84,806 308

1,31,953
34,736
24,660
94,717
286,066

40,205
17,436
4,120
312
62,032
47,141
21,701
1,92,947
3,77,753

107,458.5
88,688
4,620
812
99,497
72,984
25,294
3,99,353.5
6,85,419.5

251
75
14
4
57
193
37
631
939

Progress towards Reforms

Power Sector: transition towards reforms


The decade of 80s witnessed accelerated reforms
and restructuring of the sector in the U.K. and the
USA.
USA

Taking lead from the U.K and USA model

developing countries like Argentina, Chile, Brazil


and Philippines also initiated the reforms process.

In 1991, India also adopted the path to reform.


IEA and ESA Acts were amended to create a new
legal, administrative & financial environment.
Initial focus was confined to Generation.

Power Sector: Transition towards


reforms (contd.)

The reform models adopted in the developed

countries were oriented towards introducing


competition and developing a market mechanism
for trading in power.

In India
India,, the initial reform model was designed for
functional unbundling of the vertically integrated
utilities.

Beginning with Orissa, Haryana and Andhra

Pradesh, reforms have been carried out in many


states. Orissa & Delhi have privatised distributi
distribution
business in the state.

What does Reform mean in Indian


Context?
Motivated by the success of power sector
restructuring in UK,
UK Chile & Argentina,
Argentina The
World Bank initiated power sector reform in
India.
Usually, two main components of power sector
restructuringg at the state level.
Unbundling of SEBs.
Setting up of Regulatory Commissions.
(Privatisation?)

Legal and Policy Developments

Indian Power Sector Reform Timeline


1991
1991-- Opening up of Power Sector for IPPs (Private

Power Policy & Mega Power Policy)


8 Fast Track Projects
Unbundling & Privatisation of Orissa SEB; followed by
unbundling & regulatory reforms in Haryana & AP
1998 Elec. Reform Act; setting up of CERC & SERCs
Conference of Chief Ministers / Power Ministers (2001)
2001 - Electricity Bill Introduced
2001 - Ahluwalia Committee report on SEB dues
2002 - Privatisation of DVB (Delhi)
2003 Electricity Act 2003
2005 National Electricity Policy
2006 National Tariff Policy

Emerging Market Structure

Vertically Integrated SEBs


G

}
C

Vertically
Integrated SEBs

Vertically Integrated SEBs


IPPs

Captive

CPSUs

Vertically
Integrated SEBs

Segments of the Electricity Markets


Main segments of the power sector are,
are

Generation
Transmission
Bulk Supply
Distribution
Retail Supply
Trading

Genco

} T & BS
} D & RS

Transco
Discos

Restructured Power Sector Pre


Electricity Act 2003
CPSUs

IPPs

Captive

T & BS
Regulated
Market

Limited competition for


the market of bulk
supply

D & RS

Restructuring of SEBs

Orissa 1 Genco,
Genco 1 Transco and 3 Discoms
Haryana 1 Genco, 1 Transco and 3 Discoms
AP 1 Genco, 1 Transco and 3 Discoms
UP 2 Genco, 1 Transco and 4 Discoms
(+KESCO,
( KESCO, NPCL Pvt.)
Maharashtra 1 Genco, 1 Transco and 1
Discoms (+BSES - REL)

Electricity Act 2003

Electricity Act 2003


After a number of drafts and amendments in Lok
Sabha and Rajya Sabha, Electricity Act 2003
came into effect from 10th June 2003
2003.. It
replaced the existing three legislations
governing the power sector,
Indian Electricity Act, 1910
Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948
Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998.

Electricity Act 2003 Main Provisions


Main provisions of the Act are,
Thermal generation delicensed and
captive generation freely permitted.
Provision for license free generation and
distribution in the rural areas and
provision
i i for
f management off rurall
distribution by Panchayats, Cooperative
Societies, NGOs, franchisees etc.

Electricity Act 2003 Main Provisions


(Contd.)

Open access in transmission from the

outset.
outset
Open access in distribution to be
introduced in phases. Provision for
surcharge till for current level of cross
subsidy
b id to
t be
b gradually
d ll phased
h d out.
t
Trading recognised as a distinct activity
with ceilings on trading margins to be
fixed by the Regulatory Commissions.

Electricity Act 2003 Main Provisions


(Contd.)

Provision for payment of subsidy through

budget and gradual elimination of crosscrosssubsidy.


Setting up of an Appellate Tribunal to
hear appeals against the decisions of the
CERC and SERCs.
Mandatory metering of all electricity
supplies.

Restructured Power Sector Emerging


Scenario (Post Electricity Act 2003)
IPPs

T & BS
Regulated
Market

Competitive Market
Segments

D & RS

Wholesale Competition - Post


Electricity Act 2003

Evolving competition in the bulk


power market

Exploratory space for competition


for traders and PXs

Regulatory Structure

Independent Regulators
Central Electricity Regulatory Commission
(CERC) established under the Electricity
Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998.
State Electricity Regulatory Commissions
(SERCs) established under respective reform
acts of the states (Orissa, Haryana, AP, etc.)
and the Electricity Regulatory Commissions
Act, 1998.

Regulatory Jurisdictions - CERC


Matters related to generation, transmission and
trading of electricity involving more than one
state.

generations assets catering to the need of more


than one state (includes all plants of NTPC, NHPC
and IPPs serving more than one state)
Inter
Inter--state transmission of electricity i.e.
transmission from one state to the other.
Inter
Inter--state trading of electricity i.e. trading of
electricity from one state to the other.

Regulatory Purview - CERC

Tariff for generation and transmission


Issuing licenses for interinter-state transmission
Issuing licenses for interinter-state trading
Trading Regulations including margin for
trading
Open access regulation
Power market development

Regulatory Jurisdictions - SERC


Matters related to generation,
generation transmission and
trading of electricity within a particular state.
generations assets catering to the particular state
(includes all plants of SEB/Gencos and IPPs
serving the particular state)
Intra
Intra--state transmission of electricity i.e.
ie
transmission within the states boundaries.
Intra
Intra--state trading of electricity i.e. trading of
electricity within the states boundaries.

Regulatory Purview - SERCs

Tariff for generation and transmission


Issuing licenses for intraintra-state transmission
Issuing licenses for intraintra-state trading
Trading Regulations including margin for
trading
Open access regulation for intraintra-state
transmission and distribution access
Distribution and Retail tariff for consumers

Further Readings
Power
Power Sector Reform in India: Current Issues and

Prospects, Energy Policy, Elsevier, Volume 34,


Issue 16, November 2006.
http://dx.doi.org enter the following
doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2004.08.013
Towards
Towards a Competitive Market for Electricity and
Consumer Choice in Indian Power Sector, Energy
Policy Vol. 38 41964196-4208, 2010. (Elsevier)
http://dx.doi.org enter the following
doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.03.047

Further Readings
Analysing Efficiency of Electric Distribution Utilities in India: a Data

Envelopment Analysis (with Dilip Kumar Pandey


Pandey),
), IAEE International
Conference, Stockholm 19
19--23 June, 2011.
Modelling
M d lli Economic
E
i Efficiency
Effi i
off R
Renewable
bl E
Energy P
Policies:
li i A M
Multi
Multilti-State
St t
Model For India, Accepted for World Renewable Energy Congress, 1717-19 Oct.
2011, Bali, Indonesia. (with Sundeep Chowdary).
Chowdary).
Economics, Regulation and Implementation Strategy for Renewable Energy
Certificates in India in India Infrastructure Report 2010, Oxford Univ. Press.
Towards a Competitive Market for Electricity and Consumer Choice in Indian
Power Sector, Energy Policy Vol. 38 41964196-4208, 2010. (Elsevier)
A Market
M k for
f Renewable
R
bl Energy
E
Credits
C di in
i the
h Indian
I di Power
P
Sector,
S

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review journal, Elsevier, 2009.


Economics of Iran
Iran--Pakistan
Pakistan--India Natural Gas Pipeline: Implications for
Energy Security in India, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XLIII, No. 7
2008.
Power Sector Reform in India: Current Issues and Prospects, Energy Policy,
Elsevier, Volume 34, Issue 16, November 2006.

Courses, Workshops and Conferences


Short Term Course Challenges and Implementation Issues post

Electricity Act 2003: Regulatory, Policy & Technical Solutions,


10--14 April, 2004
10
International Conference on Power Market Development in India:
Reflections from International Experience, 19
19--21 April, 2005
National Workshop on Project Financing for Energy and
Infrastructure Sector, April
p 1919-22, 2007
nd
2 National Workshop on Project Financing for Energy and
Infrastructure Sector, April 2424-27, 2008
Capacity Building Programme for Officers of Electricity
Regulatory Commissions, 30th June - 5th July, 2008

Courses, Workshops and Conferences


(contd.)
2nd Capacity
p y Buildingg Programme
g
for Officers of

Electricity Regulatory Commissions, 33--8 August, 2009


3rd Capacity Building Programme for Officers of
Electricity Regulatory Commissions, 23
23--28 August, 2010
Energy Conclave 2010, 88-15 Jan. 2010
4th Capacity Building Programme for Officers of
Electricity Regulatory Commissions, 18
18--23 July, 2011
5th Capacity Building Programme for Officers of
Electricity Regulatory Commissions, 18
18--23 Oct., 2012

Further Readings
Analysing Efficiency of Electric Distribution Utilities in India: a Data

Envelopment Analysis (with Dilip Kumar Pandey


Pandey),
), IAEE International
Conference, Stockholm 19
19--23 June, 2011.
Modelling
M d lli Economic
E
i Efficiency
Effi i
off R
Renewable
bl E
Energy P
Policies:
li i A M
Multi
Multilti-State
St t
Model For India, Accepted for World Renewable Energy Congress, 1717-19 Oct.
2011, Bali, Indonesia. (with Sundeep Chowdary).
Chowdary).
Economics, Regulation and Implementation Strategy for Renewable Energy
Certificates in India in India Infrastructure Report 2010, Oxford Univ. Press.
Towards a Competitive Market for Electricity and Consumer Choice in Indian
Power Sector, Energy Policy Vol. 38 41964196-4208, 2010. (Elsevier)
A Market
M k for
f Renewable
R
bl Energy
E
Credits
C di in
i the
h Indian
I di Power
P
Sector,
S

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review journal, Elsevier, 2009.


Economics of Iran
Iran--Pakistan
Pakistan--India Natural Gas Pipeline: Implications for
Energy Security in India, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XLIII, No. 7
2008.
Power Sector Reform in India: Current Issues and Prospects, Energy Policy,
Elsevier, Volume 34, Issue 16, November 2006.

Courses, Workshops and Conferences


Short Term Course Challenges and Implementation Issues post

Electricity Act 2003: Regulatory, Policy & Technical Solutions,


10--14 April, 2004
10
International Conference on Power Market Development in India:
Reflections from International Experience, 19
19--21 April, 2005
National Workshop on Project Financing for Energy and
Infrastructure Sector, April
p 1919-22, 2007
2nd National Workshop on Project Financing for Energy and
Infrastructure Sector, April 2424-27, 2008
Capacity Building Programme for Officers of Electricity
Regulatory Commissions, 30th June - 5th July, 2008

Courses, Workshops and Conferences


(contd.)
2nd Capacity
p y Buildingg Programme
g
for Officers of

Electricity Regulatory Commissions, 33--8 August, 2009


3rd Capacity Building Programme for Officers of
Electricity Regulatory Commissions, 23
23--28 August, 2010
Energy Conclave 2010, 88-15 Jan. 2010
4th Capacity Building Programme for Officers of
Electricity Regulatory Commissions, 18
18--23 July, 2011
th
5 Capacity Building Programme for Officers of
Electricity Regulatory Commissions, 18
18--23 Oct., 2012
For ppts of above programs, visit
www.iitk.ac.in/ime/anoops

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen