E&CE 418: Tutorial 1

Instructor: Prof. Xuemin (Sherman) Shen

TA Ning
TA:
Ni Zhang
Zh
Email: n35zhang@uwaterloo.ca
Office Hours: Tue 1:00pm
1:00pm-3:00pm
3:00pm or by appointment
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Roadmap

OSI Model
TCP/IP protocol suite
Data encapsulation and transmission
Communication at each layer
Network protocol analyzer

OSI Model
Layers

Description

Application

Allows useraccesstonetwork,provideservicestousers.
user access to network provide services to users

Presentation

Datarepresentation,encryptionanddecryption, etc

Session

Setupconnection,login,etc(startand endconversation)

Transport

Reliable transmissionofpacketsfromsourceto
destination(endtoend).

Network

Routing:guidesthepacket fromsourcetodestination

Data Link

Reliable transmissionfromnodetonode

Physical

Transmits raw bit stream over channel

Transmitsrawbitstreamoverchannel

OSI Model
Layers

Dataunit

Application
pp ca o

Data
aa

Presentation

Data

Session

Data

Transport

Segments

Network

Packet/
Datagram
g

Data Link

Frame

Physical

Bit

Data encapsulation
p
and decapsulation
p
a) Header and trailer attached at each layer aim to perform certain functions at each layer.
b) Headers are added while a packet is going down the stack at each layer.
c) Each protocol on the different layer has its own format
format.
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TCP/IP Model
7

Application

Presentation

Session
S i

Application

Transport

Transport

Network

Internet

DataLink
Data Link

Data Link

Physical

OSI Model Layers

Host to network

Physical

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

The application layer in TCP/IP is equivalent to the combined session,

session
presentation, and application layers in the OSI model.
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TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Application layer : responsible for providing services to the user.
e.g.,
g , FTP,, SMTP,, Http,
p, etc
Transport layer : responsible for the delivery of application data from
source to destination. e.g., TCP(reliable delivery), UDP.
I t
Internet
t layer
l
: responsible
ibl for
f the
th delivery
d li
off individual
i di id l packets
k t from
f
the source host to the destination host. Main functions:
forwarding and routing. e.g., IP, etc
Data link layer: responsible for hop-to-hop (node-to-node) delivery
Major duties: framing, flow control, error control,
access control . e.g., Ethernet, 802.11(Wireless lan), etc
Physical layer : responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop
(node) to the next over a physical medium
medium.
It maps incoming bits from the data link layer into signals
appropriate to the channel.
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Data encapsulation and transmission

source
data
segment
packet
frame

data
Ht
TCP

data

IPn TCP data

H

MAC

IP

TCP

data

application
transport
internet
link
physical
MAC

IP

TCP

data

link
physical
p
y
switch

destination
data
segment
packet
frame

MAC

data
Ht
TCP

data

IPn TCP data

H
IP

TCP

data

application
transport
internet
link
physical

IPn TCP data

H
MAC
M

IP

TCP

data

internet
link
physical

Hn Ht

router
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Communication at each layer

Application

Application protocol

Application

TCP

TCP protocol

TCP

IP
Data Link

IP

IP protocol
Data
Link

Data
Link

IP

IP protocol
Data
Link

Data
Link

Data
Link

IP protocol
Data
Link

Data
Link

IP
Network
Access

Communication at application layer

A
Application
Transport

B
Legend

Source
R1

Destination D Data
R3

H Header
R4

Application
Transport

Network

Network

Data link

Data link

Physical

Physical

D5 D5
Message
g

The unit of communication at the application layer is a message.

D5 D5
Message

Communication at transport layer

The port number is used in the transport layer header to indicate to which
application that piece of data is associated.
Sequence numbers are assigned in the header of each packet to reassemble
th segments
the
t into
i t the
th original
i i l order.
d

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Communication at transport layer

A
Transport

Source

Legend

R1

Destination D Data
R3

H Header

R4

B
Transport

Network

Network

Data link

Data link

Ph i l
Physical

Ph i l
Physical

D4 H4
Segment

The unit of communication at the transport layer is a segment.

D4 H4
Segment

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Communication at the internet layer

Networklayerreceivethedatafromthetransportlayer,ie.,thesegment,andadd
IPheadertocreatethepacket/datagram.
Network layer provides services to guide/direct the packet to the destination host.
Networklayerprovidesservicestoguide/directthepackettothedestinationhost.

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Communication at the internet layer

Legend

Source
R1

Destination D Data
R3

H Header

R4

Network

Network

Data link

Data link

Physical

Physical

D3 H3
Datagram

D3 H3
Datagram
g

The unit
Th
i off communication
i i at the
h internet
i
layer
l
is
i a datagram/packet.
d
/ k
The IP address of source and destination never change in transmission.

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Communication at the data link layer

DataLinklayerprotocolsgovernshowtoformataframeforuseondifferentmedia(e.g.,
copper,fiber,andwirelessnetworkmedia.).
Differentprotocolsmaybeinusefordifferentmedia.
(ethernet frame,802.11wirelessframe,etc)

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Communication at the data link layer

Source

Legend

R1

Destination D Data
R3

H Header

R4

Data link

Data link

Physical

Physical
Link 1

Link 3

Link 5

Link 6

D2 H2
Frame

H2
D2 ame
Fr

The unit
Th
i off communication
i i at
the data link layer is a frame.

D2 H2
Frame

D2 H2
Frame

At each hop along the path,

path an intermediary device accepts frames from one
medium, decapsulates the frame and then forwards the packets in a new frame.
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Communication at the physical layer

The Physical layer controls how data is transmitted on the communication
media.
media
The role of the Physical layer is to encode the binary digits that represent Data
Li k layer
Link
l
frames
f
into
i t signals
i l andd to
t transmit
t
it andd receive
i these
th
signals
i l across
the physical media - copper wires, optical fiber, and wireless - that connect
network devices.
It is also the job of the Physical layer to retrieve these individual signals from
the media, restore them to their bit representations, and pass the bits up to the
Data Link layer as a complete frame.

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Communication at the physical layer

Legend

R1

Source

Destination

R3

R4

Physical
layer

Physical
layer
Link 3

Link 1

Link 5

Link 6

011 ... 101

011 ... 101

011 ... 101

1.
01
1
10
..

Th unit
The
i off communication
i i at the
h physical
h i l layer
l
is
i a bit.
bi
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Network protocol analyzer

Wireshark is the world's foremost network pprotocol analyzer.
y
It
lets you capture and interactively browse the traffic running on
p
network.
a computer
Lets use Wireshark to analyze the frames and understand how
the layers
y work in real life.

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Summary

Layering
TCP/IP protocol suite
Data encapsulation (head, trailer)
Communication at each layer
y
hop by hop: physical layer, data link layer
end to end: application layer,
layer transport layer

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