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PostedbyleopedriniFriday,June22,201211:12:00AMCategories:Course
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It'sveryimportanttousesolutionsthatimprovetheefficiencyofthe RatethisContent
adoptedmodelinanydatacommunicationsystem.Ifthetransmission
is'Wireless',thisneedisevengreater.
25Votes
In this scenario we have techniques that basically checks, or verify if the information sent by the
transmittercorrectlyarrivedinthereceiver.Inthefollowingexample,wehaveapacketbeingsentfrom
thetransmittertothereceiver.
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LTE?
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LTE?
WhatisLCS(andLBS)?
Iftheinformationarrivedproperly(complete),thereceiverisreadytoreceive(andprocess)newdata.
Iftheinformationarrivedwithsomeproblem,corrupted,thereceivermustrequestthatthetransmitter
sentthepacketagain(retransmission).
WhatdoesOrthogonalmeans
inWirelessNetworks?
WhatisISI(InterSymbol
Interference)inLTE?
WhatisSplitterandCombiner?
AnalyzingCoveragewith
PropagationDelayPDand
TimingAdvanceTA(GSM
WCDMALTE)
WhatisRRCandRAB?
IPPacketswitchinginTelecom
Part4
IPPacketswitchinginTelecom
Part3
IPPacketswitchinginTelecom
Part2
Let's understand a little more about these concepts increasingly used (and required) in the current
systems?
IPPacketswitchinginTelecom
Part1
GoodbyeIPv4...HelloIPv6!
WhatisAntennaElectricaland
MechanicalTilt(andHowtouse
it)?
WhatisMIMO?
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Westarttalkingabouterrors.Errorsarepossible,andmainlyduetothetransmissionlink.Infact,we
caneven'expect'errorswhenitcomestoWirelessDataTransmission.
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If we have errors, we need to take some action. In our case, we can divide it into two steps: error
checkinganderrorcorrection.
Error checking is required to allow the receiver to verify that the information that arrived is correct or
not.
One of the most common methods of error checking is the CRC, or 'Cyclic Redundancy Check', where
bits(CRC)areaddedtoagroupofinformationbits.TheCRCbitsaregeneratedbasedonthecontents
oftheinformationbits.Ifanerrorhappenswiththeinformationbits,theCRCbitsareusedtoverifyand
helprecoverthedegradedinformation.
The level of protection provided is determined by the ratio: number of CRC bits by the number of
informationbits.Aboveacertainerrorlevel,theprocessiseliminated.CRCprotectionisusedpractically
inallexistingVoiceandDataapplications.
ThefollowingdiagramshowsasimplifieddemonstrationofhowtheCRCisused.
And the CRC is directly connected to the Error Correction methods. There are various ways of Foward
Error Correction (FEC), but the main idea is, given a level of quality in the link, try to get the lowest
numberofrequiredretransmissions.
Minimizing the number of retransmissions we ended up having a more efficient data flow result,
includingmainlythe'Throughput'.
Insimplifiedway:theCRCletsyouknowifapackagearrived'OK'or'NOTOK'.Everypacketthatissent
hasaCRC,ora'Signature'.Asananalogy,it'slikewhenwesendalettertosomeone,andintheend
we sign: 'My Full Name'. When the other person receives this letter (information), he checks the
signature:'MyWrong'.Inthiscase,hetellstheMessenger:'Idon'tknow'MyWrong',thisinformation
hassomeproblems.Pleaseasksendertosenditagain!'.
I.e.IdoCRCchecks.IftheCRCis'wrong',theinformationis'wrong'.IftheCRCis'correct',probably
theinformationis'correct'.
Retransmissions
Retransmissionsarethen:sendinformationagain(repeat)tothereceiver,afteritmakesucharequest.
The receiver requests that the information be retransmitted whenever it cannot decode the packet, or
the result of decoding has been an error. That is, after checking that the information reached the
receiverisnot'OK',weshouldrequestittoberetransmitted.
Of course, when we have a good link (SNR), without interference or problems that may affect data
integrity,wehavevirtuallynoneedforretransmissions.
Inpractice,inrealWorld,thisisverydifficulttohappen,becausethelinkscanfacethemostdifferent
adversities.Thus,anefficientmechanismtoenableandmanagetheretransmissionisessential.
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We consider such a mechanism as efficient when it allow data communication in a link meet quality
requirementsthattheservicedemands(QoS).
Voiceforexample,isaservicewhereretransmissiondoesnotapply.Ifapieceofinformationislost,and
isretransmitted,theconversationbecomesintelligible.
On the other hand, data services practically rely on retransmission, since most have or allows a
certaintolerancetodelayssomemore,someless.Withtheexceptiononlyfor'RealTime'services.
But it is also important to take into account that the greater the number of needed retransmissions,
lowerthedatatransmissionratethatiseffectivelyreached:Iftheinformationhavetoberetransmitted
severaltimes,itwilltakelongforthereceivertoobtainthecompletefinalinformation.
ARQ
Tillnowwetalkedinagenericwayaboutdataretransmissions,errorcheckingandcorrection.Let'snow
seesomerealandpracticalschemes.
The simplest way (or more common) control using what we described above is known as ARQ, or
'AutomaticRepeatRequest'.
InARQ,whenwehavea'bad'package,thesystemsimplydiscardsit,andasksforaretransmission(of
thesamepackage).Andforthis,itsendsafeedbackmessagetothetransmitter.
Thesefeedbackmessagesaremessagesthatthereceiverusestoinformwhetherthetransmissionwas
successfulornot:'ACKnowledgement'(ACK)and'NonACKnowledgement'(NACK).Thesemessagesare
transmittedfromthereceivertothetransmitter,andrespectivelyinformsagood(ACK)orbad(NACK)
receptionofthepreviouspackages.
If in the new retransmission the packet keep arriving with errors, the system requests a new
retransmission(stillforthissamepackage).Thatis,sendsanother'NACK'message.
Thedatapacketsthatarenotproperlydecodedarediscarded.Thedatapacketsorretransmissionsare
separatelydecoded.Thatis,everytimeapacketthatarrivesisbad,itisdiscarded,anditisrequested
thatthissamepackageberetransmitted.
Butseethatiftherewerenoretransmissions,theperformanceofthedataflowwouldbemuchbetter.
Intheexamplebelow,comparedwiththeprevious,wetransmitmoreinformation3timesinthesame
timeinterval.
Unfortunatelywedon'thavemuchtodoaboutthelinkconditions.Orbetter,weareabletoimprovethe
linksperformance,forexamplewithconfigurationparametersoptimization,butwe'llalwaysbesubject
tofaceadverseconditions.Inthiscase,ouronlywayoutistotrytominimizeretransmissions.
Andthat'swhereariseothertechniquesormore'enhanced'schemesforretransmission.Themainoneis
HARQ.
Thetransmissioncontinues,andissentapackage[2].Thepackage[2]arrives,butlet'sconsidernow
thatitarriveswitherrors.Ifthepackage[2]arriveswitherrors,thereceiversendsa'NACK'.
Onlynowthispackage[2](bad)isnotthrownaway,asitisdoneinconventionalARQ.Nowitisstored
ina'buffer'.
Continuing,thetransmittersendanotherpackage[2.1]thatalso(let'sconsider)arriveswitherrors.
Wehavetheninabuffer:badpackage[2],andanotherpackage[2.1]whichisalsobad.
Doesbyadding(combining)thesetwopackages([2]+[2.1])wehavethecompleteinformation?
Yes.Sowesendan'ACK'.
Butifthecombinationofthesetwopackagesstilldoesnotgiveusthecompleteinformation,theprocess
mustcontinueandanother'NACK'issent.
Andtherewehaveanotherretransmission.Nowthetransmittersendsathirdpackage[2.2].
Let'sconsiderthatnowitis'OK',andthereceiversendsan'ACK'.
Here we can see the following: along with the received package [2.2], the receiver also has packages
[2]and[2.1],thathavenotbeendroppedandarestoredinthebuffer.
In our example, we see that the package arrived 2 times 'wrong'. And what is the limit of these
retransmissions?Upto4.IE,wecanhaveupto4retransmissionineachprocess.Thisisthemaximum
numbersupportedby'buffer'.
Whenwetransmitthepacket[2]wearetransmittingthis:
[Information+Redundancy+Redundancy]
Whenretransmitthesamepackage[2]weareretransmitingitagain:
[Information+Redundancy+Redundancy]
ButwhenweuseHARQ,andretransmitpacket[2.1]or[2.2],wehavethepossibilityof:
Orretransmitthatsameinformationagain
Orretransmitonlytheredundancy.
Andthen,ifweretransmitlessinformation(onlyredundancy),wespendlessenergy,andthatwillrun
muchfaster.Withthiswehaveagain!
That is, we work with different 'versions of redundancy', that allows us to have a gain in the
retransmission.Thisiscalled'RedundancyVersion',orwhatversionofredundancy.
The redundancy version, or HARQ scheme with 'Soft Combining' can be 'Chase Combination' or
'IncrementalRedundancy'.
Finishing for today: what are the 2 steps of HARQ? Why it gives me a Gain?
First because from wrong packets 1 and 2 we can get a correct one, since we do not discard erroneous packets
anymore.
Secondbecausewecanalsoinretransmissionsendlessinformation,andstreamlinetheprocess.
The use of HARQ with 'Soft Combining' increases the received Eb/Io effective value for each
retransmission, and therefore also increases the likelihood of correct retransmissions decoding, in
comparisontoconventionalARQ.
We send a package, and it arrives with errors: we keep this package. Receive the retransmission and
thenweaddorcombineboth.
No!Notsoinpractice.Inpractice,weworkwithanumberof'processes',whichmayvaryforexample
from4,6or8.Thefollowingimageillustratesthismoreclearly.
JAVA Applet
Below,youcanseehowsomeretransmissionschemeswork.ThereareseveralAppletsavailable,forthe
manypossibilities(ARQ,HARQ,WithSlidingWindows,Selective,etc).
ThenextisalinkforaJAVAAppletthatsimulatesa'SelectiveRepeatProtocoltransmission'.
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/aw/aw_kurose_network_4/applets/SR/index.html
Conclusion
This was another tutorial on important issues for those who work with IT and Telecom: data
TransmissionandRetransmissiontechniques,ARQandHARQ.
ARQisusedforapplicationsthatallowacertaindelay,asWebBrowsingandStreamingAudio/video.It
is used widely in Wimax and WiFi communication systems. However, it cannot be used in Voice
transmission,asforexampleinGSM.
HARQforexampleisusedinHSPAandLTE,andthereforemustbeawellunderstoodconceptforthose
whoworkorwanttoworkwiththesetechnologies.
Wehopeyouenjoyedit.Anduntilournexttutorial.
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