Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SAFETY
Safety Engineering,
Risk Analysis
and Asset Integrity
Safe design from concept to operation
INERCO is currently developing major worldwide projects in the matter of industrial safety for large engineering
companies and operators in industries such as Oil & Gas (upstream and downstream), petrochemical, chemical,
mining and energy.
Keywords
Safety, Tools in the field of risk analysis, Risk management
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HAZID (HAZARD
IDENTIFICATION) ANALYSIS
HAZID analysis is a tool to identify
hazards and make an initial assessment
of the risks. It aims to identify at an
early stage all the hazards that the
project can be exposed to, from an
internal and external point of view.
The areas where hazards are identified
and risks are assessed include
geographic location, environmental
conditions, requirements in matter of
environmental, engineering, safety,
security or prevention of occupational
hazards.
The timing of a HAZID study is
critical to maximize profit. Inevitably a
HAZID will lead to changes in design
or operational changes of the plant.
It takes time to implement these
changes, the optimal time for a HAZID
is in basic engineering and before
starting the detailed design.
The expected results of this type
of study are, that in an early stage,
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SAFETY
Table 1.
PROJECT PHASE
EXPECTED RESULTS
CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING
HAZID
CHECKLIST
WHAT IF
BASIC ENGINEERING
PHA
HAZID
CHECKLIST
WHAT IF
FMEA
HAZOP
DETAILED ENGINEERING
CHECKLIST
WHAT IF
FMEA
PHA
HAZOP
BOW-TIE
Critical Elements studies, Safety
Barriers and performance standards
SIL/VERIFICATION AND SRS
QRA
FHA
RAMS
RBI/RCM
EERA
SVA
FACILITIES IN OPERATION
CHECKLIST
HAZOP
SIL/VERIFICATION AND SRS
FHA
QRA
RAMS
RBI/RCM
EERA
SVA
BOW-TIE ANALYSIS
The bow-tie analysis is a model that
represents how a hazard can be
released, escalate and how it is
controlled. This methodology is
usually applied to Major Accidents
Hazards (MAH). For each MAH, the
bow-tie methodology allows:
Identification of the hazard
release, escalation and consequence
scenarios.
Identification of controls, e.g.
barrier and escalation factor controls
required to manage hazards.
C a t e g o r i s a t i o n o f c o n t ro l s
into Inherent Safety, Safety Critical
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SAFETY
FMEA ANALYSIS
(FAILURE MODE
EFFECTS ANALYSIS)
Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA)
is a technique for identifying hazards
associated with equipment of a
process plant. This tool aims in its
application, to establish possible
faults in each and every one of the
elements (process and control) in a
plant, to analyze the consequences of
the failures established in the previous
step, to detect those that may lead to
accidents and to establish protection
measures to prevent equipment
failures that are significant.
The FMEA can be used to
complement other hazard
identification techniques such as
HAZOP analysis of special systems,
as furnaces or electrical / electronic
systems.
The FMEA comes from of a list of
equipment and components of the
plant under study that are likely to
cause a failure, and for each one,
its failure modes are identified.
The analysis is complemented by
determining a risk index using for
example a double-entry matrix
(probability and consequences) that
help to prioritize the definition of
corrective measures.
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RAMS ANALYSIS
(RELIABILITY, AVAILABILITY,
MAINTAINABILITY
AND SAFETY)
RAMS can be defined as an intrinsic
feature of a facility that measures the
long-term operation of the facility
and that helps in decision making
to reduce the costs derived from
needs of shutdown for maintenance
and reparation in both normal and
scheduled operations as in those
conducted by failures / unexpected
shutdowns. The facility design must
take into account this concept since
its influence is direct in the life cycle
and performance of the facility.
Specifically, the concepts used in the
RMS study are Reliability, Availability,
Maintainability and Safety.
RAMS analysis aims to predict the
performance, availability and safety
of the process systems, as well as to
provide a basis for optimization of
such systems and ensure achievement
of fixed targets for the facility. These
studies are increasingly becoming a
standard requirement for engineering
design. It can be said that RAMS
analysis shall form an intrinsic part of
the original design and that its four
branches are closely linked, so that
each affects the other.
RISK-BASED INSPECTION
STUDIES (RBI) AND
RISK CENTERED
MAINTENANCE (RCM)
RBI methodology facilitates
the definition of maintenance
m a n a g e m e n t p ro g r a m o f t h e
facilities based on the results of
a comprehensive study of the
risks associated with each of its
equipments. This allows to focus on
the maintenance of equipment in
those that suppose a greater risk to
the human environment (workers,
nearby towns), natural (air quality,
water and soil) and socioeconomic
(infrastructure, historical-landscape
heritage, economic activity).
The theoretical basis on which
the RBI methodology is based on,
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SVA (SECURITY
VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS)
It is increasingly necessary to take
into consideration during the design
of industrial facilities aspects of
protection from the point of view of
intentional threats on facilities. This is
not solely a matter of controlling the
perimeter or to have a security service.
In industrial facilities in which threats
can be addressed to equipment
and systems handling hazardous
substances that may be released
intentionally and affect workers and
nearby population, additional safety
measures shall be applied.
These measures shall be taken
from design and engineering. To do
this, Security Vulnerability Analysis
or SVA can be used as a tool. SVA is
a process that identifies and analyzes
the operational physical vulnerabilities
of the facilities against external threats
determined as credible depending on
the type of installation, geographic
location or environment among others.
CONCLUSIONS
There are countless different tools that
can be used depending on the phase
of activity, the project to develop,
the target objective and the risk
management policy that the company
has set to achieve its safety objectives.
As a reference, in the appended table
it is shown in an illustrative way for the
different phases of activity some of the
most appropriate risk analysis tools
depending on the expected results.
Its application offers significant
safety benefits throughout the lifecycle
of an industrial plant and it is important
to have the necessary experience to
choose those that fit the installation to
evaluate and the target objectives.
In this sense INERCO has over
30 years of experience advising on
risk management and increasing
comprehensive safety levels in the
industrial sector (Oil & gas, chemical,
energy, mining, metallurgy, industrial
engineering, etc.) using the most
effective media in terms of costeffectiveness in reducing risk.
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